Variations in technical infrastructure and private economic activity in the rural areas of Southern Poland

Restructuring the Polish countryside is a complex and urgent task. Adapting agriculture for EU entry will mean a considerable reduction in employment and rural diversification is needed because other sectors of the national economy will not be able to absorb all the displaced people if they arrive in the towns. However, providing non-agricultural employment in rural areas depends to a large extent on the technical infrastructure available: running water, sewerage systems, gas supply and telecommunications. The paper deals with voivodeships in southern and southwestern Poland (formerly Galicia) and shows that while much progress has been made since the end of the communist period, the inherited inequalities are being perpetuated and in some cases increased. However, even where the infrastructure is satisfactory, private business does not develop at a uniform rate and action is needed to stimulate communities in remoter rural areas, particularly in the eastern part of the study region. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

土壤硒的赋存状态与迁移转化

随着硒在生命活动中的重要性被广泛认识,硒在自然界赋存形态的研究也越来越引起人们的关注。本文对土壤中硒赋存状态与转化富集特征进行了归结,并据此分析了影响土壤硒赋存状态的环境因子,可为土壤硒的研究和硒资源开发利用提供参考。     

GPS测量中的坐标转换

GPS测量中坐标系变换与基准变换：同一基准面下的坐标转换,不同基准面下的坐标转换;GPS数据坐标转换实现。     

Characteristics of post-socialist urban transformation in East Central Europe

The development of the post-socialist city has already been characterised by substantial restructuring processes. Particular emphasis should be drawn to the take-off of the tertiary sector and the comprehensive blight phenomena in the previously industrial areas. The urban housing sector has witnessed increasing housing affordability problems, a marginalisation of communal housing stock, an increase of segregation and an intensification of the decay in the old housing stock. In all East Central European states the spatial development processes of industry and services within the cities basically show clear parallels to the pattern of urban development in continental Europe. In Hungary housing policy, tenure structure and the level of segregation already show relatively closer similarities to the neoliberal, Anglo–American pattern of development. The other ECE states show closer similarities to the corporatist welfare states of continental Europe. As far as medium-term urban development in East Central Europe is concerned, it is to be assumed that – regardless of the specific path of further development – overall solutions shall not be found for the fundamental problems which are the legacy of the socialist era – the decay of old housing stock, large scale derelict industrial areas and the extent and deficiencies of high-rise housing estates. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The changing geography of morbidity and mortality in post-communist Poland

In general, the health of Poles improved markedly in the thirty years after the Second World War, but there was some deterioration after 1989 before improvement resumed. Only in the case of cancer is there an upward trend and so Poles are now healthier than they have been at any time in the past. However there are sharp regional variations well exemplified by the incidence of tuberculosis, where there appears to be some correlation with poorer housing and atmospheric pollution. High death rates in Lodz (consistently the highest in the country at the voivodship level between 1989 and 1996), may also be linked with environmental pollution as well as the ageing of the population. Variations between town and country are small, but Poland shows up in a poor light when compared with other European countries. These are important issues for the administration and financing of the welfare services. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Migration from the city to the countryside in Hungary and Poland

After the changes of 1989, urban-to-rural migration in Poland and Hungary remained stable compared to rural-to-urban migration. This was connected to a growing importance of suburbanisation around major Hungarian and Polish cities. Suburban areas around these cities are attracting increasing numbers of migrants from the major cities. Pollution and higher crime rates, as well as rising living costs and increasing uncertainties make many people to decide to leave the city for the surrounding countryside. Not only upper middle-class people move to the suburbs, but also lower status people, for whom life in the big city became too difficult. Long-distance migration from the cities to the rural areas is declining. Economic problems together with low employment opportunities prevent people from making such a move. Though the overall level of urban-to-rural migration did not change too much, this article shows the rapidly increasing importance of suburbanisation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Double transformation at the eastern border of the EU: the case of the Euroregion pro Europa Viadrina

One of the major means to foster European integration is the establishment of border spanning regions (‘Euroregions’). This is particularly important on the Eastern borders of the EU, e.g. in Eastern Germany. There, however, a double transformation to post-socialist society is taking place, both inside and outside the EU. Tensions arise between objectives on local and higher political levels, intensified by totally different economic structures and access to EU funds on both sides of the border. This is particularly true for the case of the emerging Euroregion Viadrina. Problems in preserving old industrialised localities in East Germany (e.g. steel) and attempts to resurrect the urban fair place Frankfurt/Oder, clash with transition in agriculture and consumer industries and with new concepts in tourism development and environmental protection in the Polish border zone. In region building, political, economic and ideological goals compete with each other. Local initiatives and higher political governance may both support and hamper each other. The same holds true for the interdependence of cultural integration and economic development. The paper concludes that regional economic development can only be expected if, via the building of the Euroregion, the interplay of these factors leads to compromise and harmonization between the different parties involved. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Local government, local economic development and quality of life in Poland

The establishment of local self-government was a key part of the post-1989 transformation in East and Central Europe. Local government in both Western and East and Central Europe has increasingly been expected to play a role in local economic development (LED). Local government is one important agent in the complex processes of building 'institutional thickness' to ensure the development of local economies and the quality of life of inhabitants. This paper presents the results of a national postal questionnaire survey of the LED role of the lowest level of local self-government in Poland, the gmina or commune. The paper establishes a baseline of knowledge regarding: the local economic problems faced by communes; their attitudinal, strategic and organisational responses; and the main factors which are hindering the communes' LED role. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CMYK变换及其在图像处理与地学研究中的应用

简要地介绍了CMYK变换及其在图像处理与地学研究中的应用。与常规方法相比较,该方法具有算法简单、操作便捷并生成高质量图像等特点。通过对比分析发现,由此变换所处理出来的融合图像是其他任何方法所不能与之相比的。此外,CMYK变换还提供了一种全新的四波段图像数据合成方法,而且在将遥感图像与其他各类地学数据的综合处理、显示方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

CMYK变换及其在图像处理与地学研究中的应用

简要地介绍了CMYK变换及其在图像处理与地学研究中的应用。与常规方法相比较,该方法具有算法简单、操作便捷并生成高质量图像等特点。通过对比分析发现,由此变换所处理出来的融合图像是其他任何方法所不能与之相比的。此外,CMYK变换还提供了一种全新的四波段图像数据合成方法,而且在将遥感图像与其他各类地学数据的综合处理、显示方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

Rural diversification and socio-economic transformation in Croatia

Rural diversification in Croatia is well advanced because many rural families have been able to find work in secondary and tertiary activities without the need to migrate to the towns. Many rural settlements have now attained an urban character although there are regional variations, including a contrast between the continental zone with a relatively high level of commitment to agriculture and the coastal areas, with pronounced ‘deagrarisation’ where the ports and tourist resorts are well developed and the natural resource conditions for agriculture are poor. These variations are examined at the municipality level with reference to two key indicators: the share of nonagricultural population and the share of workers in the total active population. Four categories of socio-economic transformation are recognised: more urbanised, urbanised, less urbanised and rural. The main regional differences between the continental and coastal areas are confirmed with the latter showing a relatively high level of socio-economic transformation through the prominence of more highly urbanised municipalities. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

经济全球化与中国资源环境可持续利用

本文以经济全球化为背景,指明世界性产业结构调整对发展中国家资源环境的影响。在此基础上,通过中国与某些发达国家工业化进程的对比分析,阐明中国入世后,本国产业结构与资源环境协调关系将会面对的挑战。最后结合中国国情,揭示未来产业结构调整需要注意的几个问题,并运用产业政策提出一些解决意见。     

Urban green resilience: Experience from post-industrial cities in Poland

De-industrialisation triggered economic, spatial and environmental changes in cities. Therefore, this study identifies whether there has been a reorientation of spatial development in post-industrial cities towards the creation of green spaces. The aim of the study is to analyse and evaluate the transformation of green spaces in 32 major cities in Poland, including 12 post-industrial cities. Data sources were vector land cover data models from the Urban Atlas for 2006 and 2018, administrative boundaries from the National Boundary Register and building layers from the Topographic Objects Database. The research procedure was carried out using the GIS environment, through spatial analysis, geoprocessing algorithms, and spatial statistics. The results have shown that post-industrial cities do not develop their urban resilience based on the expansion of green spaces and, consequently, do not build green urban resilience. In addition, the research has proven that the greatest loss of green spaces is noticeable in parts of post-industrial cities with medium and high development intensity, where there is an intensification of construction activity. The dominant direction of the transformation of green spaces has been the conversion of agricultural areas into green spaces (87.79%). In contrast, the main direction of loss in green space has been the creation of new industrial units (24.80%) and the expansion of the urban fabric (23.53%). The article is original due to the fact that there is a gap in the literature regarding the study of green spaces in post-industrial cities with regard to the concept of green urban resilience.     

对数比变换和偏最小二乘法在地球化学组合异常提取中的应用--以湘西北铅锌矿为例

以湘西北水系沉积物测量常量元素含量数据为研究对象,针对湘西北铅锌矿床的层控特征,以研究区含矿层地球化学常量元素含量的统计规律为基础,利用对数比变换( alr、clr、ilr变换)对原始数据进行预处理,并在此基础上进行偏最小二乘( PLS)降维分析,提取了地球化学组合异常,并与常用的主成分分析、因子分析的结果进行对比。分析结果表明,等距对数比变换( ilr变换)相对于其他变换方法有明显的优势,变换后的数据对称特征明显,更趋于正态分布。相对于其他两种降维方法,偏最小二乘法提取的元素组合与研究区铅锌矿的地球化学基本特征更为接近,组合异常与已知矿床分布和构造特征耦合良好,与研究区地质特征吻合,比主成分分析与因子分析得到的结果更易于地质解释。     

陆丰南地区断拗转换界面厘定及其地质意义

珠江口盆地经历裂陷阶段向拗陷阶段的转变，同期沉积地层记录了该构造变革和沉积演化过程，为厘定断拗转换界面提供了可能。基于地震反射、沉积旋回特征，识别出陆丰南地区恩平组内部存在全区可追踪对比的构造沉积转换面——T72界面，也是区分上下恩平组界面。对陆丰13洼洼间隆钻井LFA开展上下恩平组碎屑锆石U- Pb 定年、重矿物组分、元素分析，提出恩平组T72界面上下地层物源体系发生转变。结合区域沉积充填特征，表明陆丰南地区T72界面为断- 拗转换界面。具体表现为：下恩平组沉积期湖盆继承文昌期裂陷盆地特征，湖盆水体较深，物源主要为盆地内部的中生代基底凸起，沉积层序明显受盆内低凸起控制，在盆内低凸起四周发育一系列近源的辫状河三角洲，井区主要接受来自惠陆低凸起物源;上恩平组沉积期间，湖盆进入断拗过渡期，湖盆扩大、水体变浅，盆内低凸起四周的断裂活动减弱，沉积层序逐渐向盆内低凸起超覆，盆外太古宙—古生代物源组分供给不断加强，近源的三角洲砂体逐渐向远源的浅水三角洲砂体转化，同时发育宽广的滨浅湖环境，原供给物源的惠陆低凸起为水体淹没，井区接受了北部隆起外的物源。     

马尼拉俯冲带相变与地震成因机制研究

根据马尼拉俯冲带的地球物理资料,选取3条典型剖面,模拟马尼拉俯冲板块的热结构,分析俯冲板块的相变过程,探讨马尼拉俯冲带的地震成因机制。结果表明：1）B-B’剖面约在95 km深度时,洋壳开始进入榴辉岩相,C-C’剖面洋壳在160 km进入榴辉岩相,2）马尼拉俯冲带中部的地震活动倾向发生在100 km以上,南部的地震活动分布深度更深,3）马尼拉俯冲带的俯冲板块发生撕裂,使断离以下俯冲板块不容易发生地震活动,影响深源地震的发生。     

若干交代成岩成矿作用组份质量转移的计算与分析

本以几种常见的交代成岩成矿作用为例，介绍了一种新的综合性的组份质量转移计算法－真恒量定值非固定同体积质量计算法（TCFM法），并根据计算结果对这些成岩，成岩作用的形成条件进行了分析。     

非饱和土壤溶质迁移转化模型参数优化估算

在分析非饱和土壤中水分和溶质迁移转化规律的基础上,采用与坐标网格相适应的分块连续作用的水动力函数,研究模型参数最优化估算技术.运用Gauss-Newton最小化计算的Levenberg-Marquardt修正法来实现反求模型的迭代问题.该方法被应用于估算一维土柱和二维土槽试验研究模型的参数,探讨了参数给定与估算数量对参数的置信区间和预测效果的影响.经验证表明,参数优化估算技术是可行的,以此参数进行模型预测,其结果是可信的.