中层大气行星波在臭氧的季节和年际变化中输运作用的数值研究──Ⅰ．常定流的情况

本文构造了一个３４层球坐标原始方程波－流相互耦合谱模式，利用此模式从拉格朗日平均环流的观点研究了在常定流下行星波对臭氧的输运作用。研究结果表明，行星波对臭氧的输运有明显的季节变化，在北半球冬季，由于行星波上传到平流层而大大增强了中高纬地区向极地向下的Ｏ３输运；并且还表明，热带纬向风的ＱＢＯ不仅通过影响东、西风切变而引起热带Ｏ３分布的年际变化，而且通过影响行星波的传播引起了行星波对Ｏ３输运的年际变化，这表现为当热带纬向风处于东风位相时，中高纬地区行星波对Ｏ３的输运比西风位相时强。     

全球平均经圈环流的基本特征及其与臭氧关系研究

本文利用1957年9月到2002年8月,共540个月的ERA-40的经向风和臭氧质量混合比月平均资料,分析研究了平均经圈环流(MMC)和Hadley环流强弱特征变化及其与臭氧变化的关系.分析指出:(1)平均经圈环流与臭氧分布在垂直方向上有很好的对应和相关关系,平均经圈环流是形成臭氧水平、垂直的气候平均态分布,季节变化,年代际变化的重要因素;(2)垂直方向上北半球臭氧浓度的变化比南半球的变化更明显;(3)典型相关分析表明平均经圈环流与臭氧浓度变化在不同的高度和纬度上有不同的相关关系,臭氧与Hadley和Ferrel环流存在密切的相关关系,特别是Hadley环流,这表明Hadley环流在全球大气臭氧的变化中起重要作用.     

Effects of the seasonal variation on forming the steady state of an atmosphere-ocean coupled system

 A three-dimensional, coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model is developed and effects of the seasonal variation on forming a steady-state coupled atmosphere-ocean system are studied. Case studies are carried out for a basin of idealized geometry by changing the period of the seasonal variation in the solar forcing. The coupled system shows significant differences depending on the existence of the seasonal variation, where the heat transport by the oceanic circulation plays a central role. For the regular seasonal variation, a stronger oceanic meridional circulation, which accompanies larger poleward heat transport, is realized compared with that for the annual-mean solar forcing. The stronger meridional circulation is associated with a larger wintertime meridional gradient of the sea surface temperature. The meridional gradient of the annual-mean sea surface temperature is smaller for the regular seasonal variation, which results in a smaller atmospheric poleward heat transport. In consequence, the total of the atmospheric and the oceanic poleward heat transport is almost identical for the two cases. Cases with the seasonal variation of the doubled period and with the time-filtered flux exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean are also studied, showing that the system is not sensitive to those factors.     

Dynamic Effects of the South Asian High on the Ozone Valley over the Tibetan Plateau

In this study, the TOMS/SBUV (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer/Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer) data and SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) II data were employed to calculate the monthly total zonal ozone deviations over the Tibetan Plateau and the 150?C50-hPa zonal ozone variations. The results show that there is a significant correlation between the two, with a correlation coefficient of 0.977. From 150 to 50 hPa, the ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau (OVTP) becomes the strongest based on the SAGE II data, and the South Asian high (SAH) is the most active according to the 40-yr reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA40), so a correlation between the SAH and the OVTP may exist. The WACCM3 (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 3) simulation results show that both SAH and OVTP could still present within 150?C50 hPa with reduced strength even when the height of the Tibetan Plateau was cut down to 1500 m. It is also shown that the seasonal variation of SAH would result in a matched seasonal variation of the OVTP, which suggests a meaningful effect of SAH on the OVTP. Meanwhile, it is found that the atmospheric circulation would impose different effects on the OVTP, depending on the SAH??s evolution stages and movement directions. At 150?C50 hPa, as the SAH approaches the plateau, the SAH zonal (meridional) transport would make the OVTP deeper (shallower), while the vertical transport of ozone produces a deeper (shallower) OVTP at the lower (higher) level; the combined dynamic effects lead to a weakened OVTP. When the SAH stabilizes over the plateau, the zonal (meridional) transport results in a shallower (deeper) OVTP while the vertical transport would create a deeper (shallower) OVTP at the middle (bottom and top) levels; the combined dynamic effects produce a deeper OVTP. As the SAH retreats from the plateau, the OVTP becomes deeper (shallower) under the zonal (meridional) effect or shallower under the vertical effect; the combined dynamic effects contribute to a deeper (shallower) OVTP at the middle (bottom and top) levels. The SAH would have a weak effect on the OVTP over the plateau when positioned over the tropical Pacific.     

一个海洋环流模式模拟的北印度洋经向环流及其热输送

对比两个同化资料GODAS（Global Ocean Data Assimilation System）和SODA（Simple Ocean Data Assimilation）,考察中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的气候系统海洋模式LICOM（LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model）模拟的北印度洋经向环流及热输送的气候态。LICOM能抓住北印度洋大尺度环流的季节变化特征,模拟的年平均越赤道热输送为-0.24 PW （1 PW=1015W）,较之以往的数值模式结果更接近观测和同化资料。与同化资料的差异主要体现在季节变化强度,北半球夏季在赤道以南偏弱0.5 PW,这与模式夏季的纬向风应力偏弱,热输送中的大项Ekman热输送模拟偏弱,从而模拟的经圈翻转环流较浅有关。     

Seasonal Variations of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet and the Thermal Mechanism

The seasonal variations of the intensity and location of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EAWJ) and the thermal mechanism are analyzed by using NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data from 1961 to 2000. It is found that the seasonal variation of the EAWJ center not only has significant meridional migration, but also shows the rapid zonal displacements during June-July. Moreover, there exists zonal inconsistency in the northward shift process of the EAWJ axis. Analysis on the thermal mechanism of the EAWJ seasonal variations indicates that the annual cycle of the EAWJ seasonal variation matches very well with the structure of the meridional difference of air temperature, suggesting that the EAWJ seasonal variation is closely related to the inhomogeneous heating due to the solar radiation and the land-sea thermal contrast. Through investigating the relation between the EAWJ and the heat transport, it is revealed that the EAWJ weakens and shifts northward during the warming period from wintertime to summertime, whereas the EAWJ intensifies and shifts southward during the cooling period from summertime to wintertime. The meridional difference of the horizontal heat advection transport is the main factor determining the meridional temperature difference. The meridional shift of the EAWJ follows the location of the maximum meridional gradient of the horizontal heat advection transport. During the period from April to October, the diabatic heating plays the leading role in the zonal displacement of the EAWJ center. The diabatic heating of the Tibetan Plateau to the mid-upper troposphere leads to the rapid zonal displacement of the EAWJ center during June-July.     

东亚太平洋地区近地面臭氧的季节和年际变化特征及其与东亚季风的关系

利用东亚清洁背景站近地面臭氧观测资料,结合风场和降水资料,分析东亚各地区臭氧的多年季节变化特征,并探讨东亚太平洋地区臭氧的季节和年际变化与季风的关系以及影响近地层臭氧的主要因子。结果表明：东亚大部分地区与北半球背景站观测一致,近地层臭氧季节变化表现为春季最高、夏季最低的特征;但在东亚中纬度33～43°N,臭氧表现为夏季最高,而在东亚20°N以南地区臭氧则表现为冬末、春初最高。东亚太平洋沿岸近地面臭氧的季节变化主要受东亚冬、夏季风环流的季节变化控制。该地区不同纬度上春季峰值出现时间的差异与亚洲大陆春季不同时期污染物输送路径的差异有关。对东亚太平洋沿岸对流层顶附近位势涡度、高空急流和垂直环流季节变化的分析表明,冬春季可能是平流层向对流层输送的最强期,对近地面臭氧贡献最大。初夏至秋季（5-11月）,平流层向对流层输送较弱,对近地面臭氧贡献较小。东亚太平洋地区夏季风爆发的时间和强度以及季风环流型的年际差异是导致该地区春、夏季臭氧年际变化的主要原因;而季风降水和云带位置以及平流层一对流层交换是造成臭氧年际变化的其他原因。     

Validation of parametrisations for the meridional energy and moisture transport used in simple climate models

Parametrisations of meridional energy and moisture transport used in zonally averaged climate models are validated using reanalysis data and results from a doubling CO₂-experiment from a general circulation model. Global meridional fluxes of moisture and sensible heat are calculated by integrating surface and top-of-the-atmosphere vertical fluxes from one pole to the other. The parametrisations include an eddy-diffusion term, representing down-gradient transport of specific humidity and temperature due to the transient atmospheric eddies at mid- and high latitudes, and simple representations of the mean meridional circulation. Qualitative and quantitative agreement between the increased hydrological cycle in the 2×CO₂-run from the GCM and the parametrisation is found. The performance for the sensible heat flux shows larger differences to the GCM results, particularly at low latitudes. Seasonal variations of the moisture and sensible heat transport are well captured by parametrisations including the influence of the mean meridional circulation. Interannual variability cannot be simulated. An examination of the parametrisations on different spatial scales suggests that they should not be used for small scales. Furthermore, two closures for the zonal distribution of precipitation were examined. They are used in zonally averaged atmosphere models coupled to an ocean model with different ocean basins at one latitudinal belt. An assessment of both the reanalysis data and the GCM results shows that both closures exhibit very similar behaviour and are valid in the long-term mean and seasonal cycle. Interannual variability is not captured well. They become invalid for spatial scales smaller than 10^∘. Received: 30 November 1998 / Accepted: 4 July 1999     

Climate sensitivity to changes in solar insolation in a simple coupled climate model

A simple coupled ocean, atmosphere and sea-ice model is presented. The idealised model consists of a zonally averaged land and ocean strip of constant angular width extending from pole to pole. The meridional energy transport in the ocean is modelled by contributions from the large scale thermohaline overturning cells and from horizontal diffusive fluxes. The atmospheric meridional energy transports are parametrised as diffusive fluxes in addition to advective transports in the Hadley domain. This parametrisation resolves the equatorward moisture transport as well as the poleward transport of potential energy in the upper branch of the Hadley circulation. The model reproduces the annual averaged meridional energy transports in the climate system with a small number of free model parameters. The basic feedbacks between the three climatic components are studied by investigating the model's sensitivity towards reductions in the solar insolation. It is found that the meridional energy transport in the ocean does not amplify the ice albedo feedback. This has important implications for modelling the climate sensitivity in atmosphere-only models, as these would exaggerate the sensitivity to changes in the solar insolation if their parametrisations of the meridional energy transport are constrained by surface temperatures. The role of the dependence of the atmospheric transports on the meridional temperature gradient is shown to have a significant influence on the sensitivity on the coupled model, and the inclusion of seasonal cycles greatly increase the models sensitivity. The Hadley circulation does significantly alter the strength of the ice-albedo feedback in the coupled model. The idealised configuration of the model makes it a useful tool for studying the feedbacks in the ocean-atmosphere-sea ice system in the context of the "Snowball Earth" hypothesis.     

东亚副热带西风急流季节变化特征及其热力影响机制探讨

利用1961—2000年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料对东亚副热带西风急流强度和位置的季节变化进行了分析,指出急流位置季节变化不仅有明显的南北向移动,6—7月还存在东西方向的突变特征,同时急流轴在北进过程中具有东西向的不一致性,急流中心强度的变化超前于位置的南北移动。在此基础上,采用动态追随急流中心移动的方法,探讨东亚副热带西风急流季节变化的热力影响机制,发现东亚副热带西风急流强度变化及位置移动与对流层中上层气温南北差异的分布结构有很好的对应关系,这说明急流的季节演变是对辐射季节变化及由于东亚特殊的海陆分布和青藏高原大地形影响而造成纬向不均匀加热的响应。从各热量输送项与急流的关系来看,从冬半年到夏半年的增暖时段,急流中心南北温差减小,急流减弱北进;从夏半年到冬半年的降温时段,急流中心南北温差增大,急流加强南退。热量平流输送的经向差异是造成急流中心南北温差的主要原因,急流跟随热量平流输送最大经向梯度中心位置南北移动。非绝热加热对急流中心的东西移动有引导作用,青藏高原春夏季对对流层中上层强大的加热作用是导致6—7月急流中心位置西移突变的原因。     

Temporal Variations in the Vertical Distribution of Stratospheric Ozone over Obninsk from Lidar Data

The results of lidar measurements of ozone profiles over Obninsk in the altitude range of 12–35 km in 2012–2016 are presented. Temporal variations in total ozone in the above altitude range and seasonal variations in the vertical distribution of ozone are considered. Basic attention is paid to the analysis of ozone profile variations on the daily and weekly scales. The backtrajectory analysis demonstrated that in most cases the formation of layers with low or high ozone values is explained by the direction of meridional advection. Cross-correlation coefficients for the variations in ozone and temperature relative to the current monthly mean variations are calculated. Rather high values of correlation coefficients (~0.4–0.6) are obtained for summer in the low stratosphere (100 and 160 hPa) and for winter in the upper troposphere (50 and 20 hPa). In general, variations in ozone profiles are consistent with available climatologic data.     

北半球冬季行星波的传播及其输运作用

利用变换欧拉平均方程讨论了行星波动力学。观测和模拟结果都表明,在北半球冬季准定常行星波的经向传播存在两支波导。一支为高纬度波导,另一支则为低纬度波导。这些结果与理论分析相当一致。通过对EP通量进一步的研究表明,平流层爆发性增温是沿高纬度波导传播的异常行星波与平均气流相互作用的结果。而热带风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）是低纬度平流层下层大气纬向平均流的一个重要年际变化,它可以影响行星波沿低纬度波导的传播;此外,由一个行星波一平均流耦合模式模拟的结果表明,这个热带风场的变化还可以通过波流相互作用调制行星波沿高纬度波导的传播。 行星波对臭氧的输运作用在文中也进行了分析。行星波强迫出的剩余平均环流表明,耗散的行星波有强的输运作用;向北的涡动热量输送可以强迫出一个正的输运环流,其在低纬度上升并在高纬度下沉。同时研究还表明,热带风场的QBO对行星波传播的调制对输运环流也有重要影响,模式结果表明,在QBO的东风位相期间行星波引起的输运作用明显增强,其结果可用于解释平流层高纬度臭氧的年际变化。     

Surface heat fluxes from a numerical weather prediction system

Twenty-two months (July 1983-April 1985) of surface heat fluxes predicted at day 1 from a numerical weather prediction system have been processed. Monthly means and monthly standard deviations of available surface short-wave, long-wave, latent and sensible heat fluxes as well as annual means have been computed. The global mean of the annual net sea-surface heat flux is about 40 Wm^–2 and is therefore far from equilibrium. When used to force an oceanic model, these fluxes would tend to warm the ocean and would produce an unrealistic transport of heat by the oceanic general circulation. They therefore need to be corrected. This correction appears feasible because the main difference between these fluxes and long-term climatologies appears largely independent of the month and the latitude. This suggests that the errors have a systematic origin. The corrected fluxes allow both the reproduction of a realistic seasonal migration of the zero net heat-flux line and the reproduction of the annual meridional heat transport in the different oceans, within the range of previous estimates.     

Modeling of trophospheric ozone concentrations using genetically trained multi-level cellular neural networks

Tropospheric ozone concentrations, which are an important air pollutant, are modeled by the use of an artificial intelligence structure. Data obtained from air pollution measurement stations in the city of Istanbul are utilized in constituting the model. A supervised algorithm for the evaluation of ozone concentration using a genetically trained multi-level cellular neural network （ML-CNN） is introduced, developed, and applied to real data. A genetic algorithm is used in the optimization of CNN templates. The model results and the actual measurement results are compared and statistically evaluated. It is observed that seasonal changes in ozone concentrations are reflected effectively by the concentrations estimated by the multilevel-CNN model structure, with a correlation value of 0.57 ascertained between actual and model results. It is shown that the multilevel-CNN modeling technique is as satisfactory as other modeling techniques in associating the data in a complex medium in air pollution applications.     

西太平洋地区大气边界层内臭氧的季节变化及其影响因子分析

利用臭氧探空资料,分析了西太平洋地区香港(Hong Kong)、那霸(Naha)和札幌(Sapporo)三个站点2000~2010年期间大气边界层内臭氧(O₃)的季节分布和年变化趋势。结果表明,三个站点O₃的季节分布存在明显的差异。其中,那霸和香港大气边界层内O₃季节平均呈双峰值分布,其峰值分别出现在春季和秋季;而札幌站为单峰分布,峰值出现在春季。造成季节分布差异的主要原因包括人为污染源和自然因素如气象条件。另外,三个站点大气边界层内O₃均呈上升趋势。其中札幌、那霸上升最快,分别达0.80 ppb a-1和0.77 ppb a-1。(ppb表示10-9,下同)香港的年际增长较不明显,但秋季增长却非常明显,高达1.21 ppb a-1。结合GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) 和SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectro Meter for Atmospheric Chartography)卫星反演的NO₂数据发现,过去10年中国京津唐和东北地区的对流层内NO₂柱总量增加极为迅速。这些O₃前体物通过远距离输送是导致札幌、那霸O₃浓度增加的主要原因之一。珠江三角洲人为污染源的增加及偏北气流的影响,是导致香港地区秋季O₃增加的主要原因。     

区域酸性沉降的数值研究：Ⅱ.个例模拟和试验

利用建立的区域酸性污染物沉降模式，配合中尺度模式ＭＭ４预报的气象场，以１９９１年６月１２￣１４日淮河流域的一次降雨过程作为实例，对我国东半部及其相邻地区的酸沉降进行了数值模拟和试验研究。结果表明，模式基本上能够模拟出区域酸性沉降的特征，具有良好的综合模拟性能和广阔的应用前景。     

西风角动量输送的气候特征及其与急流关系研究

利用1958～1997年NCEP/NCAR一日四次的风场再分析资料,系统地分析了季节平均西风角动量（即u角动量）经向、垂直输送通量及其三个分量（平均经圈环流、定常波、瞬变涡输送通量）的气候特征,特别是讨论了12～2月、6～8月它们与东、西风带、副热带西风急流、极夜急流之间的联系。结果表明:（1）包含纬度因子的角动量通量与动量通量在高纬地区存在显著差别,高纬对流层上部的强动量输送中心在角动量通量中不明显。而u角动量强经向输送主要在中低纬对流层顶附近和冬半球高纬平流层顶附近,副热带西风急流和极夜西风急流均位于u角动量强向极输送中心及其高纬一侧的辐合区中。（2）发现三个输送分量对急流维持的作用随纬度、季节不同。北半球冬季（夏季）的副热带西风急流主要由平均经圈环流（强度相当的定常波和瞬变涡）强经向输送及辐合维持;南半球西风急流全年均由平均经圈环流和瞬变涡旋输送及辐合维持;冬半球中平流层极夜急流主要由定常波、瞬变涡旋输送及其辐合共同维持。（3）热带东风区是牵连角动量（即Ω角动量）的高值区,它主要由平均经圈环流向对流层上部输送;冬半球副热带及中纬西风区存在u角动量垂直输送的切变区,它主要由平均经圈环流和瞬变涡旋完成;热带对流层顶附近有u角动量的定常波弱向下输送。     

Seasonal oceanic heat transports computed from an atmospheric model

Seasonal estimates of the oceanic poleward heat transport are obtained using a climate model that is a global atmospheric general circulation model on an 8° × 10° grid. The climate model is used to calculate the surface heat flux into each ocean grid point for each day of the year. The rate of ocean heat storage is calculated using climatological surface temperatures, mixed layer depths, and ice amounts. By assuming that the rate of change of heat storage in the deep ocean is spatially constant, the horizontal transports are calculated from the vertical fluxes and the upper ocean storage rates. The oceanic meridional transport for each latitude and for each ocean basin are derived, and results are compared with other calculations of the seasonal transports. In the Northern Hemisphere, comparisons between the simulated seasonal transports indicate that the annual variation is much greater in the Pacific than in the Atlantic.     

Investigating lower stratospheric model transport: Lagrangian calculations of mean age and age spectra in the GCM ECHAM4

The Lagrangian scheme ATTILA is used to calculate age spectra and the mean age of air in the general circulation model ECHAM4. The advantage of the Lagrangian method is that temporal variation in transport is taken into account and that beyond transport times the actual transport pathways can be investigated. We found a strong seasonal cycle in mean age and age spectra, especially at high latitudes. When plotting polar age spectra against time, it can clearly be seen that the edge of the polar vortex acts as an efficient transport barrier and that exchange with extra-polar air takes place only for a short period of approximately two months after the polar vortex has broken down. Compared to observations the mean age is reproduced satisfactorily below approximately 20 km. Above that level however, the mean age is underestimated, especially at high latitudes. Furthermore, the observed sharp meridional gradient is located too far polewards in the model, which indicates that the subtropical transport barrier is too weak. There is a distinct variation in the shape of the age spectra with latitude. At low latitudes the age spectra consist of one single peak, whereas at higher latitudes secondary peaks appear, which are one year apart and whose positions in the spectrum are independent of the location. At polar latitudes there are even several peaks of approximately equal size. We explain these peaks with two superposing processes. First, the seasonal cycle of the upward mass flux at the tropical tropopause produces a single peak age distribution. And second, at polar latitudes, the temporal evolution of the polar vortex allows mixing of polar and subtropical air only once a year, which results in a superposition of these single peak age distributions. A final investigation of the transport pathways gave indications for predominant routes from the tropics to high latitudes resulting in altitude dependent meridional transport, however, more detailed studies of 3D trajectory data will be needed to clarify this issue.     

多年月平均500毫巴图上60°N和30°N纬圈的波谱分析

本文对北半球多年月平均500毫巴图上60°N和30°N纬圈的高度和纬圈平均的经向运动动能进行了波谱分析,探讨了前3个波幅和位相角的季节变化,以及在高低纬度之间的差异。主要结果如下:1位势场的高度主要贡献,集中在准静止长波范围内,并具有明显的季节变化。2波数为1的波在高低纬度性质有显著的不同,其分界线大约在50°-60°N之间。此外,准静止的长波愈向低纬度去逐渐有向西偏移的现象。例如,在30°N上准静止的长波比60°N上要偏西(1/4)-(1/2)波长。360°N纬圈平均的经向运动动能主要部分亦集中在准静止长波范围内。虽然峰值有明显的季节变化,但最大的极值都出现在波数n=2-4之间。30°N纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱有着明显的季节变化,大致可分成如下3个类型:(1)冬季型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱存在着两个极值,最大的极值稳定于准静止长波范围内(n=3附近),次极植位于移动性行星波范围内(n=5-8)。(2)夏季型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱只有一个极值,稳定于波数为6-7的波内。(3)过渡型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱分布较平坦,没有稳定的极值存在。