江苏徐宿地区粉土的基本特性及加固方法研究

对江苏徐宿地区的粉土进行试验研究,发现该地区粉土具有弱可塑性、低粘结性、高分散性及强度较小等特征。通过对石灰、石灰+水泥和SEU-2型固化剂稳定该地区粉土进行无侧限抗压强度试验及干缩性能试验研究,认为采用SEU-2型固化剂稳定效果较好。     

钱塘江冲海积粉土剪胀性三轴试验研究

钱塘江两岸广泛分布着冲海积粉土.通过大量的三轴固结不排水CU和固结排水CD试验,探讨饱和粉土的应力应变性状和剪胀特性。试验表明,钱塘江冲海积粉土显著的特性之一是在剪切中膨胀,剪胀主要与粉土的密度和围压有关。CU试验中密(e=0.739～0.866)的原状样在围压600kPa范围内剪切膨胀,稍密(e=0.890～0.906)的击实样在围压低于400kPa剪切膨胀。由于粉土膨胀的本质不排水强度在剪切中保持增加,对于这种情况就没有惟一的"不排水强度";CD试验稍密(e=0.889～0.945)的击实样在围压低于400kPa时剪切膨胀。钱塘江冲海积粉土的剪切破坏要经历一个大的变形过程,固结排水剪切过程的应力应变性状可分为4个阶段。取应变继续而没有进一步体积变化的临界状态做破坏标准,确定粉土排水剪切强度指标较合理。     

固化粉质土应力应变特性试验研究

对固化粉质土进行了单轴和三轴应力应变试验,分析了单轴应力-应变曲线和不固结不排水三轴应力-应变曲线的特点,初步探讨了龄期、固化剂掺量及围压对曲线形状的影响。单轴应力应变试验结果表明,固化粉质土后期的强度和变形特性变化较小,随着固化剂掺量的增加,单轴应力-应变曲线形状变化明显。三轴应力应变试验结果表明,随着固化剂掺量的增加,其破坏应变和破坏偏应力均呈现正向增长的态势,曲线在高围压下呈现弱软化型,在较低围压时呈现软化型。     

非饱和粉土静、动强度对比试验研究

针对非饱和重塑粉土,利用改进的可控制吸力式非饱和土静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,进行了多组固结排水非饱和土静、动三轴试验,探讨了非饱和粉土静、动强度特性,分析了粉土静三轴强度随固结压力、吸力变化的规律,以及动强度随固结压力、吸力以及破坏振动次数变化的规律,研究表明粉土静、动强度之间具有很强的相关性。最后,通过归一化处理提出了利用粉土的静三轴强度推求相应的动力强度曲线的公式,从而达到在非饱和土地基稳定性分析中减少工作量的目的。     

低塑性粉土液化重固结后剪切强度研究

通过室内三轴试验研究美国中部密西西比河流域低塑性粉土的液化重固结后剪切强度。研究成果表明,正常固结低塑性粉土液化后不排水剪切强度Su随重固结度的增加而提高,而且呈现类固结现象。类似于未受震动的情况,液化完全重固结后不排水剪切强度比Su,OC/Su, NC与固结比OCR呈幂指数关系,只是幂指数相对于未受震动情况稍大。随着OCR的增加,完全重固结引起的不排水剪切强度变化?Su, recon先提高后降低,当OCR =3.42时,?Su, recon达到最大值。液化完全重固结后不排水剪切行为不具有准稳态现象,随着轴应变增加,应力逐渐增加直至达到临界状态。另外,液化完全重固结后不排水剪切应力-应变曲线可被有效固结应力? ′c归一化。最终提出了计算液化完全重固结后低塑性粉土不排水剪切强度的计算公式。     

复合型早强土壤固化剂固化淤泥强度特性研究

淤泥是一种工程性质极差且难以快速固化的土体,通过无侧向抗压强度试验、固结排水三轴剪切试验、微观测试和压汞试验等研究了复合型早强土壤固化剂（composite rapid soil stabilizer,CRSS）固化淤泥的强度发展规律和固化剂掺量对强度的影响,初步探讨了强度增长的微观机制。研究结果表明：CRSS固化淤泥强度随养护龄期呈对数发展规律提高,早期强度发展迅速,养护1 h无侧限抗压强度即可达到3 MPa;随固化剂掺量增加,固化淤泥三轴剪切应力-应变曲线由应变硬化型逐渐向应变软化型发展,破坏偏应力和黏聚力呈线性增大。微观结构表明固化剂水化产物可胶结土颗粒、填充土体孔隙,增强土体整体性;压汞试验结果则进一步通过最可几孔径的联系揭示了固化淤泥黏聚力随固化剂掺量增大而线性增大的机制。CRSS固化淤泥具有显著快硬高强优势,可为抢险救灾、应急道路抢通等淤泥快速固化应用提供理论基础。     

废轮胎颗粒与黄土混合物剪切特性研究

废轮胎应用于岩土工程不仅开辟了废轮胎处置的新途径,还为解决岩土工程问题提供了新型复合材料。为了更好地模拟实际回填土受力工况,采用不固结不排水三轴试验研究了掺量为10%～50%的废轮胎颗粒与黄土混合物（以下简称GR-LM,granulated rubber loess mixtures）的剪切特性,考察了掺量、围压对剪切强度的影响。对试验结果进行了机制探讨。研究表明,所有GR-LM试样均表现出应变硬化特点,纯废轮胎颗粒在试验所有围压范围内呈近似线性的偏应力-应变特性;GR-LM应力-应变特性与掺量和围压有关,低围压下存在剪切强度增大的掺量为30%,其GR-LM强度高于其他各掺量混合土并略高于纯压实黄土的剪切强度;GR-LM剪切强度机制与GR-LM孔隙填充状态、基质土物理状态、弹性骨架颗粒有关,总体上随骨架颗粒的不同接触关系而表现出粉土与粒状土的强度特性,在剪切强度特性上体现出掺量与围压作用的相互耦合,而与压实粉土或砂土有所不同。     

宽级配砾质土快速三轴固结排水剪试验影响因素研究

宽级配砾质土是由砾石料和黏土料按一定比例混合而成,其具有压缩性低、抗剪强度大等特点,目前常作为土石坝心墙料或路基填料而得到广泛应用。由于宽级配砾质土渗透系数较小,在常规三轴固结排水剪(CD)试验中固结排水较慢,导致其试验周期很长。为了提高固结排水的效率,可采用一种在试样中心加圆柱形砂芯的快速三轴CD试验方法。基于快速三轴CD试验,通过变化不同砂芯类别、不同砂芯直径、不同掺砾量等各因素,全面研究了各因素对宽级配砾质土快速三轴CD试验的影响。研究结果表明,快速三轴CD试验方法能够有效加快试样排水固结,从而加快整个试验进程;砂芯类别、砂芯直径、掺砾量等因素均对试验固结排水速度和剪切过程应力应变产生不同程度影响;砂芯直径越小,其试验成果与无砂芯试样越接近。     

应力路径对黄土固结不排水剪强度的影响

用总应力法研究了应力路径对陇西Q3原状黄土的固结不排水剪强度的影响。试验基于正交设计,考虑了含水率、固结比、固结末径向应力和剪切路径4个因子、4种水平。试验结果表明,当黄土各向异性程度较小时应力路径对黄土的固结不排水抗剪强度有一定影响;基于正交设计的黄土三轴固结不排水剪试验的破坏点与普通三轴固结不排水剪试验（均压固结常规剪切）得到的破坏点处于一个条带内。黄土强度随含水率的变化规律与普通三轴固结不排水剪试验的相同。     

新型三轴剪切试验试样排水固结装置的研制与应用

三轴剪切试验是岩土工程中常见的室内试验,其目的主要是为了获得土的抗剪强度指标和土中孔隙水压力的变化情况。三轴的固结不排水剪（CU）和固结排水（CD）剪试验可以获得土的总应力抗剪强度指标和有效应力抗剪强度指标,因此具有其它剪切试验无法替代的优势。但因试验过程中排水固结的时间很长,影响了试验进度,从而影响到整个工程的进度和经济效益。通过对三轴剪切试样排水固结过程的机理分析,介绍了制作一种可以大大缩短大量试样排水固结时间的装置及该装置的研制方法。采用该装置,可使CU试验的效率提高6～12倍,可使CD试验的效率提高3～6倍。可节约大量的生产成本,提高工作效率,经济效益明显。     

多因素影响下石灰固化盐渍土抗剪性能的试验研究

北方地区季节性的冻融作用影响固化土的强度及变形特性。以冻融次数、含盐量、改性聚乙烯醇掺量（SH固土剂）、石灰掺量、养护龄期及干密度为影响因素,经正交试验设计及三轴UU压缩试验,获取固化盐渍土冻融后的抗剪强度及应力-应变性能。试验表明:试样冻融后的抗剪强度与改性聚乙烯醇掺量、石灰掺量、养护龄期和干密度呈正相关,与含盐量呈负相关;干密度和含盐量为影响固化盐渍土的黏聚力和内摩擦角的主要影响因素,冻融后土的抗剪强度逐渐降低,但抗变形能力逐渐增强,试样呈“鼓”型或弱脆性破坏;抗冻融效果最好的条件为:0.9%改性聚乙烯醇掺量与14%石灰掺量、干密度1.70 g/cm3、养护28 d、含盐量1%和冻融循环3次。     

非饱和击实粉土的强度和屈服特性研究

由于吸力量测技术的困难,对京―九线粉土在不同含水率下击实并进行三轴不排水剪切试验,研究其强度和屈服特性,为非饱和击实粉土力学模型的建立提供依据。试验结果表明：该击实粉土在剪切过程中,在最优含水率干侧击实的土样具有较高的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈软化趋势,土样先剪缩后剪胀,湿侧击实的土样具有较低的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈硬化趋势,土样不断剪缩;随着试样击实含水率的增加,击实粉土的强度和屈服应力不断减小,水对土体具有一定的软化作用;不同击实含水率下,土样在q-p平面内破坏时的屈服轨迹为近似平行的斜直线,含水率对临界状态线的斜率没有影响;含水率对击实粉土抗剪强度的贡献表现为土体的似黏聚力的增加,似黏聚力与含水率之间呈乘幂关系,得出以含水率为变量的击实粉土强度计算公式,可在实际工程中推广应用。     

Effect of Cement Type on the Mechanical Behavior of a Gravely Sand

The behavior of a cemented gravely sand was studied using triaxial compression tests. Gypsum, Portland cement and lime were used as the cementing agents in sample preparation. The samples with different cement types were compared in equal cement contents. Three cement contents of 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% were selected for sample preparation. Drained and undrained triaxial compression tests were conducted in a range of confining pressures from 25 kPa to 500 kPa. Failure modes, shear strength, stress–strain behavior, volume and pore pressure changes were considered. The gypsum cement induced the highest brittleness in soil among three cement types while the Portland cement was found to be the most ductile cementing agent. In lower cement contents and lower confining pressures the soil cemented with Portland cement showed the highest shear strength. However, in the same range of cement content, the soil cemented with gypsum showed highest shear strength for highest tested confining stress. For higher cement contents the shear strength of soil cemented with Portland cement is higher than that for the two other cement types for the range of confining pressures tested in the present study. The samples cemented with lime had the least peak and ultimate shear strength and the highest pore pressure generation in undrained tests. Contrary to the soil cemented with lime, the brittleness of soil cemented with gypsum and Portland cement reduces in undrained condition. Finally it was found that the effect of cement type on the shear strength of cemented soils is more profound in drained condition compared to undrained state.     

滨海盐渍土的固化方法及固化土的偏应力-应变

滨海盐渍土可使用水泥、石灰、粉煤灰和高分子材料SH固土剂单独及联合固化,以提高土的强度、抗变形能力和水稳性。为研究各种固化方法固化盐渍土的抗变形能力和偏应力-应变特征,通过三轴UU压缩试验得到盐渍土和6种固化盐渍土的偏应力-应变曲线。曲线显示：水泥＋石灰类固化土呈应变软化型、石灰＋粉煤灰类固化土呈应变软化型、石灰类固化土呈应变硬化型。掺入SH固土剂,提高了固化土的浸水前后的强度,同时也增强了固化土的水稳性。掺入SH固土剂使固化土达到偏应力峰值所需的应变增加,即抗变形能力增强;0.9%SH固土剂+12%石灰+36%粉煤灰固化土具有适中的强度、良好的弹性变形和水稳性的优点,作为轻质路堤填料使用,还可减少滨海地区软土路基的沉降量,这使其成为滨海盐渍土的6种固化方案中的最适宜方案。     

Deformation Modulus of Fly Ash Modified with Lime and Gypsum

Deformation modulus of fly ash is one of the most important mechanical properties generally used in different design problems and also as an input parameter to sophisticated numerical techniques employed to assess the response of different structures resting on fly ash fill or embankment made of fly ash. Deformation modulus is usually expressed in terms of compressive strength. This paper presents the deformation modulus of fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum at different strain levels. The values of deformation modulus obtained from both unconfined compression test and unconsolidated undrained triaxial test results are presented herein. The specimens for unconfined compression test and for undrained triaxial tests were cured up to 90 and 28 days, respectively. The effects of addition of lime (4–10%) and gypsum (0.5 and 1.0%) on the deformation modulus of class F fly ash are highlighted. With addition of lime and gypsum, the class F fly ash achieved the deformation modulus in the range of 190 MPa in UCS test and up to 300 MPa in triaxial test specimens tested under all round pressure of 0.4 MPa. Based on the present test results empirical relationships are developed to estimate deformation modulus of modified fly ash from unconfined compressive strength and relationships between initial tangent modulus and secant modulus at different strain levels are also developed.     

钱塘江冲海积非饱和粉土剪胀性三轴试验研究

钱塘江两岸广泛分布着冲海积粉土。在对钱塘江饱和粉土三轴试验研究的基础上,采用常规三轴仪,通过对不同饱和度系列粉土的固结排水CD试验,探讨钱塘江非饱和粉土的应力-应变性状和剪胀特性。对稍密状态（e = 0.871～0.969）粉土的试验表明：钱塘江冲海积非饱和粉土显著的特性之一是剪胀性,剪胀主要与粉土的饱和度和围压有关;饱和度对应力­应变曲线的一般形状影响不大;应力-应变曲线呈微软化型,残余强度qr与峰值强度qmax之比大多在0.9～1.0之间;粉土的剪胀随饱和度增高而增大,随围压增高而减小。临界状态体应变与中主应力随饱和度的变化有明显规律,围压800 kPa下,稍密状态钱塘江非饱和粉土体应变在 =12.020 2 – 4.939 2lnp和 =15.771 7 – 5.775 1lnp两条线所围的范围内,剪胀的最大体应变小于5%。     

Experimental evaluation of shear strength behaviour of plastic and non-plastic silts

Silt is available in many parts of the world in combination with sands and clays. However, due to lack of clear understanding of its engineering behaviour, most of the time it is interpreted in terms of either sands or clays. Structures that are usually built on silty soils are designed to take into account design procedures developed for sandy or clayey soils. Presence of silts in combination with varying amount of sand and clays produces silt that is either plastic or non-plastic in nature. Silt is available in and around the Delhi region, in a majority mixture along with fine sands, which is non-plastic in nature. On the other hand silty deposits found in offshore Bombay High region are found in abundance along with significant amounts of clays and are termed as plastic silts. In this paper a comparison of the stress-strain behaviour of plastic and non-plastic silts is carried out under triaxial compression loading during both drained and undrained conditions. Two representative samples each from Delhi and Bombay High regions were considered for this comparison and results of stress-strain under four sets of confining pressure are discussed in detail. It is observed from this study that behaviour of silts is mainly dependent on the composition and structure of the resultant soil matrix. It is concluded from the results that shear strength parameters as well as volume change/pore pressure response of silty soils is dominated by the constituent soil present along with the silt. It is seen from the comparative behaviour of non-plastic and plastic silts that the presence of sand and clays has a governing effect on pore pressure development and the resultant friction angle. The study also corroborated that the nature of silt is transitional both in the case of plastic and non-plastic forms.     

Effect of Strain Rate on the Strength Characteristics of Soil–Lime Mixture

The effects of rate of strain on strength and deformation characteristics of soil–lime were investigated. Five strain rates (0.1, 0.8, 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 %/min), five lime contents (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 %) by dry soil weight and three cell pressures (100, 200 and 340 kN/m²) were carried. Triaxial tests, under unconsolidated condition, were used to study the effect of strain rate on strength and initial modulus of elasticity of soil and soil–lime mixture after two curing periods 7 and 21 days, respectively. A total of 405 triaxial specimens have been tested, where 225 specimens have been tested with first curing period (7 days). The testing program includes nine specimens for each strain rate, and each lime content was carried out, including natural soil with zero lime content. Another set of triaxial tests with a total of 180 specimens for the second curing period (21 days) was prepared at optimum moisture content, and the corresponding maximum dry density was also tested. The effects of strain rate and curing period on each of stress–strain behavior, type of failure, deviator stress at failure, cohesion and angle of internal friction and initial modulus of elasticity were studied thoroughly for the natural soil as well as soil–lime mixtures. For natural soil, the test results showed that the undrained shear strength, the initial modulus of elasticity and the cohesion increase significantly as the strain rate increase, while for soil–lime mixture at different curing periods, the undrained shear strength, initial modulus of elasticity and the cohesion increases to a maximum and then decreases as the strain rate and lime content increase. Also, the same variables and angle of internal friction increase with increasing curing period.