中国海洋经济绿色发展水平综合测度与时空演化研究

文章通过构建海洋经济绿色发展水平评价指标体系,利用集对分析法、Kernel密度估计函数及GIS空间分析技术对2006—2014年中国沿海11个省、市、自治区海洋经济绿色发展水平进行综合测度,并分析其动态演化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)通过集对分析法初步计算出2006—2014年中国沿海11个省、市、自治区海洋经济绿色发展水平总体呈现波动上升趋势。(2)通过Kernel密度估计模型计算得出,2006—2014年中国海洋经济绿色发展水平程度逐渐由地区之间均匀分布到两极分化分布的趋势,绿色发展高水平地区发展速度快于低水平地区。2006—2010年中国海洋经济绿色发展水平进程缓慢,2010—2014年绿色发展水平速度加快。(3)根据集对分析法计算的海洋经济绿色发展水平评价结果,采用自然断裂点法将中国沿海11个省、市、自治区海洋经济绿色发展水平划分为3类地区:上海、广东、天津为海洋经济绿色发展高水平地区;山东、福建、浙江、江苏、辽宁为海洋经济绿色发展中等水平地区;海南、河北、广西是海洋经济绿色发展低水平地区。     

海洋沉积物中的再沉积孢粉化石研究

对中国沿岸海域（渤海、黄海、东海和南海）海洋沉积物中再沉积孢粉化石的研究，为海洋沉积物来源，探讨海面升降，气候变化及陆缘构造运动提供了重要的科学依据。     

中国海平面上升60毫米

中国沿海海平面多年来一直呈波动上升趋势。2003年，中国国家海洋局公布的《2003年中国海平面公报》指出：中国沿海平均海平面比常年平均海平面高60毫米。其中，黄海海平面比常年平均海平面高73毫米，东海、南海次之，分别为66和63毫米，渤海为27毫米。     

中国海域承载力空间差异及其收敛性分析

海域承载力（MCC）是判断海洋可持续发展能力的重要依据。文章从压力与承压力两方面构建包含海洋经济系统、海洋生态系统和海洋社会系统的MCC评价指标体系。基于2005—2014年中国沿海11个省（直辖市、自治区）的空间面板数据,运用状态空间法、Moran’s I指数和β收敛模型定量刻画MCC在中国三大海区间的空间差异及其收敛性。研究发现,一方面中国MCC常年处于超载状态,改善速度缓慢,总体不容乐观,且地理位置邻近或海洋经济发展水平相当的地区间MCC不存在显著的空间自相关;另一方面,MCC在三大海区间存在空间差异性,其中东海和南海MCC较高且承载状态改善较大,黄渤海MCC较低且未见明显改善。同时,MCC空间差异处于条件收敛过程,存在MCC较落后地区的追赶效应,但收敛趋势并不稳固。其中黄渤海MCC空间差异的收敛速度最快,南海次之,东海较慢。尤为有趣的发现是条件β收敛模型报告的结果显示各控制变量对不同海区MCC变化影响的相关性和显著性不同。南海MCC变化的动因在于海洋经济规模和社会支持力度的提高;东海MCC提升速度的加快存在显著的人口红利效应;与东海和南海不同,海洋经济的发展并非黄渤海MCC变化的显著动因,同时海洋环境污染的加重会显著降低黄渤海MCC的提升速度。此外,利用效率低下使得社会支持力度的加大对黄渤海MCC的提升收效甚微。     

中国沿海第四系

广阔的中国海包括了渤海、黄海、东海及南海的沿海平原及陆架.从总体看,中国大陆第四纪发展史基本控制了沿海陆架发育史.中国沿海人口密集、工业发达,陆架资源丰富,研究沿海平原第四纪的层序,对石油勘探开发具有实际意义.一、渤海、黄海西岸及陆架第四系概况     

中国沿海近31年冬季海平面变化特征

利用29个海洋观测站的31年（1980－2010年）水文气象观测资料,分析了中国沿海近31年冬季海平面的时空分布特征与长期变化趋势。结果表明：①中国沿海冬季海平面近31年呈现明显的上升趋势,平均上升速率为3.1 mm/a,高于全年的上升速率,渤海、黄海、东海和南海沿海冬季海平面变化呈现明显的区域特征;②中国沿海冬季海平面存在显著的年际和年代际变化,其主要显著变化周期有准2 a,4～7 a,9 a左右及18.6 a。由于受西太平洋暖池和黑潮与我国近海之间的水体交换影响,东中国海4～7 a的周期明显,其振幅最高,并且其周期性震荡的高位时期与赤道西太平洋暖池区的厄尔尼诺发生期间相吻合;③以浙江坎门（121°17′E , 28°05′N）为界,中国沿海冬季海平面还呈现出南北变化反相的跷跷板特征,该现象反映了中国沿海冬季海平面的气候性特征。受季风、海流、气压以及降水等因素的影响,冬季海平面的变化区域特征明显;④近31年, 中国沿海冬季气温、海温与海平面均呈显著上升趋势,上升幅度分别为1.8 ℃、1.4 ℃和135 mm,高于全年上升幅度。     

台湾浅滩海域带鱼种群的探讨

带鱼Trichiurus haumela(Forsk■l)广分布于渤海、黄海、东海和南海,种群较为复杂,国内外学者已进行过多次研究,但仍需进一步探讨。我们曾在研究中国沿海带鱼的耳石与鱼体相对生长的地理变异的基础上,将中国沿海带鱼划分为四个地理种群,即:渤海-黄海种群:东海北部种群;东海南部-粤东种群及南海种群。本文是对东海南部-粤东种群作进一步的研究。主要依据鱼群各项相对生长指标的差异对栖息于台湾浅滩海域的带鱼种群问题进行探讨。     

中国海域潮汐非调和常数的计算与分析

联合利用中国沿岸长期验潮站实测资料和全球海潮模型NAO.99b在中国海域的结果,进行潮汐非调和常数的计算.分别对渤海、黄海、东海和南海进行分析,结果表明,中国海域潮汐类型复杂,渤海、黄海、东海以半日潮性质为主,南海以日潮性质为主;渤海、南海平均大潮差多分布在0.42～2.09 m,平均小潮差分布在0.27～1.33 m,东海、黄海平均大潮差多分布在1.12～4.44 m,平均小潮差多分布在0.41～2.41 m;渤海、黄海平均大潮高潮位分布在0.48～1.77 m,东海在0.42～2.41 m,南海在0.21～1.35 m;渤海、东海以及南海北部浅海海域潮高日不等现象显著.     

ENSO对中国近海海平面影响的区域特征研究

使用卫星测高、海表温度以及中国沿海台站水位等数据,分析研究了ENSO对中国近海海平面影响的区域特征。结果表明:（1）赤道东太平洋海表温度与我国近海海平面存在显著的遥相关关系。相关系数自北至南呈梯度递增,分为3个影响明显的区域,分别是渤、黄海、东海和南海海域。南海海平面异常与赤道东太平洋区域的海表温度异常相关性最强,大部分区域的相关系数超过了0.6;东海海域海平面异常与赤道东太平洋海表温度的遥相关系数弱于南海,强于渤、黄海,大部分海域的遥相关系数超过了0.4;渤、黄海海域海平面异常与赤道东太平洋海表温度的遥相关系数最弱,但是大部分海域的遥相关系数超过了0.3,通过了显著性检验。（2）中国沿海海平面的季节变化与ENSO有明显的相关关系,且影响范围具有明显的区域特征,以长江口和台湾海峡为分界线分为长江口以北、长江口到台湾海峡以及台湾海峡以南3个区域。海平面的年振幅在厄尔尼诺年均出现偏低的现象,并且年振幅的极小值均出现在厄尔尼诺年。另外,海平面的年振幅对厄尔尼诺事件的响应与其强弱有关,在强厄尔尼诺事件中,响应区域和幅度较大,弱事件中,响应区域和幅度偏小。（3）南海、东海和渤、黄海这3个区域沿海的海平面变化均存在4~7 a的显著振荡周期,说明这3个区域的海平面均受ENSO的影响。其中,南海7 a周期的振荡幅度最大,约为1.5 cm;东海7 a周期的振荡幅度次之,约为1.3 cm;渤、黄海6 a周期的振荡幅度最小,不到1 cm。     

东海西部沿岸海域冬季的逆温跃层现象及其与环流的关系

本文引用《渤海、黄海、东海海洋图集──水文》分册（１９９２）中有关逆温跃层分布变化的图幅以及温盐历史资料,指出东海西部沿岸（２２～３２°Ｎ）冬季出现逆温跃层的区域北起长江口,南到南澳岛以南几乎相联成片的现象,论述了这一分布与中国东南近海冬季潜伏于深底层的暖流水的区域相吻合,从而从水文结构上证实了冬季在深底层粤东沿岸的南海暖流北上通过台湾海峡西部与闽浙沿岸的台湾暖流相接这一环流特征。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.