春季南极涛动对北美夏季风的影响

This study examined the relationship between the boreal spring(April?May) Antarctic Oscillation(AAO) and the North American summer monsoon(NASM)(July?September) for the period of 1979?2008.The results show that these two systems are closely related.When the spring AAO was stronger than normal,the NASM tended to be weaker,and there was less rainfall over the monsoon region.The opposite NASM situation corresponded to a weaker spring AAO.Further analysis explored the possible mechanism for the delayed impact of the boreal spring AAO on the NASM.It was found that the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST) plays an important role in the connection between the two phenomena.The variability of the boreal spring AAO can produce anomalous SSTs over the tropical Atlantic.These SST anomalies can persist from spring to summer and can influence the Bermuda High,affecting water vapor transportation to the monsoon region.Through these processes,the boreal spring AAO exerts a significantly delayed impact on the amount of NASM precipitation.Thus,information about the boreal spring AAO is valuable for the prediction of the NASM.     

CFSv2模式对春季逐月南极涛动预测效能及成因分析

系统评估了美国第二代气候预测系统（CFSv2）对1983～2019年北半球春季逐月南极涛动（AAO）的预测效能及可能成因。结果表明,CFSv2模式对3月、4月和5月AAO空间模态预测效能较好,但是耦合模式仅对3月的AAO年际变化具有较好的预测能力,对4月和5月AAO年际变化的预测能力较差。热带中东太平洋和澳大利亚以东太平洋海温异常有可能是3月AAO年际变化的可预测性来源。一方面,3月厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（ENSO）与AAO之间关系显著,而4、5月两者之间关系减弱。 3月ENSO激发PSA（Pacific–South American）波列传播到南太平洋上,通过影响南太平洋海温异常以及低层气旋性环流异常影响3月AAO的年际变化。另一方面,3月澳大利亚以东太平洋海温异常在副热带急流核心区域激发活跃的Rossby波列,该波列由澳大利亚东部向东南频散到南太平洋中高纬地区,造成该地区位势高度异常,使得副热带地区30°S西风减弱,南半球高纬60°S西风加强,进而影响AAO的变化。CFSv2对3月AAO的预测效能高于4月和5月的主要原因是CFSv2模式能够很好再现3月AAO与ENSO、澳大利亚以东海温之间的关系及其影响机制。     

异常弱的南极涛动和2006年我国春季沙尘气候形势

从2005/2006年冬季南极涛动的变异出发,讨论2006年我国春季沙尘气候形势,进而考察南极涛动对我国沙尘气候的预测能力。2005/2006年冬季南极涛动非常弱,在两半球间的经向遥相关的作用下,出现南半球中高纬西风减弱,欧亚西风减弱,欧亚冷空气活跃,西伯利亚、蒙古国、我国北方大部地区(包括华北)2005年冬季12月气温较多年平均偏低,这样就造成沙源地区的冻土层增厚,春季回暖后,沙尘物质条件丰富。因此,在弱南极涛动的影响下,春季蒙古气旋活跃,地面大风增加,我国华北地区春季沙尘天气频繁发生。     

北极涛动和南极涛动的年变化特征

北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,简称AO)和南极涛动(Antarctic Oscillation,简称AAO)分别用于描述北半球和南半球热带外气候变率的主要模态,它们分别是北半球和南半球中纬度和高纬度之间气压变化的跷跷板结构.作者利用1958年1月～1999年12月的NCEP/NCAR全球再分析月平均资料、北极涛动指数IAO和南极涛动指数IAAO来研究AO和AAO的年变化特征以及AO和AAO与纬向平均的月平均各要素场的相关系数随纬度和月份的变化规律.     

5月南极涛动对青藏高原西部夏季气温影响的诊断分析

青藏高原是全球气候变暖最敏感的地区之一,是北半球夏季最大的热源,其气候响应受到广泛关注。然而,有关南极涛动与青藏高原夏季气温的关系和机理知之甚少。为了研究南极涛动与青藏高原夏季气温的关系,基于1979—2020年英国东安哥拉大学气候研究中心（CRU）的逐月气温、美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的逐月海表面温度和大气环流再分析数据以及南极涛动指数等数据,采用相关、回归、合成分析等方法进行研究。结果表明,北半球夏季青藏高原西部气温与5月南极涛动存在显著负相关,即当5月南极涛动异常偏弱时,夏季青藏高原西部气温异常偏高。其影响过程为,南极涛动为正位相时,在南印度洋中高纬地区出现“负-正-负”的经向“三极子”海温模态,该模态可持续到夏季,在印度洋形成异常的纬向-垂直环流,相应在热带西印度洋和东印度洋-海洋性大陆之间的降水异常导致热带正“偶极子”降水模态,通过该降水模态在青藏高原西部引起异常反气旋环流和下沉运动,有利于高原西部气温偏高。研究结果显示,海洋的热惯性在“延长”南极涛动影响过程中起着重要的桥梁作用,可为青藏高原夏季气温预测提供科学依据。     

The Hindcast of Winter and Spring Arctic and Antarctic Oscillation with the Coupled Climate Models

This study evaluates the ability of the global coupled climate models in hindcasting the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). The results show that the models can well simulate the spatial distribution of AO with better results in winter than in spring. In the troposphere in spring, the simulation of AO on the whole is still relatively good with a comparatively high correlation with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The models can also well reproduce the spatial distribution of AAO throughout the year at all levels of the troposphere, and the spatial simulation is better at 850 hPa than at the surface. Although the simulation is better in winter than in other seasons, the seasonal variation is not so significant and the differences among different models are relatively small. In addition, the capability of the models for “predicting” the AO and the AAO index time series is limited, because only a few models can capture their observed interannual variability at the 95% significance level.     

冬季南极涛动对欧亚大陆地表气温的影响

基于1962~2011年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,本文研究了北半球冬季南极涛动（Antarctic Oscillation,AAO）对欧亚大陆地表气温的影响及其物理过程。线性回归结果表明,在扣除冬季ENSO信号后,1月AAO与2月欧亚大陆地表气温呈显著正相关关系。当1月AAO处于正位相时,东南太平洋出现显著的位势高度正异常,这对应着南半球副热带高压的增强。该高度正异常在空间上从南半球向北扩展至北半球东太平洋地区,在时间上可一直持续到2月,它在南北半球相互作用过程中起重要作用。2月,北半球东太平洋高度正异常随高度向北倾斜,在对流层上层位于美国西南侧,该位置对应着北大西洋风暴轴入口处。进一步的相关分析表明,美国西南侧的高度正异常与地中海西北侧的瞬变波活动显著正相关,进而对应着斯堪的纳维亚半岛地区的高度负异常的形成。该负异常通过向下游频散波能量,引起贝加尔湖西侧高度正异常,形成典型的负位相斯堪的纳维亚环流型。该环流型对应60°N附近的西风异常,抑制了北侧冷空气南下,进而引起欧亚大陆地表气温正异常,反之亦然。     

夏季江淮流域持久性旱涝现象的环流特征

基于美国环境预测中心提供的CFSv2模式回报数据以及淮河流域172个气象台站的气温降水观测数据, 评估了该模式对淮河流域夏季气温降水的预测能力。结果表明:模式对气温气候平均态的模拟与实况较为接近, 降水虽然能够反映出南多北少的分布特征, 但气候平均值明显偏小。模式对于气温和降水均方差的模拟均偏小。从频率分布来看, 回报气温的频率分布与实况较为接近, 回报降水不仅存在很大的负偏差, 出现异常降水的频率也比实况明显偏低。对ROC曲线的分析进一步表明模式预测高温事件的能力明显好于低温事件, 预测降水异常事件的能力在不同起报月有差异。从主要模态的时空结构来看, 模式能够反映出其空间结构, 对于增暖的趋势模拟也相当不错, 但增暖的速率高于实况, 虽然模式没有能够反映出降水主要模态的年代际变化特征, 但对于年际变化有较高的预测技巧。这些评估为短期气候预测和模式解释应用提供了参考。

     

Strengthened Relationship between the Antarctic Oscillation and ENSO After the Mid-1990s during Austral Spring

This paper documents a decadal strengthened co-variability of the Antarctic Oscillation(AAO)and ENSO in austral spring after the mid-1990 s.During the period 1979–93,the ENSO(AAO)spatial signatures are restricted to the tropics–midlatitudes(Antarctic–midlatitudes)of the Southern Hemisphere(SH),with a weak connection between the two oscillations.Comparatively,after the mid-1990 s,the El Ni o-related atmospheric anomalies project on a negative AAO pattern with a barotropic structure in the mid–high latitudes of the SH.The expansion of El Ni o-related air temperature anomalies have a heightened impact on the meridional thermal structure of the SH,contributing to a weakened circumpolar westerly and strengthened subtropical jet.Meanwhile,the ENSO-related southern three-cell circulations expand poleward and then strongly couple the Antarctic and the tropics.Numerical simulation results suggest that the intensified connection between ENSO and SST in the South Pacific since the mid-1990 s is responsible for the strengthened AAO–ENSO relationship.     

南极涛动和北半球大气环流异常的联系

使用ECMWF逐日再分析资料分析研究了北半球冬季南极涛动和北半球大气环流异常之间的联系。资料的分析结果表明, 南极涛动和滞后其25～40天位于北大西洋地区的一个弱的类似于北大西洋涛动 (North Atlantic Oscillation, 简称NAO) 的偶极子模态, 以及伴随这一偶极子模态而出现的北半球中纬度纬向风异常之间存在着统计上的联系。处于正 (负) 位相的南极涛动对应着滞后25～40天后, 北大西洋高纬极区出现位势高度负 (正) 异常, 副热带大西洋出现位势高度正 (负) 异常; 同时, 在北半球中高纬度地区(45°N～65°N) 出现西 (东) 风异常, 中低纬度地区(25°N～40°N)出现东 (西) 风异常。文中也对资料分析结果进行了简单的动力学分析, 表明与南极涛动相联系的涡动动量异常是驱动北半球纬向平均纬向风异常的主要原因。     

Seasonal Prediction for May Rainfall over Southern China Based on the NCEP CFSv2

In this study, we assess the prediction for May rainfall over southern China(SC) by using the NCEP CFSv2 outputs. Results show that the CFSv2 is able to depict the climatology of May rainfall and associated circulations.However, the model has a poor skill in predicting interannual variation due to its poor performance in capturing related anomalous circulations. In observation, the above-normal SC rainfall is associated with two anomalous anticyclones over the western tropical Pacific and northe...     

南极涛动与西沙夏季气候的关联性

利用近53a(1960—2012年)南海西沙群岛永兴岛气象站的观测资料以及同期的NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分析了近53a西沙夏季气候变化特征及其与春、夏季南极海平面气压的可能联系,并初步分析了南极涛动(AAO)对西沙夏季气候的影响。结果表明:近53a来西沙夏季平均降水持续减少、气温明显升高、风速显著减弱;降水、气温和风速还表现出准2a的年际变率及7~11a的年代际变率。回归分析和相关分析结果均表明,当春、夏季南极海平面气压偏强(弱)时,西沙夏季降水偏多(少)、气温偏低(高)、风速偏强(弱)、空间分布型类似于负(正)位相的南极涛动(AAO)。春、夏季AAO处于正位相,一方面在年代际尺度上导致东亚夏季风减弱,另一方面在年际尺度上导致印度季风减弱,从而使得西沙夏季降水偏少、气温偏高、风速偏弱。     

基于多种代用资料的南极涛动指数重建

Based on multiple proxies from the Southern Hemisphere, an austral summer (December-January-February: DJF) Antarctic Oscillation Index (AAO) since 1500 A.D. was reconstructed with a focus on interannual to interdecadal variability (< 50 a). By applying a multivariate regression method, the observational AAO-proxy relations were calibrated and cross-validated for the period of 1957-89. The regressions were employed to compute the DJF-AAO index for 1500-1956. To verify the results, the authors checked the explained variance (r2), the reduction of error (RE), and the standard error (SE). Cross-validation was performed by applying a leave-one-out validation method. Over the entire reconstruction period, the mean values of r2, RE, and SE are 59.9%, 0.47, and 0.67, respectively. These statistics indicate that the DJF-AAO reconstruction is relatively skillful and reliable for the last ~460 years. The reconstructed AAO variations on the interannual and interdecadal timescales compare favorably with those of several shorter sea level pressure (SLP)-based AAO indices. The leading periods of the DJF-AAO index over the last 500 years are ~2.4, ~2.6, ~6.3, ~24.1, and ~37.6 years, all of which are significant at the 95% level as estimated by power spectral analysis.     

北大西洋飓风频次与西半球的南极涛动的联系

To examine the zonal asymmetry of the Antarctic oscillation （AAO）, different portions of the AAO from June to October （JJASO） in the interannual variability of the Atlantic tropical hurricanes number （ATHN） are documented in this research. It follows that the AAO in the Western Hemisphere （AAOWH） is positively correlated with the ATHN, at 0.36 during the period of 1871-1998 and 0.42 during the period of 1949-98. After removing the linear regressions on the Southern Oscillation Index （SOI） in all time series, the above correlation coefficients are 0.25 and 0.30, respectively. The underlying mechanisms are studied through analyses of the atmospheric general circulation variability associated with the AAOWH. It turns out that the positive （negative） phase of JJASO AAOWH corresponds with several factors： decreased （increased） vertical zonal wind shear magnitude, low-level anomalous convergence （divergence）, high-level anomalous divergence （convergence）, and warmed （cooled） sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic. Therefore, the positive （negative） phase of JJASO AAOWH is favorable （unfavorable） to the tropical hurricane genesis.     

耦合模式对冬春季节南、北极涛动的季节气候预测能力研究

研究评估了耦合气候模式对冬、春季北极涛动(AO)和南极涛动(AAO)的预测效能。结果表明,模式对于北极涛动和南极涛动的模拟能力都是比较强的,其中,对冬季的模拟能力要强于春季。冬季,几乎所有的模式都能很好地模拟出对流层内北极涛动的空间分布形态特点,空间相关系数很高。春季,大部分模式的模拟结果仍然是比较好,与再分析资料结果的空间相关性比较高。对于南极涛动,模式在全年对流层各个层次上都能比较好地刻画其空间分布,且模式在850hPa等压面上的空间模拟效能要稍强于海平面。相对来说,冬季的模拟效果也稍强于其他季节,但是,差异不显著,模式与模式的差别也比较小。另外,模式对于北极涛动和南极涛动的时间序列模拟能力有限,时间序列相关系数只有少数几个模式达到显著性水平。     

南极涛动和南极绕极波的年代际变化

用1951年1月～2002年12月共624个月的海平面气压、 温度和850 hPa西风的NCEP再分析资料, 分析定义了南极涛动指数 (简称AAOI) 和850 hPa的南极涛动西风指数 (简称Uaaoi), 并讨论了它们的长期变化趋势和年代际跃变及其对南极绕极波的影响。结果表明, AAOI和Uaaoi的变化非常相似, 两者的同期相关系数高达0.218 (624个月), 超过了99.9%信度检验。当AAOI为高指数时, Uaaoi也为高指数, 即西风增加; 当AAOI为低指数时, Uaaoi也为低指数, 即西风减弱。AAOI和Uaaoi都有明显的长期趋势, 倾向率分别为0.01915/10 a和0.009249/10 a。1972年是跃变点, 跃变前AAOI的年平均值为-3.9691 hPa; 跃变后为2.9107 hPa。而在60°S 附近, 跃变前年平均西风为-1.09 m/s, 跃变后为0.93 m/s, 二者差达2.02 m/s。它们的主要振荡周期为3～5年。对50°S～60°S平均纬圈的海平面气压 (sea level pressure, 简称SLP) 和温度 (624月) 作3～5年滤波, 它的经度时间剖面图表明: 近50多年来南极绕极波均为自西向东的行波, 绕南极一周跃变前约4.4年, 跃变后约3.6年。南半球的SLP和温度经3～5年滤波后, 它的EOF展开第一特征向量的空间型表明: 跃变前以3波振动为主, 跃变后以2波振动为主。     

Simulations of Eurasian Winter Temperature Trends in Coupled and Uncoupled CFSv2

Conflicting results have been presented regarding the link between Arctic sea-ice loss and midlatitude cooling, particularly over Eurasia. This study analyzes uncoupled(atmosphere-only) and coupled(ocean–atmosphere) simulations by the Climate Forecast System, version 2(CFSv2), to examine this linkage during the Northern Hemisphere winter, focusing on the simulation of the observed surface cooling trend over Eurasia during the last three decades. The uncoupled simulations are Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project(AMIP) runs forced with mean seasonal cycles of sea surface temperature(SST)and sea ice, using combinations of SST and sea ice from different time periods to assess the role that each plays individually,and to assess the role of atmospheric internal variability. Coupled runs are used to further investigate the role of internal variability via the analysis of initialized predictions and the evolution of the forecast with lead time.The AMIP simulations show a mean warming response over Eurasia due to SST changes, but little response to changes in sea ice. Individual runs simulate cooler periods over Eurasia, and this is shown to be concurrent with a stronger Siberian high and warming over Greenland. No substantial differences in the variability of Eurasian surface temperatures are found between the different model configurations. In the coupled runs, the region of significant warming over Eurasia is small at short leads, but increases at longer leads. It is concluded that, although the models have some capability in highlighting the temperature variability over Eurasia, the observed cooling may still be a consequence of internal variability.     

CFSv2在湖北省梅雨特征量延伸期预报中的应用

利用NCEP的气候预报系统第二版(CFSv2)提供的逐日降水模式资料,采用集合预报方法开展区域性夏季降水预报,使用出入梅日期均方根误差(RMSE)、准确率(ACCU),梅雨期长度均方根误差(RMSE)及梅雨雨强距平符号一致率(Pc)等3种方法评估模式资料对湖北省梅雨特征量的预报能力。结果表明:入梅预报提前13 d的ACCU可达0.5以上、RMSE小于3 d,出梅预报提前14 d的ACCU可达0.5以上、RMSE小于3 d,梅雨期长度预报提前14天的RMSE小于5 d,梅雨雨强预报提前14 d的Pc可达0.5以上。梅雨特征量总体预报时效为14 d左右,CFSv2模式资料对区域性夏季降水在梅雨延伸期时段表现出一定的预报技巧。     

基于IPCC AR4耦合模式的南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟及未来变化预估

评估了参加政府间气候变化委员会第4次评估报告(IPCC AR4)的耦合模式对南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟能力。分析了24个模式对1970—1999年南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟效能,并与两套再分析资料ERA-40和NCEP-1进行了对比分析。结果表明,模式的模拟能力具有一定的季节依赖性,冬季模拟能力最好。大多数模式对南极涛动空间结构和时间序列趋势的模拟好于北极涛动。根据Taylor图选出具有较好模拟能力的模式并做集合分析,发现经过选取的模式集合可以明显改善模式的模拟能力。分析SRES A1B情景下的南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟、预估结果表明：1970—2099年,南极涛动和北极涛动指数均呈持续上升趋势,北极涛动指数增长略显平稳。相对于1970—1999年、2060—2089年两半球的海平面气压场均呈现极区气压降低、中纬度气压升高的形态,同样表明南、北极涛动在后一时段更强。因此,在气候变暖背景下,南、北极涛动将持续增强,21世纪中期的臭氧恢复可能不会显著影响这种趋势。     

CFSv2模式产品在汛期海南热带气旋频数预测模型中的应用

利用1982—2014年汛期影响海南的热带气旋频数、NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和CFSv2模式历史回报数据,分析了热带气旋频数特征及同期环流特征,并利用逐步回归构建基于模式有效预测信息的热带气旋频数预测模型。结果表明:汛期影响海南热带气旋频数的异常与同期大尺度环流变化密切相关,且CFSv2模式对其环流影响关键区具有较好的预测技巧,包括南海到热带太平洋的海平面气压、500 h Pa位势高度场、低层风及热带太平洋纬向风切变。据此,利用逐步回归构建热带气旋频数预测模型,其26 a交叉检验中实况与预测相关为0.88,距平同号率达88%;6 a预测试验仅2 a预测与观测反号,可见模型具有良好的稳定性和预测技巧,可为汛期热带气旋频数预测提供依据。