国际地磁台网计算INTERMAGNET

本文介绍了国际地磁台网计划的目的，意义，提出发展过程及未来趋势，强调指出它对地磁台站现代化建设，地磁学研究，地球物理学发展以及空间天气预报的影响及作用，地磁场和空间环境的全球性质越来越迫切洛国学术团体和组织进行大规模国际合作，而作为地学研究的基础一台站建设与预测，资料收集与交换，资源共享与扩展一更应成为地球科学家关心的重要问题与焦点。     

国际地磁台网发展现状与展望

从国际地磁台站分布、地磁信息节点分布、地磁观测技术指标、数据产品及服务应用等5个方面介绍了国际地磁台网的发展现状。通过综合分析,得出地磁场和空间环境的全球性精细化监测及预报已经成为地球科学家关注的焦点。在此基础上,从4个方面预测了国际地磁台网未来发展趋势,以期为我国开展相关工作提供参考和借鉴。     

IMO兰州台及中国地磁台站数字化建设

引言地磁资料能反映从空间到地球深部的介质变化 ,已经被广泛应用于空间物理和地球内部构造运动的研究 ,从而进行空间探索和地震等灾害预报。近年来 ,随着科学技术的发展 ,地磁资料的应用领域不断扩展 ,应用质量明显提高 ,地磁资料已被用于军事 ,航天航海 ,精确探矿 ,环境保护 ,生物研究 ,大型输电设施保护等。地磁资料获取的重要来源之一是长期定点观测的地磁台站。发达国家已在自己国内建立了完整的地磁观测网。由于地磁场变化的全球性 ,他们已开始建设覆盖全球的地磁观测台网 ,特别是在占地球表面 70 %的海域。所有台站装备了高精度、高…     

关于数字地磁台站观测系统的发展与观测资料应用的一点思考

针对地球科学和国家建设对地磁观测与研究的需求，结合“九五”地磁台站观测技术数字化改造，对地磁台站观测系统的发展及数字观测资料的应用提出了一些见解。     

中国地磁台环境场的计算与分析

根据国际参考地磁场(IGRF)模型,计算出1945年5月—1990年5月中国部分地磁台的计算年均值,并与相应观测年均值比较,计算出地磁台各个地磁要素的磁异常值以及地磁台异常场的模量,本文的计算结果将为认识地磁台的地磁场环境、地磁台站资料评比提供依据。     

第10代国际地磁参考场

国际地磁与超高层大气物理学协会（IAGA）于2004年12月12日发表了第10代国际地磁参考场（IGRF）。这是对地球主磁场标准数学描述的最新版本，在对地球深部、地壳、电离层及磁层的研究中有广泛应用。国际地磁参考场系数由国际地磁与超高层大气物理学协会的一个特别工作组最终确定下来。国际地磁参考场是地磁场模型工作者和全世界从事卫星及台站地磁观测数据收集和发布的单位共同努力的结果。     

国内外地磁台网观测能力评估

为了解中国地震局地磁台网的观测能力与国际上发达国家之间的优势和差距,本文从固定地磁台站和科学观测台阵两个方面对国内外地磁台网做了一个横向对比。结果表明,中国东部固定地磁台站的观测能力已达到国际先进水平,中国西部还需加强固定地磁台站的建设,而科学观测台阵也需在一些方面继续加强。     

地磁台站和地磁台网的现代化技术专辑

地磁观测资料在地磁学，空间物理学，固体地球物理学及其它相关领域的研究和应用中具有十分重要的作用，资料质量对研究工作有重要影响，台网资料对研究工作有特殊意义，根据作者近年来学习、研究和实践的结果，本文第一部分从系统设计的角度就地磁台站现代化中的系统组成，功能，仪器和主要技术指标，台网建设，资料质量等问题进行了讨论，本文的第二部分介绍了世界地磁台网，包括ＩＮＴＥＲＭＡＧＮＥＴ的目标，历史，现状，原则，     

1996年世界地磁台网CD-ROM 评述

通过对１９９６年世界地磁台网ＣＤ－ＲＯＭ中的有关台站分布、仪器装备、系统组成、数据处理、资料质量、运行状况等的简要评述,分析了当今地磁观测技术的发展潮流及世界地磁台网台站在数据处理和运行中存在的主要问题。这些认识对发展我国地磁观测技术有启示和参考作用。     

高压直流输电对湖北省地磁观测的影响

本文研究2017—2022年湖北省地磁观测受高压直流输电干扰的情况,发现目前有14条线路造成干扰,干扰集中在新线路投运初期,年均受干扰天数约105天。此外,探讨了高压直流输电线路的发展特点和湖北地磁台站布局的合理性,归纳了缓变的4种基本形态,明确了各种干扰形式的处理思路和步骤,发现同一线路对不同台站的干扰幅度,以及对同一台站地磁Z、F分量干扰幅度均线性相关。研究结论有助于提高地磁高压直流干扰数据处理的精度和效率,为进一步开发自动化处理算法积累了理论基础。     

全球电离层TEC起伏特性分析

利用全球电离层TEC地图（GIMs）数据,在已经建立TEC气候学模式的基础上,计算了1998年以来固定UT时间的全球TEC起伏指数σ_DGEC．采用偏相关分析方法对σ_DGEC与太阳活动（F107指数）及其起伏（dF107）、地磁活动（Ap指数）、季节变化因子（太阳偏置角）等因素,以及上述因素的非线性组合等的相关性进行分析,发现σ_DGEC与F107、Ap指数具有最强的相关性,与F107指数和半年变化因子的交叉项F107×S、F107指数的二次方具有较好的相关性,同时,与F107指数与年变化因子的交叉项F107×A及F107扰动指数偏离值（dF107）的二次方也具有一定的相关性．据此,以这些因子作为驱动量,建立了σ_DGEC的多元回归模型．鉴于σ_DGEC反映全球范围内电离层TEC起伏的平均特性,并与太阳活动F107指数、地磁活动Ap指数具有良好的相关性,为此我们建议,将全球TEC相对起伏指数σ_DGEC作为描述全球电离层扰动状态及电离层天气特征的一个新参量．     

Terrestrial reference frame requirements within GGOS perspective

One of the main objectives of the promising and challenging IAG project GGOS (Global Geodetic Observing System) is the availability of a global and accurate Terrestrial Reference Frame for Earth Science applications, particularly Earth Rotation, Gravity Field and geophysics. With the experience gained within the activities related to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and its realization, the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), the combination method proved its efficiency to establish a global frame benefiting from the strengths of the various space geodetic techniques and, in the same time, underlining their biases and weaknesses. In this paper we focus on the limitation factors inherent to each individual technique and to the combination, such as the current status of the observing networks, distribution of the co-location sites and their quality and accuracy of the combined frame parameters. Results of some TRF and EOP simultaneous combinations using CATREF software will be used to illustrate the current achievement and to help drawing up future goals and improvements in the GGOS framework. Beyond these technical aspects, the overall visibility and acceptance of ITRS/ITRF as international standard for science and applications is also discussed.     

Global,Regional and National Geodetic Reference Frames for Geodesy and Geodynamics

In July 2003 the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) established the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS). The GGOS is integrating the three basic components: geometry, the earth rotation and gravity. The backbone of this integration is the existing global ground network, based on the geodetic space techniques: very long baseline interferometry, satellite laser ranging, global navigation satellite systems and Doppler orbitography and radiopositioning integrated by satellite. These techniques have to operate as one global entity and in one global reference frame. The global reference frame in the GGOS is a realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS). The ITRS is a world spatial reference system co-rotating with the Earth in its diurnal motion in the space. The IAG Subcommision for the European Reference Frame (EUREF) in 1991 recommended that the terrestrial reference system for Europe should be coincident with ITRS at the epoch t ₀ = 1989.0 and fixed to the stable part of the Eurasian Plate. It was named the European Terrestrial Reference System 89 (ETRS89). On the 2nd of June 2008, the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography in Poland commenced operating the ASG-EUPOS multifunctional precise satellite positioning system. The ASG-EUPOS network defines the European Terrestrial Reference System ETRS89 in Poland. A close connection between the ASG-EUPOS stations and 15 out of 18 Polish EUREF permanent network stations controls the realization of the ETRS89 on Polish territory. This paper is a review of the global ITRS, as well as a regional and a national geodetic reference systems ETRS89.     

Terrestrial reference frame requirements within GGOS perspective

One of the main objectives of the promising and challenging IAG project GGOS (Global Geodetic Observing System) is the availability of a global and accurate Terrestrial Reference Frame for Earth Science applications, particularly Earth Rotation, Gravity Field and geophysics. With the experience gained within the activities related to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and its realization, the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), the combination method proved its efficiency to establish a global frame benefiting from the strengths of the various space geodetic techniques and, in the same time, underlining their biases and weaknesses. In this paper we focus on the limitation factors inherent to each individual technique and to the combination, such as the current status of the observing networks, distribution of the co-location sites and their quality and accuracy of the combined frame parameters. Results of some TRF and EOP simultaneous combinations using CATREF software will be used to illustrate the current achievement and to help drawing up future goals and improvements in the GGOS framework. Beyond these technical aspects, the overall visibility and acceptance of ITRS/ITRF as international standard for science and applications is also discussed.     

Modeling and observing land-surface-atmosphere interactions on large scales

The land surface and atmosphere exchange fluxes of radiation, heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), momentum and trace constituents over a wide range of time and space scales. These are reviewed in the context of modeling studies, where it has been shown that the vegetation on the Earth's land surface may have a significant influence on the continental climates, and large-scale field experiments, which have been used to obtain a deeper understanding of the processes controlling these exchanges and to explore means of quantifying them using satellite based remote-sensing. It is anticipated that over the next few years, the combination of global models (general circulation models combined with biosphere models) and global data sets (provided by satellites and other synoptic techniques) will yield crucial information on the Earth System and its sensitivity to perturbation.     

Ionospheric space weather effects monitored by simultaneous ground and space based GNSS signals

Ionospheric space weather effects can degrade the performance of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), i.e. their accuracy, reliability and availability. However, well established ground based and innovative space based GNSS measurements offer the unique chance for a permanent monitoring of the electron density structure of the global ionosphere–plasmasphere system. In this paper we review various types of perturbations in the ionospheric plasma density and distribution. In order to analyze these space weather effects we use 30 s sampled measurements provided by the global GPS ground tracking network of the IGS. Furthermore, to get a more comprehensive view on the perturbations analyzed also are simultaneously obtained GPS measurements onboard the LEO satellite CHAMP (challenging minisatellite payload). Whereas the ground based measurements show strong horizontal redistribution of plasma during ionospheric storms, the space-borne measurements indicate a severe vertical redistribution of the ionospheric plasma during the selected events. The role of the various dynamical forces such as meridional winds and electric fields is also discussed.     

Development of a terrestrial reference frame in the Russian Federation

The present article is written in response to the recent call of the United Nations for the enhanced international cooperation of different countries on global geodesy to build the Global Geodetic Reference Frame (GGRF). It reviews historical landmarks in the development of the State Geodetic Reference Frame on the territory of Russia over the last two centuries. It discusses major steps in creating the Russian terrestrial reference frame by both the ground-based and space geodesy methods relying upon the satellite observation techniques. Currently the State Geodetic Reference Frame undergoes a radical improvement in order to effectively implement the potential of modern satellite technologies through the use of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). We outline the current status of the National Geodetic Network in Russia, its hierarchical structure and accuracy. We pay a particular attention to the high-precision State Geodetic Coordinate System (GSK-2011), created simultaneously along with the global reference-ellipsoid, and designed for various types of users to conduct the land surveying and mapping in Russia. We also present the geocentric coordinate system (PZ-90.11) used for navigating space missions, solving various problems of global geodesy, and supporting the continuous operation of GLONASS.     

基于应变率场的全球地震活动特征模拟探索

本文提出利用全球应变率资料模拟全球地震活动特征的基本思想, 并作了初步探索。 利用GSRM的全球应变率场结果, 初步设计了模拟全球地震活动时空分布特征的细胞自动机模型。 该模型把地球考虑为一个自组织的整体系统, 制定了细胞自动机的演化规则, 获得了模拟的人工地震目录。 初步的模拟结果基本反映了全球地震活动的主要分布特征, 体现了全球构造活动强弱的主要格局, 初步达到了利用GPS等实测资料计算的应变率作为细胞自动机网格状态及其改变量来模拟复杂的全球地震活动特征的实验目的。     

Equivalent Monopole Source of the Geomagnetic South Atlantic Anomaly

The South Atlantic magnetic Anomaly (SAA) is an important feature of the present geomagnetic field. In this paper we model the space–time evolution of this anomaly over the past 400 years in terms of the resultant between a decrease of a global axial dipole and an increase of a virtual local monopole source. Certain characteristics of this evolution are investigated and some considerations are made in the light of a possible special state of the global geomagnetic field dynamical regime. Among the possible speculations, one is made regarding the topography of the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and its possible aspect beneath the SAA region in terms of simple sinusoidal undulations met by the monopole source during its centennial motion.     

Seismic design of space steel frames using advanced methods of analysis

A rational and efficient seismic design methodology for regular space steel frames using an advanced time domain finite element method of analysis that takes into account geometrical and material nonlinearities is presented. Seismic loads are applied in the form of Eurocode 8 spectrum compatible real accelerograms along the two horizontal directions of the frame. The iterative design procedure starts with assumed member sections, continues with the response checks for the damage, ultimate and service limit states and ends with the adjustment of member sizes so as all the response checks to be satisfied for all limit states. Thus, the proposed design method deals with nonlinearities and member interactions at the global level and consequently separate member capacity checks through the interaction equations of Eurocode 3 or the usage of the conservative and crude q-factor of Eurocode 8 are not required. Two numerical examples dealing with the design of (a) a space three storey steel frame with one bay in both horizontal directions and (b) a space seven storey steel frame with two and three bays along its two horizontal directions are presented to illustrate the method and demonstrate its advantages.