长春市南湖水体富营养化评价与分析

对长春市南湖水体富营养化状态进行评价,结果为: 一年中有6 个月湖泊处于中营养状态,有 5 个月处于轻度富营养。在10 月份,湖水的TLI 出现了峰值,高达63. 01。分析南湖水体富营养化状态的影响因素,得出结果为: 在温度与光照、物理化学作用及生物化学作用的共同影响下,春季和秋季水体中TLI 值较高,风险较大,而水体富营养化风险最高点出现在秋季,在藻类浓度最高的7 月份需要强化防治措施,避免秋季发生水华现象。     

布隆湖水化学成分的形成机制

在对研究区地质及水文地质条件进行分析的基础上,根据对各类水样水质资料的分析,得出与补给水相比,布隆湖水中各组分含量普遍升高、TDS显著增大、水化学类型由HCO3.Cl型变为Cl.SO4.HCO3型、水质由良好的饮用水变为多种组分含量超标的不可饮水;认为布隆湖水的化学成分是在补给水化学成分的基础上,经过蒸发浓缩作用、溶解/沉淀及阳离子交替吸附作用而形成的。使用离子比值分析方法,估算出河水进入布隆湖后,蒸发比例高达71.43%,使各组分含量增大了约3.5倍;质量平衡模拟结果表明,形成湖水化学成分的主要化学作用是岩盐、石膏的溶解、方解石的沉淀以及CO2的逸出,此外还发生了少量的阳离子交替吸附作用。     

齐齐哈尔市劳动湖水质污染现状分析

分析了劳动湖水质污染现状,进行了水质评价,主要污染物为总磷和总氮,污染负荷达80%,湖水已严重富营养化.并提出了治理对策及措施.     

修订后的丹麦1998—2003年地下水水质监测计划

随着１９８８年水环境行动计划的产生,１９８９年水质法规的制定和对供水厂的监督,科地下水水质监测也应运而生,１９９８－２００３年最新版的地下水测计划近于完成。讨论了监测背景,监测原则,１９９０－１９９５年的监测结果以及在１９９８－２００３年要监测的要素。在监测计划中要分析的化学成分包括主要化学元素,无机微量元素和包括农药在内的有机微量污染物。     

杭州西湖初次换水观测结果的解释

为了适应杭州市旅游事业发展的需要,市政府开凿燧洞,引钱塘江水更换西湖湖水,改善西湖水质。湖水质量变差的主要原因是水中有机质和矿物质增加,即矿化度增高所致。而水的矿化度与其视电阻率呈近似线性关系,因此,对更换湖水的监测可用视电阻率法。从绘制出水等机电阻率图可以了解更换水(混合流)的动态变化;由于湖水物质浓度及其视电阻率变化遵守无限稀释作用规律,即负指数衰减规律,因此,可建立数学模型,从理论上揭示混合流的运动规律。最后,文章还从实测结果和数学模型出发,探讨了经济合理的换水方法。     

基于季节性Kendal法的大凌河朝阳段水质趋势分析

大凌河是辽宁省西部的最大河流,全长 397 km,流域面积 2.35 万 km2,流域内年降水量 450～600 mm,降水主要集中在 7、8 两个月.受降水量影响丰水期与枯水期的水质质量不具备可比性,季节性 Kendall 检验法将历年相同月的水质资料进行比较,选用季节性 Kendall 检验法对大凌河朝阳段,即大凌河上游河段进行水质趋势分析.     

贵阳市红枫湖湖泊沉积物地球化学与环境质量评价

通过贵阳市红枫湖多目标地球化学调查,发现红枫湖湖泊沉积物pH值为7.3～7.5,属中偏碱性环境。沉积物具有富营养化趋势明显,C、Corg、N、S、F、P等含量较高且富集度大,存在As、Cd、Hg等重金属安全隐患,其中As含量为（34.6～52）×10-6,平均值40.8×10-6,超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准的特点。按每月一次对湖水水质进行一年期观测,发现湖水pH值为7.5～8,属中偏碱性环境,湖水总N长期超标。湖泊沉积物地球化学环境极可能对湖水水质产生影响,因此通过湖泊沉积物和水体的综合研究,可以为贵阳市重要水源地生态环境保护提供科学建议。     

孝义市玉泉山天然矿泉水的开发利用

孝义市玉泉山天然矿泉水的开发利用吴玉琪（山西省地质矿产局水文处）１９９３年１０月山西省卫生防疫站对孝义真兴沟一古井进行了２４个项目的水质检验，结果除水质达到国家生活饮用水卫生标准外，微量元素锶含量也达到了国家饮用天然矿泉水标准，１９９４年４月正式对该...     

河流水质时空变化及其受土地利用影响的研究——以深圳市主要河流为例

从深圳市的现实研究需求出发,在对地表水体主要水质指标因子分析的基础上,研究了深圳市境内五个集雨面积大于100 km2的河流近10年的水质时空变化特征。然后结合5个流域的土地利用详查数据,应用统计分析和空间分析方法论证了流域内土地利用类型与河流水质关键指标之间的相关关系。研究结果表明,从1996-2004年深圳市5个主要河流的有机物污染程度有不断增加的趋势,不同时间段内5个流域的耕地、园地和建设用地的数量对相应河流水质的有机物污染有明显的正效影响作用。因此为了制定和实施合理的水环境保护对策,需要对流域内土地利用结构进行优化调整,以期构建流域尺度上水土资源协调发展的可行预案。     

利用因子分析确定岩溶地下河系统水质的影响因素

根据云南南洞地下河系统2008年旱季的水化学分析结果,利用因子分析方法探讨地下水水质的影响因素及程度,结果表明:流域地下水成分变动范围较大,具有明显的空间变异性;地下水水质受人类活动、水岩作用过程和土壤等自然因素的共同影响,三个因素能够解释地下水水质形成的79%,其中人类活动是主要影响因素;地下水中的Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、K+主要受人类活动特别是农业和生活废水等因素的控制,Ca2+主要是水-岩作用的产物,但也受人类活动的影响,pH值、电导率受水岩作用过程和人类活动的影响,Mg2+、HCO3-受土壤CO2含量和水-岩作用过程的共同影响。     

Vertical distribution of physical–chemical features of water and bottom sediments in four saline lakes of the Khangai mountain region,Western Mongolia

Characterizing vertical profiles of water columns is important to understanding the biochemical cycles and nutrient dynamics of an aquatic ecosystem. Physical and chemical properties of surface water in Mongolian saline lakes have been studied over the past decade, but chemical composition along a vertical profile of the water column has not been well documented. Four major saline lakes (Lakes Telmen, Oigon, Tsegeen and Khag) in northwestern Mongolia were studied to determine geochemical behavior of microelements and to assess major ionic components and trace elements associated with vertical profile of various water samples and sediments. Water samples were vertically collected from each sampling depth with a vacuum deep-water sampler in July 2013. Physical–chemical parameters, major ionic components and trace elements were analyzed by conventional methods and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Concentrations of microelements and mineralogical composition of sediment samples from near shore were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. This study was apparently the first to characterize chemical composition along vertical profiles of these lakes. Sodium, chloride and sulfate ions were largely conserved in all water samples except Lake Oigon. Depending on salinity type, these lakes were divided into sodium-sulfate lake (Lake Khag) or chloride lakes. Due to geomorphological characteristics, strontium (≤3.18 mg/l) was the only ion in the highest concentration across all depths of water and sediment samples among the lakes. Sediments were comprised mainly of quartz, anorthite, albite and orthoclase. In conclusion, physical and chemical properties in Lake Oigon were highly variable and dissimilar among lakes. Furthermore, we inferred that vertical profiles of water columns were intimately linked to variations in chemical composition of salt lakes in the western Mongolia.     

固体化学盐样检测数据的质量控制

固体化学盐样作为我国西部地区特有的矿产资源,目前缺乏盐湖样品分析相应的国家标准,在分析固体化学盐样的实验室对该类样品的分析方法没有统一规范,因此对固体化学盐样监测数据的合理性检验显得尤为重要。文章结合《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》(DZ/T 0130—2006),介绍了氯化物及硫酸盐型固体化学盐样检测数据的质量控制及判断方法,包括在样品加工过程中掌握矿区的盐样类型,提供水分的检测数据;将盐样分析数据的离子质量分数换算为化合物质量分数时,要正确把握各种化合物的换算顺序和原则;利用阴阳离子平衡原理初步判断样品分析质量;充分了解样品的分析结果,根据配盐后各化合物的物理性质,通过分析元素加和判断样品分析质量;通过离子间的关系、加标回收和重复性实验、不同分析方法比对来判断样品分析质量。简要提出了氯化钠、氯化钾、高纯氯化镁、高纯氯化锂等特殊固体盐样的质量控制方法,以保证固体盐样实验室分析数据的准确性和可靠性。     

Assessment of water quality and identification of pollution sources of three lakes in Kashmir, India, using multivariate analysis

Multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) were applied to evaluate and interpret the water quality data set for 13 parameters at 10 different sites of the three lakes in Kashmir, India. Physicochemical parameters varied significantly (p?<?0.05) among the sampling sites. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 10 sampling sites into three clusters of less polluted, moderately polluted and highly polluted sites, based on similarity of water quality characteristics. FA/PCA applied to data sets resulted in three principal components accounting for a cumulative variance of 69.84, 65.05 and 71.76% for Anchar Lake, Khushalsar Lake and Dal Lake, respectively. Factor analysis obtained from principal components (PCs) indicated that factors responsible for accelerated eutrophication of the three lakes are domestic waste waters, agricultural runoff and to some extent catchment geology. This study assesses water quality of three lakes through multivariate statistical analysis of data sets for effective management of these lakes.     

Spatial–temporal characteristics of surface water quality in the Taihu Basin,China

Taihu Basin is one of the most developed and industrialized regions in China. In the last two decades, rapid development of economy as well as an increase in population has resulted in an increase of pollutants produced and discharged into rivers and lakes. Much more attention has been paid on the serious water pollution problems due to high frequency of algal blooming. The dataset, obtained during the period 2001–2002 from the Water Resources Protection Bureau of the Taihu Basin, consisted of eight physicochemical variables surveyed monthly at 22 sampling sites in the Taihu Basin, China. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to identify the characteristics of the surface water quality in the studied area. The temporal and spatial variations of water quality were also evaluated by using the fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) method. PCA extracted the first two principal components (PCs), explaining 86.18% of the total variance of the raw data. Especially, PC1 (73.72%) had strong positive correlation with DO, and was negatively associated with COD_Mn, COD, BOD, NH₄ ⁺–N, TP and TN. PC2 (12.46%) was characterized by pH. CA showed that most sites were highly polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater which contributed significantly to PC1. The sites located in the west of Lake Taihu were influenced by farmland runoff which may contribute to nitrogen pollution of Lake Taihu, whereas the monitoring sites in the eastern of Lake Taihu demonstrated that urban residential subsistence and domestic wastewater are the major contaminants. FSE indicates that there is no obvious variance between 2001 and 2002 among most sites. Only several sites free from point-source pollution appear to exhibit good water quality through the studied period.     

Evaluating the anthropogenic and geologic impacts on water quality of the Eğirdir Lake, Turkey

E?irdir Lake is the second largest fresh water lake with 482 km² surface area of Turkey. The lake is an indispensable water source for our country and region because of available water capacity and usage aims such as drinking-irrigation water, tourism, and fishing. However, especially contaminants located in the E?irdir Lake catchment affect the lake water quality negatively in times. Therefore, determination of the water quality of the lake has quite importance for region human health and sustainable usage of the lake. The major factors that control the quality of the E?irdir Lake water are agricultural activities in the basin, water–rock interaction, and domestic and industrial wastes. This study investigates the anthropogenic and geologic impact originated from pollution sources and water–rock interaction in the lake watershed basin to the E?irdir Lake water quality. For this purpose, geological, hydrogeological, and hydrological properties of the lake basin with point and nonpoint pollution sources were investigated. To determine the water quality of the lake, 48 water samples were collected especially from locations representing effects of pollutants in May and October 2009. The analysis results were compared with maximum permissible limit values recommended by World Health Organization and Turkish drinking water standards. The contents of all chemical and physical parameters are higher in dry periods than wet period, and water pollution was observed at discharge points of the streams into the lake. Also, pH, turbidity, potassium, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium, aluminum, iron, and lead concentrations were found to be above drinking water standards.     

鄱阳湖水质污染对湿地生态系统生态功能的影响

湿她内部生物、物理、化学组份之间的相互作用过程,推动湿地的形成和发育,是其生态结构和生态功能的物质基础。水是鄱阳湖湖泊及其湿地的主体要素之一,各种形式的水是参与湿地生态过程的主体成分．贯穿融于生态形成和系统运作的生物、物理、化学过程的每一个环节,湖泊水质的变化直接影响着湿地的生态过程,影响水域生态系统、湖滩草洲生态系统、农牧与生态系统食物链和食物网的质量．所以水质变化及污染是湿地生态功能衰退研究的核心内容之一。     

Human Influence on Heavy Metal Distribution in the Upper Lake Nansi Sediments, Shandong Province, China

Core and surface sediment samples were collected from three sub-lakes ( Lake Nanyang, Lake Dushan and Lake Zhaoyang) in the Lake Nansi Basin, Shandong Province. In order to reveal the characteristics of spatial and historical distribution of heavy metals in different sublakes of the Upper Lake Nansi, heavy metal (As, Cr, Cu, Hg, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, Ti and V) concentrations of sediment samples were investigated. Based on the activity of^137Cs in the sediments, the modem accumulation rate of Lake Nansi sediments is 3.5 mm/a. Our results show that the whole Upper Lake Nansi has been already polluted by heavy metals, among which Lake Nanyang has been polluted seriously by mercury, as well as by lead and arsenic, while Lake Dushan has been most seriously polluted by lead and arsenic. Historical variation of heavy metal (Cr, Cu, K, Ni, Zn, A1, Fe, Ti and V) concentrations shows an abrupt shift in 1962, resuiting in a division of two periods: from 1957 to 1962 when metal enrichment increased with time, and from 1962 to 2000 when it decreased with time, while that of some anthropogenic elements such as Hg, Pb and Mn tend to increase toward the surface. However, the variation trend of As in the sediments is different from that of Hg, Pb and Mn, with its maximum value appearing in 1982. Since 1982 the concentrations of As have decreased due to the forbidden use of arsenite pesticides. This variation trend revealed changes in manner of human activity (coal combustion, waste discharges from both industries and urban sewage ) within the catchment during different periods.     

Halogen geochemistry of the McMurdo dry valleys lakes, Antarctica: Clues to the origin of solutes and lake evolution

We have determined the halogen and boron concentrations in the ice-covered lakes of Taylor Valley, Antarctica, to better establish the sources of salts and evolutionary histories of these unusual water bodies. In addition, we report on a series of ¹²⁹I measurements that were compared with previous ³⁶Cl data that also help constrain the source of solutes and histories of the lakes. The new data, when put into context of previous work on these systems over the past forty years, allow us to make the following conclusions. The primary source of solutes to Lake Hoare, the youngest of the lakes, is the dissolution of marine aerosols and aeolian salts and the chemical weathering of dust on the glaciers. The geochemistry of Lake Fryxell, the brackish water lake, is primarily dominated by the diffusion from a halite-saturated brine at the sediment-water interface and the recent infilling of the lake by glacier meltwater. These waters have chemical weathering and marine aerosols components. Lake Bonney has two distinct lobes whose hypersaline hypolimnia have different chemistries. Both of the lobes are remnants of ancient marine waters that have been modified by the input of weathering products. This lake has also been modified by periods of cryogenic concentration when solutes have been lost via mineral precipitation. Thus the geochemistry of Lake Bonney owes its unusual geochemistry, in part, to variations in the climate in the Taylor Valley over at least the past 300kyr. The ¹²⁹I data from the Taylor Valley are similar to those from fracture fluids in crystalline rocks from the Northern Hemisphere.     

The water quality of Lake Taihu and its protection

Lake Taihu, the third largest fresh water lake of China, with a surface area of 2338 km², is located in the Changjiang River Delta, the most advanced economic zone in China. It is a typical saucer-like shallow lake in its depth and shape. During the last decade, the rapid economic development of local agriculture and industry both in the urban and rural areas of the Taihu region has made great advances. Great quantities of pollutants have been discharged into the lake, its nutrient content has increased continuously, and phytoplankton blooms have occurred in some areas. Water quality protection in Lake Taihu is very important because of its close relation with economic development and people's daily life. It is urgent to have comprehensive pollution control in Lake Taihu. Based on water quality monitoring data in Lake Taihu from 1986 to 1993, the dynamic variations of water quality and eutrophication trends have been analyzed, showing obvious spatial and temporal variations. The main water quality factors were compared with the standards for drinking water and indicate considerable change with the seasons. Basic strategies to protect water quality and prevent eutrophication are discussed.     

牛栏江流域水污染特征与水资源保护对策研究

牛栏江—滇池补水工程是滇池流域及周边地区的水资源综合利用工程,是增加滇池生态环境水量,改善滇池水资源质量的重要工程,对于保障现代新昆明建设和云南省经济社会可持续发展具有重大战略意义。然而近年的监测结果表明,牛栏江流域水资源质量有下降趋势。在以往的研究中曾提出面源污染是主要污染源。通过研究,发现牛栏江水污染物以总磷(TP)为主,且主要集中在七星桥断面以上;总磷(TP)污染主要来自于工业排放。并据此提出水污染治理的水资源保护对策。水环境治理措施和水质监测结果验证了结果的可靠性。