基于CASE推理的多时相星载SAR影像分类

提出了一种基于案例(CASE)推理的多时相SAR影像分类方法。选用北京地区2000年(4景)和2004年(3景)的多时相Radarsat-1 SAR影像及相应地理基础分类图作为数据进行实验,结果表明,该方法能得到较好的SAR影像分类结果,分类总体精度可望达到85%。     

Texture-Preserving Despeckling of SAR Images Using Evidence Framework

In this letter, a texture-preserving despeckling algorithm for synthetic aperture radar images using an evidence framework is proposed. The salient aspects of this approach are given as follows. (1) The maximum a posteriori estimate can be guaranteed to converge to the optima by selecting the Gaussian distribution and Gaussian Markov random field model as the likelihood function and prior model, respectively. (2) MacKay's evidence framework can automatically sustain the balance between speckle reduction and texture preservation. (3) We use the Jeffreys prior to perform the second-level inference of the evidence framework. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed despeckling method.     

Using SAR Images to Detect Ships From Sea Clutter

An innovative constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithm was studied for ship detection using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the sea. Two advances were achieved. An alpha-stable distribution rather than a traditional Weibull or -distribution was used to model the distribution of sea clutter. The distribution of sea clutter in a SAR image was typically heterogeneous, caused mainly by variable wind and current conditions. Image segmentation was carried out to improve the homogeneity of the distribution in each subimage or region. In comparison with ship detection using the CFAR algorithms based on the Weibull or K -distribution, our algorithm detected the most number of ships with the smallest number of false alarms.     

SAR图像对地定位的严密共线方程模型

SAR图像对地定位是解决SAR遥感信息在哪里的根本问题,它是遥感应用和处理的重要步骤。作者在分析现有几种SAR图像对地定位模型的基础上,根据SAR成像的严格几何关系导出SAR图像对地定位的严密共线方程模型。首先根据斜距图像的近地点斜距和远地点斜距推导中心投影等效焦距的计算公式,然后详细推导并给出斜距图像转化成严密中心投影图像时涉及的图像改化公式,最后根据实际星载SAR图像定位的精度对比,证明严密共线方程模型是可行的,而且其定位精度要明显优于传统的近似共线方程模型。     

顾及空间邻域关系的多时相SAR影像变化检测

提出了一种顾及空间邻域关系的多时相SAR影像非监督变化检测方法,采用马尔可夫随机场(Markov random field,MRF)模型描述SAR比值差异图像的空间上下文信息,提出了基于该模型的EM-MPM非监督变化检测算法。实例研究表明,与未顾及空间上下文信息的EM双阈值算法相比,该方法能够有效地提高变化区域提取的可靠性和准确性。     

利用DEM进行SAR图像模拟及地形辐射校正

在山区获取地面控制点比较困难,运用模拟SAR进行配准、校正,具有较大的优势。本文在分析SAR成像几何结构及ALOS PALSAR卫星轨道参数特征的基础上,运用RD定位模型对DEM的每个网格点进行雷达成像点的位置计算,模拟SAR图像,并提取当地入射角、投影角及规则化因子等;模拟出的SAR图像与真实SAR图像纹理吻合,有利于控制点的自动配准。在此基础上对ALOS PALSAR进行编码,构建基于规则化因子及入射角的地形辐射校正模型,消除面积效应及地形起伏造成的畸变问题,从结果中分析,校正后的图像明暗差异明显减少,这对雷达定量反演研究具有一定的现实意义。     

A Novel Approach of Despeckling SAR Images Using Nonlocal Means Filtering

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a day and night, all weather satellite imaging technology. Inherent property of SAR image is speckle noise which produces granular patterns in the image. Speckle noise occurs due to the interference of backscattered echo from earth’s rough surface. There are various speckle reduction techniques in spatial domain and transform domain. Non local means filtering (NLMF) is the technique used for denoising which uses Gaussian weights. In NLMF algorithm, the filtering is performed by taking the weighted mean of all the pixels in a selected search area. The weight given to the pixel is based on the similarity measure calculated as the weighted Euclidean distance over the two windows. Non local means filtering smoothes out homogeneous areas but edges are not preserved. So a discontinuity adaptive weight is used in order to preserve heterogeneous areas like edges. This technique is called as discontinuity adaptive non local means filtering and is well-adapted and robust in the case of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) model. But speckle is a multiplicative random noise and hence Euclidean distance is not a good choice. This paper presents evaluation results of using different distance measures for improving the accuracy of the Non local means filtering technique. The results are verified using real and synthetic images and from the results it can be concluded that the usage of Manhattan distance improves the accuracy of NLMF technique. Non local approach is used as a preprocessing or post processing technique for many denoising algorithms. So improving NLMF technique would help improving many of the existing denoising techniques.     

小波变换在SAR与TM图像的IHS变换复合方法中的应用

提出了一种改进的 IHS变换复合方法 ,即将小波变换与 IHS变换相结合的方法。它先将 SAR与 I进行小波融合 ,然后将融合数据代替 IHS反变换中的 I,最后进行 IHS反变换。文中对比分析了 4种复合方法 ,并且用熵、联合熵及平均梯度进行了定量评价。     

SAR图像立体定位原理与精度分析

本文在导出ＳＡＲ图像成像方程式的基础上提出了ＳＡＲ立体定位的原理和方法,并从理论上分析了影响ＳＡＲ立体定位的主要因素。实验结果表明,本文提出的立体定位方法是正确的,影响定位精度的主要因素是交会角的大小与距离向量测误差,其与理论分析模型一致。     

一种基于退化模型的高分辨率SAR去噪算法

为了保持高分辨率合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像中的纹理结构，提出了一种基于高斯．马尔可夫模型（Gauss-Markov Model）的方法来抑制SAR图像的斑点噪声。通过引入贝叶斯分析框架，建立Markov随机场的退化图像恢复模型，从而将图像的恢复问题转化为求解最大后验概率（MAP）问题，并直接从噪声图像中估计随机场模型参数进行有效的噪声抑制。实验结果表明，对所研究的高分辨SAR图像，基于退化模型的去噪算法（RMBD）不论是在噪声的去除上还是在结构信息等细节的保持上均不同程度地优于其他常用斑点去噪方法。     

SAR图像河流分割的加权指数区域能量模型

传统主动轮廓模型很难实现精确的SAR图像河流分割。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种加权指数区域能量主动轮廓模型,以精确地提取SAR图像中的河流。该模型在Chan-Vese(CV)模型能量泛函中引入了指数区域能量,能更好地衡量分割图像和原始图像的差异程度,提高模型的分割准确性。此外,利用目标区域和背景区域内像素灰度的最大绝对差取代模型中常值区域能量权重,自适应地调节目标区域和背景区域的能量比重,加速曲线运动到目标区域的边缘,获得更高的分割效率。针对实际河流SAR图像进行了分割试验,结果表明:与传统主动轮廓模型相比,本文提出的模型能更快速、精确地分割SAR图像中的河流,在分割结果和分割效率两方面具有优势。     

基于pLSA和Topo-MRF模型的SAR图像分类算法研究

针对大多数分类方法未能同时考虑图像与特征、类别与特征、类别与类别之间关系的问题,提出了一种基于潜在语义分析(pLSA)和拓扑马尔可夫随机场(Topo-MRF)模型的合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)图像的分类算法。实验结果证明了该算法的有效性。     

SAR Minimum-Entropy Autofocus Using an Adaptive-Order Polynomial Model

A new algorithm is presented for autofocus in synthetic aperture radar imaging. Entropy is used to measure the focus quality of the image, and better focus corresponds to smaller entropy. The phase response of the focus filter is modeled as a specially designed polynomial, and the coefficients of this polynomial are adjusted in sequence to minimize the entropy of the image. Because the order of this polynomial is adaptive, this algorithm applies more widely than the minimum-entropy algorithms with a fixed-order polynomial model     

利用高分辨率聚束模式TerraSAR-X影像的PSInSAR监测地表变形

利用20景于2010-03～2010-11期间采集的高分辨率聚束(1m分辨率)模式的TerraSAR-X SAR数据,采用永久散射体干涉测量技术(PSInSAR)获取了西藏羊八井地区由地热电站开采地下水引起的地面沉降。结果显示,羊八井地热电站周边及地热开采井地区在2010年期间的地面沉降速率最大达到25mm·a-1,而盆地其他地区的地面平均沉降速率为1mm·a-1。将其与ASAR获取的平均沉降速率结果对比,两者的相关性达到了0.76,这说明TerraSAR-X高分辨率SAR数据不仅可以提供高密度PS点,而且更好地体现了散射体的细节变化和微量位移情况。     

一种从SAR图像中提取城市道路网络的方法

提出一种从高分辨率SAR图像中提取城市道路网络的算法.在高分辨率SAR图像中,道路在空间结构上表现为一细长的且宽度基本恒定不变的均匀区域.利用模糊C均值聚类方法对高分辨率SAR图像进行聚类分析,将道路类像素从原始图像中分离出来.为突出道路形状特征,减少冗余信息,对聚类结果进行细化,同时利用跟踪算子消除短线段;以提取道路中心线二值图的像素值作为图像能量,应用Snakes模型检测道路网络.通过实际SAR图像验证,该算法可以准确提取复杂的城市道路网络.     

附带星历参数的星载合成孔径雷达影像自动配准算法

Fourier-Mellin不变性对称相位匹配滤波器,即symmetric phase-only matched flitering of fourier-mellin invariant(SPOMF-FMI)能解决影像配准的平移、旋转和放缩几何变换问题;然而,该方法在实际应用中具有局限性,包括图像几何尺度和图像非线性几何畸变处理能力.为了克服上述缺陷,提出了一种附带星载参数的星载合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)影像自动配准算法.该方法采用由粗到精匹配策略,由距离-多普勒影像粗匹配和改进SPOMF-FMI影像精匹配组成.使用Radarsat-1和ENVISAT ASAR影像做实验,结果表明本方法在处理重复轨道或相同升、降轨星载SAR影像(即确保相似影像纹理测度)配准问题时,能达到子像素级的配准精度.     

SAR影像几何校正

SAR影像的几何校正是阻碍其应用的瓶颈问题，目前所用的方法都有其局限性。介绍描述SAR构像几何的坐标系统及距离－多普勒方程，同时，介绍卫星轨道及描述卫星轨道的参数。为提高几何校正的精度，提出一种由几个离散点的值内插整个弧段上卫星状态向量的轨道模拟算法。在此基础上，给出利用DEM进行SAR影像几何校正的方法。该方法以时间参数为自变量，迭代解算距离－多普勒方程，计算DEM中点每一点对应的影像坐标，最后进行了实验与讨论。     

SAR影像的几何精纠正

SAR影像几何纠正中的一个重要问题是建立其构像模型。在阐述F．Leberl模型的基本原理和方法的基础上，针对星载SAR成像处理过程中多普勒中心频率不为零的现象，采用多项式拟和多普勒中心频率的方法，修正零多普勒条件方程，建立起既适合星载又适合机载SAR传感器的F．Leberl构像模型。机载和星载SAR影像的实验结果表明，文中提出的改进算法能显著地提高F．Leberl模型对星载SAR影像的定位精度，同时也适合于对机载SAR数据的处理，并且解算过程稳定，收敛很快，精度较高。     

A Neural Network Landuse Classifier for SAR Images Using Textural and Fractal Information

Abstract

Artificial neural networks (ANN) have recently been popularly used in image classification. Input features to most ANNs are extracted based on a one class per pixel basis. This requires a large number of training samples and thus a slow training rate. In this paper, we describe the use of a windowing technique to extract textural features such as average intensity, second moment of intensity histogram and fractal surface dimension from an image. This method of image characterization reduces the number of training samples efficiently, yet retains a reasonable overall classification accuracy. The ANN is trained based on the back‐error propagation algorithm. The method is applied for landuse classification of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. An example is given for a site in Kedah State, Malaysia. The SAR images (HH,HV,VV) were taken by the Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) CV‐580 airborne C‐band SAR system in November 1993 during their GlobeSAR mission in Malaysia. These multi‐polarization SAR images are co‐registered with a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) channel 5 image from same area. An overall classification accuracy of about 86.95% is achieved using windowing technique, as compared to 68.22% based on one class per pixel approach. This shows that through fractal and textural information, the windowing technique when applied in an ANN classifier has a great potential in remote sensing applications.