近海面气层温度结构常数的模式和测量

文中采用一个边界层湍流模式估算海面上温度结构常数C2T,模式输入的参数是气温、海表面温度和风速。模式估算的C2T与1999年6月在东海实测的C2T相当一致,此外,还对估算方法详细进行了敏感性分析。认为在估算C2T时,对温度测量的精度要高,选用Thiermann公式比较好。     

STUDY OF THE POLARIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SKYLIGHT OVER BEIJING

One of the significant characteristics of the sky is the polarization of light,which is formedthrough the multi-scattering process of atmospheric molecules,aerosols and earth's surface,andthus contains information on these three factors.It has recently been paid more attentions toretrieve the characteristic parameters of the aerosol and surface of the earth from the skylightpolarization information.Observation of the skylight polarization over Beijing has been conductedwith a multi-wavelength polarimeter developed by LAGEO(Laboratory for Middle Atmosphereand Global Environment Observation),IAP(Institute of Atmospheric Physics)since November1995.With these observation data,both the seasonal variations of the maximum degree ofpolarization of the skylight and the effect of the surface situation are studied in this paper.AMonte Carlo code for the vector radiative transfer calculation is used to simulate and compare withobservation.     

东海登陆台风的地面结构及降水分析

本文根据大陆上此较完善的地面观测资料,着重地对1953—1956年四次较强的登陆台风,此较细致地分析了台风中的气压、风、降水量和中心附近的气象状况的分布以及其相互联系.主要的结果如下:(i)台风范围内气压分布的特点随其移动方向的改变有显著不同.台风低压的填塞为其半径的函数,而且其六小时填塞率和当地气压日变化一致.(ii)台风范围风速的分布不仅和其气压分布相适应,而且受到海陆、地形的显著影响.地面风的辐合分布和台风降水分布的配合较好.(iii)台风登陆后的降水分布大致按其发展程度分为三种类型:对称型、侧偏型、对锋面型.(iv)台风刚刚登陆,其中心附近可有两种截然不同的天气状况:一类中心天气晴晴朗平静,一类中心狂风大雨.总的来说,登陆台风的地面结构一方面从东风带到西风带发生显著的变化,一方面受到海陆、地形的重大影响.     

A COMPARISON OF THE RETRIEVAL OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES USING OBSERVATIONS OF THE 60 GHZ AND 118.75 GHZ ABSORPTION LINES

The Microwave Temperature Sounder-Ⅱ(MWTS-Ⅱ) and Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder(MWHTS) onboard the Fengyun-3 C(FY-3 C) satellite can be used to detect atmospheric temperature profiles. The MWTS-II has 13 temperature sounding channels around the 60 GHz oxygen absorption band and the MWHTS has 8 temperature sounding channels around the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line. The data quality of the observed brightness temperatures can be evaluated using atmospheric temperature retrievals from the MWTS-Ⅱ and MWHTS observations. Here, the bias characteristics and corrections of the observed brightness temperatures are described. The information contents of observations are calculated, and the retrieved atmospheric temperature profiles are compared using a neural network(NN) retrieval algorithm and a one-dimensional variational inversion(1 D-var) retrieval algorithm. The retrieval results from the NN algorithm show that the accuracy of the MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval is higher than that of the MWHTS retrieval, which is consistent with the results of the radiometric information analysis. The retrieval results from the 1 D-var algorithm show that the accuracy of MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval is similar to that of the MWHTS retrieval at the levels from 850-1,000 h Pa, is lower than that of the MWHTS retrieval at the levels from 650-850 h Pa and 125-300 h Pa, and is higher than that of MWHTS at the other levels. A comparison of the retrieved atmospheric temperature using these satellite observations provides a reference value for assessing the accuracy of atmospheric temperature detection at the 60 GHz oxygen band and 118.75 GHz oxygen line. In addition, based on the comparison of the retrieval results, an optimized combination method is proposed using a branch and bound algorithm for the NN retrieval algorithm, which combines the observations from both the MWTS-Ⅱand MWHTS instruments to retrieve the atmospheric temperature profiles. The results show that the optimal combination can further improve the accuracy of MWTS-Ⅱ retrieval and enhance the detection accuracy of atmospheric temperatures near the surface.     

几率波在长期季度预报中的应用

本文首先讨论了造成长期异常天气的原因:主要是由于环流的持续稳定。指出月、季距平图上所反映的波动实质上是几率波动,它反映了下垫面冷热源(包括:雪盖、海冰、海温等)的异常分布。从而得出持续稳定的环流造成了下垫面冷热源的异常,而下垫面冷热源的异常分布作为一个持久性的扰动源对大气又起反馈作用,又造成了在某些特定地区环流的持续稳定,这样又形成了后期冷热源异常的再分布。 六个月距平几率波主要是反映下垫面冷热源的异常分布。它的变化是十分缓慢的。在30°N以南几乎呈静止状态,而30°N以北的几率波在欧亚大陆多数情况下是缓慢东进的。它的运动方向与下垫面的温度梯度相反。 最后利用半年时间尺度的距平几率波的特性,提出一种利用前一年秋到冬季的距平几率波预报次年春到夏季的降水、气温统计模型。经河北、内蒙、辽宁、吉林等省、区某些气象台1982—1985年的实地试用,反映较好,一致认为预报准确率比较稳定。     

云滴谱的不确定性对中尺度降水的影响

云滴的谱分布通过改变云滴的有效半径影响辐射传输过程,改变大气的热力、动力状况,进而影响云的发展,因此云滴谱将影响云和辐射的相互作用,从而改变地面降水。利用包含详细云微物理方案的MM5V3中尺度模式对1998年6月8日华南暴雨和2002年7月22日长江暴雨进行了数值模拟,研究了中尺度模式中云滴谱的不确定性对地面降水的影响。模拟结果表明,云滴谱在中尺度地面降水中起着重要的作用,其不确定性对地面降水的范围影响很小,却能明显地改变降水强度,能显著地改变地面降水中心的降水量和中心位置,还可能改变降水的起止时间;云滴谱的不确定性能够引起最大超过10％的平均降水强度的改变,而且其差异在白天比夜间更明显。     

非绝热加热及地形动力作用下的大气环流长期演变过程

本文建立了一个理想的大气环流数值试验模式,其中简单地考虑了辐射、湍流、凝结加热及地形的动力作用。模式中放了两个陆地和两个海洋,海陆的影响由给定的下垫面温度表现出来。把方程组化成常微分方程组后,用Runge-Kutta方法在电子计算机上求数值解。 首先,在非绝热加热的作用下,由静止大气开始经过40天就建立起基本气流。其次,在具有年周期的太阳辐射、下垫面温度及凝结加热的作用下,基本气流以年周期变化。扰动也有明显的年周期,夏季扰动振幅变小,冬季扰动振幅变大,而且海陆温度的季节变化能控制波数为2的超长波的进退。夏季温度槽位于海洋东部,冬季位于大陆东部。 最后,在数值试验中看到初始场的影响只有100天左右。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ON THE CLIMATE

The climatic effects of the atmospheric boundary aerosols are studied by the use of a three-dimensional climatemodel.Simulated results show that the climate states both at the surface and in the atmosphere change remarkably whenthe aerosols with different optical thicknesses and properties are introduced into the atmospheric boundary layer of themodel.The aerosols absorb and scatter the solar shortwave radiation,therefore,they reduce the solar energy reachingthe ground surface and decrease the surface and the soil temperatures.The temperature in the boundary layer increasesbecause of the supplementary absorption of radiation by the boundary aerosols.In the atmosphere,the temperatures atall isobaric surfaces rise up except for the 100 hPa level.The atmospheric temperatures below the 500 hPa level aredirectly influenced by the boundary aerosols,while the atmospheric temperatures above the 500 hPa level are influencedby the heating due to convective condensation and the changes in the vertical motion field.Cyclonic differential circula-tions appear over the desert areas at the low levels,and anticyclonic differential circulations exist at the upper levels inthe horizontal flow fields.The vertical motions change in correspondence with the differential circulations.The changesin precipitation are directly related to that of vertical motions.The mechanisms of climate effects of the boundaryaerosols are also discussed in this paper.     

A NOTE ON THE APPLICATION OF LINEAR WAVE THEORY AT A CRITICAL LEVEL

The purpose of this note is to estimate the accuracy and practical limitations of applying linear theory at a critical level over a realistic range of atmospheric stabilities for an idealized surface terrain. These estimates are made by comparing the results of a linear model with a nonlinear numerical model at a critical level. Essentially similar results are obtained from each model for wave stress, wave breaking height and wave dissipation through the critical level. Because gravity waves can be either evanescent or internal depending on the relative sizes of the Scorer parameter and the wavenumber of the ground surface disturbance, the somewhat paradoxical result develops that wave breaking and non-linearity increase with increasing bulk Richardson number. It is recommended that steady linear wave theory be used in gravity wave drag parameterizations provided near real time profiles of background velocity and temperature are available.     

中国地表月平均反照率的遥感反演

地表特征和下垫面物理性质在时空分布上的差异 ,造成地表能量分布的不均 ,地球表面的半球反射在气候领域是一个非常重要的参数 ,它在地 气能量交换中决定着能量在地 气之间的分配比率。反照率随地表覆盖类型的变化具有很大的差异 ,而这往往是形成区域小气候差异的原因。文中通过统计和双向反射模型 ,应用NOAA14 AVHRR数据并结合地理信息系统 ,反演计算了 1997年中国月平均反照率的分布 ,并对结果做了分析检验。