下刚果盆地盐相关圈闭储层预测

下刚果盆地是西非被动大陆边缘系列盆地之一,为一大陆裂谷与被动陆缘盆地形成的叠合盆地.盆地储层为渐新统和中新统的浊积砂体.由于早白垩世末期盆地发育大规模蒸发岩层序,上覆沉积负载与非洲板块西倾使得盐岩塑性流动,造成盐上圈闭形成都与盐活动相关.S区块处于盐岩过渡构造带,由于储层分布受沉积相与盐构造的双重控制,难以准确地预测储层,针对上述难点,此文提出了如下的技术思路及流程,即首先利用地震解释得到目的层构造形态,其次综合利用地震属性和地震分频技术得到砂体分布图及沉积相图,并分析构造和砂体的配置关系,寻找有利圈闭,最后利用avo直接烃检测技术对含油气性进行预测.结果显示预测的有利区与已知油田有着很好的对应,且识别的3个未钻圈闭勘探前景良好.应用效果验证了本技术方法对盐相关圈闭具有很好的适用性,可在同类型圈闭中进一步应用.     

下刚果盆地构造特征及油气勘探潜力

下刚果盆地位于西非海岸,为一中生代裂谷与被动大陆边缘叠合盆地.盆地被阿普特期盐岩分为盐上及盐下构造层,上下两层构造特征差异明显.盐下以早期裂陷晚期坳陷为特征,盐上地层受盐岩运动和构造背景的双重影响,由东到西分为拉张带、过渡带及挤压带.盆地目前已证实的重要的成藏组合有三套,即盐下裂谷成藏组合、盐下-盐上成藏组合与第三系成藏组合.综合分析认为水深大于2000m深水区是盐上浊积砂体潜力最大的地区,浅水地区为盐上碳酸盐岩潜力区,而大西洋枢纽带两侧为盐下勘探潜力区.     

滨里海盆地东缘中区块盐下构造识别方法

滨里海盆地东缘中区块在下二叠统孔谷阶沉积了巨厚的盐岩层,由于盐层速度与围岩的速度存在很大差异,造成了下伏地层在时间剖面上存在上拉现象,形成了一些假构造圈闭或者使构造幅度发生变化,成为勘探陷阱.本文针对中区块盐下构造识别的难题,分析含盐盆地速度特征和盐下构造的影响因素,提出了正演模拟、基于地震叠加速度谱的变速成图和叠前深度偏移的识别方法.综合识别结果,并相互对比验证,最终消除盐丘造成的构造假象,有效识别了盐下构造,主要目的层的平均深度误差只有1%左右.上述方法对于解决含盐盆地地区以及速度横向变化剧烈区的构造问题具有借鉴意义.     

塔里木库车坳陷新生代盐构造解析及其变形模拟

塔里木盆地北缘库车坳陷新生代盐构造为油气聚集提供了丰富的圈闭和良好的盖层,是我国重要的油气勘探目标.通过详细的野外地质观测和二维、三维地震反射剖面解析,结合物理模拟实验和离散元数值模拟,发现库车坳陷发育三层结构的挤压冲断型盐构造:盐上层逆冲断层和褶皱、盐岩塑性流变形成的盐丘和盐背斜和盐下层构造.盐岩聚集于拜城凹陷南北两侧,盐下构造发育于拜城凹陷北侧,盐上构造向南传播的更远,盐上层与盐下层的构造形态和高点存在较大的差异,它们没有一一对应的关系.库车坳陷盐构造分为两个阶段:渐新世-中新世库车坳陷构造变形微弱,天山山前的重力(沉积)差异负载导致盐岩发生塑性流变,由山前向盆地流动,形成刺穿型盐丘、盐株;上新世库车坳陷受到强烈挤压,发生大规模逆冲推覆,早期的盐底辟构造演变为盐席断层推覆体,形成大型盐撤凹陷、外来盐席和整合型盐背斜.盐岩边界、区域构造应力变化、差异负载(沉积负载和局部构造负载)是影响库车坳陷盐构造的三个主要因素.     

利用卫星重力数据研究印尼Bone盆地构造区划

印尼Bone盆地,位于印度尼西亚东部地区,油气潜力不容忽视.而油气资源储量与该区的构造演化有关,并受构造体系、岩浆活动等地质因素控制.因此,利用卫星重力资料研究印尼Bone盆地的构造区划,为进一步划分油气远景区提供地球物理依据.研究中利用布格重力异常归一化总水平导数垂向导数(NVDR_THDR)推断出Bone盆地控盆断裂4条,控坳断裂5条;利用最小曲率位场分离技术划分Bone盆地边界以及二级构造单元3个和三级构造单元10个;利用双界面模型重力场快速正反演算法,计算得到Bone盆地沉积层厚度分布图.研究表明,Bone盆地为NNW走向,呈现"东西分带、南北分块"的格局;NNW向断裂分布控制了盆地展布和内部构造单元分布,控制盆地东、西边界,并使得盆地呈现"东西分带"格局;NE向断裂分布控制盆地南、北边界,并使得盆地分布呈现"南北分块"的格局.通过进一步研究认为,东森康盆地为Bone盆地的一个坳陷(凹陷).     

辽河盆地东部凹陷新生代伸展-走滑构造作用及断裂构造特征

基于最新的三维地震资料处理与地震剖面解释、地震相干切片分析和平衡剖面恢复等方法,对辽河盆地东部凹陷所发育的断裂几何形态、盆地演化过程和走滑构造平面特征进行研究,并结合区域板块构造活动背景,分析其对郯庐断裂带新生代时期活动的响应.结果表明:辽河盆地东部凹陷为伸展和走滑两期构造变形叠加的产物,是具有"下断上坳"双层结构的裂谷型盆地.盆地演化过程经历了强烈断陷期(Es3)、区域隆升期(Es2)、断坳转化期(初始走滑期)(Es1)、坳陷沉降期(强烈走滑期)(Ed)和构造反转期(Ng-现今)5个演化阶段.研究区主要发育正断层、逆断层、走滑正断层和走滑逆断层4种断层类型,经伸展间歇期和后期区域挤压作用,发育两期正反转构造.盆地经历的走滑运动过程可细化为初始走滑(Es1),强烈走滑(Ed)和衰减走滑(Ng)3个阶段.     

塔里木盆地中央隆起带中、西段及邻区中、下寒武统盐相关构造及其变形机理

塔里木盆地中央隆起带中、西段及邻区中、下寒武统广泛发育盐岩层系.本文通过地震和钻井资料综合解释和分析,发现这套盐岩层系形成时代老,埋藏深度大,流动聚集幅度较小,厚度分布不均匀,它们作为区域滑脱层对该区盐上古生界构造变形起着重要控制作用,形成一系列含油气圈闭构造.同时,由于寒武系盐岩层系提供的优质盖层和封闭条件,大大提升了该区盐下震旦-寒武系目的层系的油气勘探价值.研究表明,该区中、下寒武统盐相关构造主要包括盐枕构造、盐滚构造、盐(上)背斜构造、盐刺穿构造、盐拱-盐上断块构造组合、基底断裂-盐背斜构造组合、基底断块-盐丘构造组合、盐岩滑脱-断层相关褶皱组合、基底断块-盐拱-盐上叠瓦冲断组合.这些盐相关构造的形成演化和变形机理主要受控于基底断裂作用、挤压缩短作用、塑性流动聚集作用、上覆层系重力作用和盐上层断裂滑脱作用等,盐相关构造主要沿基底断裂或断块构造带成排成带分布.     

库车前陆褶皱带盐相关构造样式

塔里木盆地库车前陆褶皱带中段中新生代地层中发育一套下第三系盐岩层, 对该区构造变形起着重要控制作用. 根据野外地质调查、地震资料和钻井资料对盐相关构造研究表明, 库车前陆褶皱带发育盐上、盐间和盐下三套不同的构造样式. 盐上构造样式主要包括逆冲断层及断层相关褶皱、盐推覆构造、三角带构造和盐成凹陷. 盐间构造样式主要包括盐枕构造、盐间断褶构造和盐焊接构造等. 盐下构造样式主要包括叠瓦冲断带、双重构造、背冲断块或断褶构造. 研究表明, 库车前陆褶皱带盐上、盐间和盐下构造样式形态迥异, 但它们是在统一应力场作用下形成的, 在成因上有着密切联系, 其动力学机制与重力作用、挤压作用和盐岩层塑性流动作用密切相关.     

滇中中元古代昆阳群的地震事件沉积 及其地质意义

地震及其引发的海啸作为一种灾害性的地质事件可以在地层中形成地震-海啸事件沉积记录.云南滇中地区中元古代大龙口组发育地震断裂层、微同沉积断裂、微褶皱纹理、泥晶脉(molartooth构造)、丘状层理等典型的地震-海啸沉积标志,并形成震积岩(A,包括液化泥晶脉灰岩、震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩和内碎屑副角砾岩等)、海啸岩(B,具丘状层理或平行层理的内碎屑灰岩)及背景沉积(C)三个沉积单元.它们组合成A-B-C,A-C,B-C等3种类型的沉积序列.这些沉积序列分别代表地震-海啸-背景沉积(地震引发海啸)、地震-背景沉积(地震未引发海啸)、海啸-背景沉积(远离地震中心)的事件沉积序列.滇中地区中元古代处于裂谷盆地的构造背景下,大龙口组的地震事件沉积是裂谷盆地构造活动的沉积响应.     

安徽巢湖——铜陵地区中强地震发生的构造标志

安徽巢湖—铜陵地区是中国大陆内部1个典型的中强地震活动区,曾发生的1585年巢县南5级、1654年庐江东南5级等4次地震呈NNE向带状展布,构成了1条醒目的中强地震活动带。野外地表地质调查、浅层物探、钻探资料、年代学样品的采集测试和断裂活动性综合分析等表明该地区矾山断裂、夏家岭断裂和朗村断裂是前第四纪断裂。铜陵断裂是1条中更新世活动的隐伏断裂,可发生中强地震,控制了近地表的3个雁列状构造的演化和发展。4次地震强度呈现了向S递减的特点,而这与晚新生代无为盆地的凹陷幅度明显大于南边的贵池盆地的特点相一致。在深部构造上,铜陵断裂空间分布特征对应着1条NNE向布格重力异常梯级带。巢湖—铜陵地区中更新世活动的铜陵断裂、雁列状分布的构造、新构造的差异运动以及布格重力异常梯级带与该地区中强地震活动带在空间上的对应性,显示了它们应是中强地震孕育和发生的构造标志。     

1966年邢台7.2级地震的动力学模型

根据较新的深地震反射资料，构造应力场和震机制等资料，建立了１９６６年邢台７．２级地震孕震区的平面和剖面的有限元模型，对平面和剖面模型在ＥＷ向水平外压力下的最大剪应力分布进行了计算，剪应力相对集中的部位和大震震源位置比较一致，提出了邢台７．２级地震的动力学模型，认为地震的孕育和发生可能需要深，浅部断层，壳内低速层和ＥＷ向水平压力的共同作用，虽然由震源机制和地震宏观烈度分布等资料可指出有具体的发震断层     

A new model of back-arc spreading in the Parece Vela Basin, northwest Pacific margin

Abstract Swath bathymetric data, single-channel seismic reflection profiles, magnetic and gravity anomalies in the northern part of the Parece Vela (West Mariana) Basin were obtained by comprehensive surveys conducted by the Hydrographic Department of Japan. The central zone of the Parece Vela Basin is characterized by the north-south trending chain of depressions in a right-stepping en echelon alignment. The morphology of these depressions is diamond shaped and bordered by steep escarpments of 1000-1500 m relative height. These fault escarpments extend northeastward and southwestward from the depressions into the surrounding basin floor and then gradually fade out. These escarpments have an S-shaped trend, and their geometry seems to be symmetric about the depressions. Minor ridges and troughs trending orthogonal to these escarpments are recognized. It is concluded that these depressions and escarpments are the topographic expression of extinct spreading axes and S-shaped transform faults, respectively. The age of the central depressions seems to be young, although details of tectonic processes forming them remains unsolved. The western province of the basin floor and basement is extremely rugged and characterized by minor ridges and troughs trending in a north-south direction. Although magnetic anomalies of the basin are very weak, magnetic lineations trending parallel to the topographic trend are recognizable in the central and western parts of the basin. Based on updated geomorpholog-ical features and magnetic anomalies revealed by the present survey, together with the previously published data including drilling results, it is proposed that the evolution of Parece Vela Basin took place in four stages of opening and tectonic activity: rifting, east-west spreading, northeast-southwest spreading with counter-clockwise rotation of spreading axes, and post-spreading deformation and volcanism. This proposed spreading model of the Parece Vela Basin is similar to that of the adjacent Shikoku Basin. The spreading axes of both basins were segmented and gradually rotated counter-clockwise in a later phase of the basin evolution, after the cessation of relatively uniform spreading nearly in an east-west direction.     

昆明盆地基底断裂地震勘探测线设计及施工参数试验分析

为了对昆明市活断层构造的深浅关系有更深入的了解,在浅层地震反射勘探的基础上,布设了一条东西向、横跨昆明盆地的中深层探测剖面KM4测线,通过对测线参数的试验与分析,确定了适合昆明盆地反射地震勘探的施工参数,采用该施工参数,开展了有效勘探深度为2～3 km的中深层反射地震勘探,确定了目标区隐伏活断层在盆地深部与盆地基底展布的异同及空间关系,探测到了昆明盆地深部断层的基本位置,确定了浅部断层与盆地基底断裂间的关系.对该测线的设计和参数采集试验分析,为城市和山区的活断层探测提供了宝贵的经验.     

华南上地壳速度分布与基底、盖层构造研究

对华南地区有代表性的几条宽角地震剖面进行了研究,利用初动到时资料拟合剖面地带地壳上部详细的速度分布,结合其他地球物理资料与地质资料对地壳基底和沉积盖层的构造进行了综合解释. 结果表明,浙-闽-粤东部地区在地壳基底上分布一系列中生代火山岩断陷盆地,火山岩盖层厚度变化为1000-4000m. 浙西-皖南以及湘-赣地区地壳基底起伏较大,盖层主要为古生界,并发育许多受基底形态与边界断裂控制的小型中生代白垩纪盆地. 华南西部的楚雄盆地为一构造复杂的深坳陷,其中侏罗-白垩系的厚度超过10km,并被分割为东部斜坡和西部坳陷两个单元,而西部坳陷又被一中央隆起分割为东、西两个更次级的凹陷. 区内一些主要的断裂构造在速度等值线图上均有明显的反映,如东部的江绍断裂、莲花山断裂和吴川-四会断裂以及西部的程海断裂和绿汁江断裂都是重要的构造分界,此外众多的基底断裂多是盆地与隆起的边界.     

Paleogene and Plio-Pleistocene basin formation around northwestern Kyushu, Japan

Cenozoic basin-forming processes in northwestern Kyushu were studied on the basis of geological and geophysical data. Gravity anomaly analysis delineated four sedimentary basins in the study area: Goto-nada, Nishisonogi, Amakusa-nada, and Shimabara. Borehole stratigraphy and reflection seismic interpretation suggest that the Goto-nada Basin was subdivided into the Paleogene and Plio-Pleistocene depocenters (Goto-nada 1 and 2). In the Paleogene, Amakusa-nada Basin was rapidly subsiding together with the Shimabara Basin as part of a large graben. Goto-nada 1 and Nishisonogi basins belonged to another depositional area. After stagnant subsidence stage in the early Miocene, the study area became a site of basaltic activity (since 10 Ma) and vigorous subsidence in the Plio-Pleistocene. Goto-nada 2 Basin is accompanied with numerous east–west active faults, and separated from the Amakusa-nada Basin by a northeast– southwest basement high, Nomo Ridge. Plio-Pleistocene subsidence of the Amakusa-nada Basin is related with low-angle normal faulting on the eastern flank of the Nomo Ridge. Shimabara Basin is a composite volcano-tectonic depression which is studded by east–west faults. Focal mechanism on active faults suggests transtensional stress regime in the study area.     

Seismic stratigraphy and structural characteristics of back-arc rifts on the Izu-Ogasawara Arc

Abstract Seven back-arc rifts are recognized in the Izu-Ogasawara Arc, namely, the Hachijo, the Aogashima, the Myojin, the Sumisu, the Torishima, the Sofu and the Nishinoshima Rifts from north to south. The acoustic stratigraphy is divided into three units (Units A, B and C) based on the seismic reflection profiles crossing the rifts. The structure of the rifts systematically changes from a half-graben type to a full graben type in the back-arc rifts from the Hachijo Rift to the Torishima Rift. The Hachijo and the Aogashima Rifts have a structure of half-graben, and the Myojin Rift has both structural characteristics of a half-graben and a full graben. The Sumisu and the Torishima Rifts are an asymmetric full graben. The Sofu and the Nishinoshima Rifts have different structural characteristics from the remaining rifts, from the Hachijo Rift to the Torishima Rift. The boundary faults in the back-arc rifts from the Hachijo to the Torishima Rifts cut to Unit B. Unit B correlates with volcaniclastic sediments during pre-rift volcanism between 4 and 2 Ma. The pre-rift volcanism was probably widespread on the northern Izu-Ogasawara Arc as is the present arc volcanism. These factors suggest that the beginning of rifting is dated at some time after 2 Ma. The developing process of the rift consists of three stages; (i) a sag stage in the crust at the location of the large offset boundary fault; (ii) a stage of half-graben formation; (iii) a stage of full graben formation. The offset of the boundary faults becomes larger from the Hachijo Rift to the Torishima Rift and the east-west width of the rifts also widens to the south. This is presumably because the Hachijo Rift is an earlier rifting stage than the Sumisu and the Torishima Rifts. The more primitive structure in the rifting stage from the Torishima Rift to the Hachijo Rift is probably caused by the propagation of rifting from south to north. The structural difference between the rifts in the northern part and the Sofu and the Nishinoshima Rifts seems to be due to structural differences in the crust between the northern and the southern parts from the tectonic gap.     

北京平原西北部地壳浅部结构和隐伏活动断裂——由地震反射剖面揭示

已有地质和地球物理研究结果表明,北京平原区存在有多条第四纪隐伏活动断裂和隐伏盆地.为了研究该区的地壳浅部结构、断裂的空间展布、断裂活动性以及深浅构造关系,2006年,在北京平原的西北部地区完成了1条60次覆盖的中深层地震反射剖面和跨断裂的浅层地震反射剖面.结果表明,沿剖面结晶基底埋深约为3～6 km在结晶基底以上,地震反射剖面揭示了一套连续性较好的强反射震相,应是新生代、中生代和古生代的沉积岩系;在结晶基底之下,为一系列横向连续性较差、能量较弱的短小反射事件,可能代表了变质程度较高的结晶变质岩系或不成层的其他岩体.中深层和浅层地震剖面揭示的断裂具有上下一致的对应关系和明显的第四纪活动,对本区地堑-地垒状盆岭构造和新生代地层厚度具有重要的控制作用.本项研究不仅可进一步提高对北京地区新构造活动的认识,而且研究中所采用的方法技术对其他地区的深浅构造探测研究也有借鉴意义     

A magnetotelluric profile of the Wind River Thrust, Wyoming

Data from ten magnetotelluric (MT) stations over the Wind River Uplift and adjacent basins are interpreted with constraints from the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) seismic reflection data and from gravity data. The MT data reveal the general configuration of the conductive basins and resistive uplifts; low resistivity zones are interpreted as faults which correspond to those visible in the COCORP sections.

The Wind River Thrust Fault is modelled as a conductive zone that can be traced to a depth of at least 20 km, and the crust beneath the Green River Basin is about 40 km thick.

The modelled constant dip of the Wind River Thrust is consistent with a tectonic model of lateral compressive stress.     

南海北部盆地基底岩性地震-重磁响应特征与识别

针对性选取东南沿海露头剖面18条,采集245件南海盆地基底可能出现的岩性样品,测定其密度和磁化率,建立各种岩性的密度-磁化率交会图版,以此约束过井地震剖面和重磁异常的地质解释,总结出南海北部盆地基底火山岩、侵入岩、变质岩和沉积岩4大类11亚类岩性的地震-重磁响应特征.应用重磁震-岩性解释模型逐一对南海盆地北部主干剖面进行地质-地球物理综合解释,从而实现了盆地基底岩性的平面填图.这种从盆缘剖面到盆地内部、从岩石物性测量到地质-地球物理综合解释的方法,在资料获取难度大、地质条件复杂的南海盆地基底地质研究中,业已证明是行之有效的,相信在其他盆地研究中也会有借鉴意义.     

How many rifts are there in West Africa?

The West African Rift System has, for the last ten years, been thought to consist of five interconnected rifts extending from the Gulf of Guinea deep into the heart of Africa. Careful re-examination of the geophysical evidence makes it quite clear that there are only three interconnected rifts in West Africa; the Lower Benue Rift which extends to the northeast from the Gulf of Guinea to a triple junction near Chum, and the Gongola and Yola Rifts which extend to the north and east, respectively, from the Chum triple junction. These three rifts opened during the earlier part of the Mesozoic and were subsequently filled with Cretaceous sediments. The evidence for two further rifts, the Ati Rift and the Fort Archambault Rift which were thought to extend to the northeast and southeast, respectively, from a triple junction at the eastern end of the Yola Rift, does not stand up to re-examination.The “Ati Rift” was thought to follow a major linear positive gravity anomaly which had been mapped beneath the Quaternary sediments of the Chad Basin. The main gravity anomaly is separated from the Yola Rift by over 300 km and is probably due to a linear body of basic volcanic or volcano-clastic rocks associated with a suture of Pan-African age. Within the gap, between the main anomaly and the Yola Rift, there are three localised positive anomalies which relate to a gabbro of Precambrian age, a band of dense meta-sediments within the Basement Complex and an acid igneous complex of Palaeogene age. The anomaly as a whole is therefore a sequence of unrelated anomalies, none of which are due to features of Mesozoic age.The “Fort Archambault Rift” was thought to follow a major linear negative gravity anomaly which has been mapped beneath the Quaternary sediments of the Chad Basin. To a large extent the negative anomaly overlies the fosse de Baké-Birao (Baké-Birao Basin) which is itself part of a far larger structure that extends, parallel to the southern margin of the West African Rift System, from Douala on the Gulf of Guinea to Birao near the C.A.R. frontier with Sudan. The Douala-Birao Structure may possibly be loosely related to the West African Rift System in that it would appear to be a compressional structure formed at the same time as the Coniacian-Santonian phase of folding which is observed in the West African rifts. However, the two structures are clearly separated from each other and are quite different in character and to a lesser extent in age.