A Modeling Study of Surface Rainfall Processes Associated with a Torrential Rainfall Event over Hubei, China, during July 2007

The surface rainfall processes associated with the torrential rainfall event over Hubei,China,during July 2007 were investigated using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model.The model integrated the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System(GDAS) for 5 days.The time and model domain mean surface rain rate was used to identify the onset,mature,and decay periods of rainfall.During the onset period,the descending motion data imposed in the lower troposphere led to a large contribution of stratiform rainfall to the model domain mean surface rainfall.The local atmospheric drying and transport of rain from convective regions mainly contributes to the stratiform rainfall.During the mature periods,the ascending motion data integrated into the model was so strong that water vapor convergence was the dominant process for both convective and stratiform rainfall.Both convective and stratiform rainfalls made important contributions to the model domain mean surface rainfall.During the decay period,descending motion data input into the model prevailed,making stratiform rainfall dominant.Stratiform rainfall was mainly caused by the water vapor convergence over raining stratiform regions.     

Surface rainfall and cloud budgets associated with mei-yu torrential rainfall over eastern China during June 2011

Surface rainfall and cloud budgets associated with three heavy rainfall events that occurred over eastern China during the mei-yu season in June 2011 were analyzed using 2D cumulus ensemble model simulation data.Model domain mean rainfall showed three peaks in response to three prescribed ascending motion maxima,primarily through the mean moisture convergence during the torrential rainfall period.Prescribed ascending motion throughout the troposphere produced strong convective rainfall during the first （9 June） and third （17-18 June） rainfall events,whereas strong prescribed ascending motion in the mid and upper troposphere and weak subsidence near the surface generated equally important stratiform and convective rainfall during the second rainfall event （14 June）.The analysis of surface rainfall budgets reveals that convective rainfall was associated with atmospheric drying during the first event and moisture convergence during the third event.Both stratiform and convective rainfall responded primarily to moisture convergence during the second event.An analysis of grid data shows that the first and third mean rainfall maxima had smaller horizontal scales of the precipitation system than the second.     

Mechanism of high rainfall over the Indian west coast region during the monsoon season

The mechanism responsible for high rainfall over the Indian west coast region has been investigated by studying dynamical, thermodynamical and microphysical processes over the region for the monsoon season of 2009. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts wind and NCEP flux data have been used to study the large scale dynamical parameters. The moist adiabatic and multi-level inversion stratifications are found to exist during the high and low rainfall spells, respectively. In the moist adiabatic stratification regime, shallow and deep convective clouds are found coexisting. The Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement EXperiment aircraft data showed cloud updraft spectrum ranging from 1 to 10 m s^?1 having modal speed 1–2.5 m s^?1. The low updrafts rates provide sufficient time required for warm rain processes to produce rainfall from shallow clouds. The low cloud liquid water is observed above the freezing level indicating efficient warm rain process. The updrafts at the high spectrum end go above freezing level to generate ice particles produced due to mixed-phase rainfall process from deep convective clouds. With aging, deep convection gets transformed into stratiform type, which has been inferred through the vertical distribution of the large scale omega and heating fields. The stratiform heating, high latent heat flux, strong wind shear in the lower and middle tropospheric levels and low level convergence support the sustenance of convection for longer time to produce high rainfall spell. The advection of warm dry air in the middle tropospheric regions inhibits the convection and produce low rainfall spell. The mechanisms producing these spells have been summarized with the block diagram.     

亚洲季风区积云降水和层云降水时空分布特征及其可能成因分析

本文利用最近12年的TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)卫星资料,分析了亚洲季风区积云降水和层云降水的时空分布特征.结果表明:从多年平均角度看,亚洲季风区积云降水和层云降水空间分布主要呈现出随纬度变化的特征:25°N以北的副热带季风区以层云降水方式为主,其所占比例在50％...     

南海季风区冰相相变潜热对中尺度对流云和降水影响作用的数值模拟研究

利用可分辨云模式及中国南海北部试验区加密探空的平均水平风场、位温场和水汽场模拟分析了1998年5月15日至6月11日中国南海北部地区中尺度对流系统(Mesoscal Convective System,简称MCS)中冰相相变潜热对云和降水、辐射传输以及大尺度环境场的影响作用。研究表明,冰相相变潜热总体上不会引起明显的大气辐射通量的变化,但会引起较明显的下垫面热通量的变化。凝华潜热释放显著地增加了大气稳定度,造成对流和下垫面热通量的减弱,从而导致地面降水减小10.11%。碰冻潜热释放也使得大气稳定度增加,不利于中尺度对流系统对流的发展,区域累积降水量减小2.2%。融化潜热的冷却效应,使得融化层以下的大气降温,从而增加了低层大气的不稳定性,有利于海面热通量的输送,导致MCS降水增加4.1%。因此,冰相相变潜热对降水的影响主要是通过影响大气环境稳定,进而影响洋面感热通量和潜热通量的垂直输送和对流的发展,导致区域降水改变。     

山东不同云系降水微物理参数特征

研究不同云系降水的微物理参数特征,对研究降水机制、人工影响天气、雷达定量测量降水、数值预报模式中微物理参数化方案的选择等都有一定意义。本文针对2015年济南地区的液态降水过程,基于微降水雷达(Micro Rain Radar,简称MRR)资料,研究不同云系降水的微物理参数。在400 m高度上,层状云降水0.02~0.2 mm h-1雨强样本数很大,但对累计降水量的贡献很小。混合云和对流云降水在大粒子端数浓度较高。在垂直方向上,层状云降水中的粒子的尺度较集中,中值体积直径D0平均在1 mm左右,随高度的变化不大。对流云降水在雨强大于20 mm h-1时,强垂直气流(包括上升气流和下沉气流)对粒子直径的影响较大,进而影响空中微降水雷达反演降水参数的数据质量。而垂直气流的影响对层状云降水影响较小,在层状云降水时,微降水雷达可以用来分析零度层亮带以下雨滴谱在垂直方向上的演变。     

Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on diurnal variations of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall

Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on diurnal variations of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall are examined with the equilibrium simulation data from three experiments conducted with a two-dimensional cloud resolving model with imposed temporally and zonally invariant winds and sea surface temperature and zero mean vertical velocity. The experiment without ice radiative effects is compared with the control experiment with ice microphysics (both the ice radiative and microphysical effects) to study effects of ice radiative effects on diurnal rainfall variations whereas it is compared with the experiment without ice microphysics to examine ice microphysical effects on the diurnal rainfall variations. The ice radiative processes mainly affect diurnal cycle of convective rainfall whereas the ice microphysical processes have important impacts on the diurnal cycles of both convective and stratiform rainfall. Turning off the ice radiative effects generally enhances convective rainfall during the morning and evening and suppresses convective rainfall in the afternoon whereas turning off the ice microphysical effects generally suppresses convective and stratiform rainfall during the morning and enhances convective and stratiform rainfall in the afternoon and evening. The ice radiative and microphysical effects on the diurnal cycle of surface rainfall are mainly associated with that of vapor condensation and deposition, which is controlled by air temperature through saturation specific humidity. The ice effects on the diurnal cycle of local temperature tendency are largely explained by that of latent heating since the diurnal cycle of radiation is insensitive to the ice effects.     

Vertical Structures of Convective and Stratiform Clouds in Boreal Summer over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Neighboring Regions

Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d^?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models.     

An Analysis of Thermally-Related Surface Rainfall Budgets Associated with Convective and Stratiform Rainfall

Both water vapor and heat processes play key roles in producing surface rainfall.While the water vapor effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes on surface rainfall have been investigated in previous studies,the thermal effects on rainfall are analyzed in this study using a series of two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments forced by zonally-uniform,constant,large-scale zonal wind and zero large-scale vertical velocity.The analysis of thermally-related surface rainfall budget reveals that the model domain mean surface rain rate is primarily associated with the mean infrared cooling rate.Convective rainfall and transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions corresponds to the heat divergence over convective regions,whereas stratiform rainfall corresponds to the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions.The heat divergence over convective regions is mainly balanced by the heat convergence over rainfall-free regions,which is,in turn,offset by the radiative cooling over rainfall-free regions.The sensitivity experiments of rainfall to the effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes show that the sea surface temperature and cloud processes affect convective rainfall through the changes in infrared cooling rate over rainfall-free regions and transport rate of heat from convective regions to rainfall-free regions.     

“碧利斯”(0604)暴雨过程不同类型降水云微物理特征分析

本文利用"碧利斯"(0604)暴雨增幅过程高分辨率的数值模拟资料, 将降水分成对流降水和层云降水, 对比分析了不同类型降水云微物理特征和过程的差异, 探讨了不同类型降水对暴雨增幅的贡献, 结果指出:(1)暴雨增幅前, 降水基本为层云降水, 对流降水只存在于零星的几个小区域, 暴雨增幅发生时段, 对流降水所占比例较暴雨增幅前有显著增加, 平均降水强度达层云降水强度的3倍多。(2)暴雨增幅时段, 云系发展更加旺盛, 云中各种水凝物含量较增幅前明显增加, 其中, 对流和层云降水区云中水凝物含量均有一定程度增长, 但对流降水区增加更显著;而无论增幅前还是增幅时段, 对流降水区云中水凝物含量均要明显大于层云降水区, 并且两者的这种差异随着地面降水强度的增强而增大。(3)暴雨增幅前后, 对流降水区雨滴的两个主要来源最终均可以追踪到云水, 通过云水与大的液相粒子(雨滴)和大的固相粒子(雪)之间、以及大的固相粒子(雪和霰)之间的相互作用和转化, 造成雨滴增长, 并最终形成地面降水, 而层云降水区中与雨滴形成相关的上述主要云微物理过程明显变弱, 但层云降水区中暴雨增幅时段的上述过程又要强于增幅前, 说明层云降水对暴雨增幅也有一定贡献。     

Surface Rainfall Processes during the Genesis Period of Tropical Cyclone Durian(2001)

The rainfall processes during the formation of tropical cyclone(TC) Durian(2001) were investigated quantitatively using the three-dimensional(3 D) WRF-based precipitation equation. The rain rate(PS) decreased slightly as the TC approached to formation, and then increased as Durian began to intensify. The rate of moisture-related processes(QWV) in the equation contributed around 80% to PSbefore TC genesis, and made more contribution during and after TC genesis. The rate of hydrometeor-related processes(QCM) contributed about 20% before TC formation, followed by less contribution during and after TC formation. QWVwere dominated by the 3 D moisture flux advection rate(QWVA), while the surface evaporation rate(QWVE) also played an important role. Just before TC genesis, moisture from QWVAand QWVEhelped the local atmosphere moisten(negative QWVL). QCMwere determined by the 3 D hydrometeor advection rates(QCLAand QCIA) and the local change rates of hydrometeors(QCLLand QCIL). During TC formation, QCMlargely decreased and then reactivated as Durian began to intensify, accompanied by the development of TC cloud. Both the height and the strength of the net latent heating center associated with microphysical processes generally lowered before and during TC genesis, resulting mainly from lessening deposition and condensation. The downward shift of the net latent heating center induced a more bottom-heavy upward mass flux profile, suggesting to promote lower-tropospheric convergence in a shallower layer, vorticity amplification and TC spin-up.     

DIURNAL CYCLES OF CONVECTIVE AND STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION OVER NORTH CHINA DURING SUMMER

The diurnal cycles of precipitation over north China during summer in four strong rainfall years are examined using two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling data. The diurnal signals are analyzed in terms of precipitation budget, fractional rainfall coverage and rain intensity over convective and stratiform rainfall area. The analysis of precipitation budget shows that the diurnal cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation mainly correspond respectively to those of water vapor convergence and transport of hydrometeor from convective rainfall area to stratiform rainfall area in 1964, 1994 and 1995, whereas they mainly correspond to those of water vapor convergence in 2013. The diurnal cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation are mainly associated with those of rain intensity in 1964, 1994 and 1995. In 2013, the diurnal cycle of stratiform precipitation is mainly related to that of fractional rainfall coverage over stratiform rainfall area. The multiple peaks of convective precipitation mainly correspond to the rain intensity maxima associated with strong water vapor convergence.     

DOMINANT PHYSICAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH PHASE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SURFACE RAINFALL AND CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY

A lag correlation analysis is conducted with a 21-day TOGA COARE cloud-resolving model simulation data to identify the phase relation between surface rainfall and convective available potential energy (CAPE) and associated physical processes. The analysis shows that the maximum negative lag correlations between the model domain mean CAPE and rainfall occurs around lag hour 6. The minimum mean CAPE lags mean and convective rainfall through the vapor condensation and depositions, water vapor convergence, and heat divergence whereas it lags stratiform rainfall via the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions, vapor condensation and depositions, water vapor storage, and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions.     

Numerical Simulation of Microphysics in Meso-β-Scale Convective Cloud System Associated with a Mesoscale Convective Complex

Numerical simulation of meso-β-scale convective cloud systems associated with a PRE-STORM MCC case has been carried out using a 2-D version of the CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) nonhydrostatic model with parameterized microphysics. It is found that the predicted meso-γ-scale convective phenomena are basically unsteady under the situation of strong shear at low-levels, white the meso-β-scale convective system is maintained up to 3 hours or more. The meso-β-scale cloud system exhibits characteristics of a multi-celled convective storm in which the meso-γ-scale convective cells have lifetime of about 30 min. Pressure perturbation depicts a meso-low after a half hour in the low levels. As the cloud system evolves, the meso-low inten-sifies and extends to the upshear side and covers the entire domain in the mid-lower levels with the peak values of 5-8 hPa. Temperature perturbation depicts a warm region in the middle levels through the entire simulation period. The meso-γ-scale warm cores with peak values of 4-8oC are associated with strong convective cells. The cloud top evapo-ration causes a stronger cold layer around the cloud top levels.Simulation of microphysics exhibits that graupel is primarily concentrated in the strong convective cells forming the main source of convective rainfall after one hour of simulation time. Aggregates are mainly located in the stratiform region and decaying convective cells which produce the stratiform rainfall. Riming of the ice crystals is the predominant precipitation formation mechanism in the convection region, whereas aggregation of ice crystals is the predominant one in the stratiform region, which is consistent with observations. Sensitivity experiments of ice-phase microphysical processes show that the microphysical structures of the convective cloud system can be simulated better with the diagnosed aggregation collection efficiencies.     

“威马逊”（1409）强降水物理过程模拟诊断研究

利用WRF模式,结合三维降水诊断方程和降水效率定义,针对1409号超强台风“威马逊”临岸迅速加强为超强台风并登陆我国华南沿海这一时段的强降水物理过程开展了高分辨率数值模拟诊断研究。结果表明,“威马逊”主体环流区域内一直维持很强的平均降水强度（P_S）,陆地和海洋P_S的相对贡献基本呈反向变化,登陆期间陆面摩擦辐合增强,有利于水汽更多地向陆地区域辐合（Q_WVA代表垂直积分的三维水汽通量辐合/辐散率,此时段Q_WVA为正值）,造成登陆前短时段内陆地上空局地大气增湿（Q_WVL代表垂直积分的水汽局地变化率的负值,此时段Q _WVL为负值）,借助云微物理过程快速转化为液相和固相云水凝物（Q_CLL和Q_CIL分别代表垂直积分的液相和固相云水凝物局地变化率的负值,此时段Q_CLL和Q_CIL为负值）,促使陆地上空降水云系快速发展和降水强度增强,而当环流中心位于北部湾洋面时,海洋Q_WVA的相对贡献显著增强,登陆期间下垫面的变化导致水汽相关物理过程明显变化,进而造成降水云系和强降水中心的显著变化;与陆地相比,海洋表面蒸发的作用更强,变化更明显;“威马逊”影响华南沿海期间,主体环流圈内平均的Q_CLL和Q_CIL均基本呈现“正—负—正”的变化特征,当环流中心位于北部湾洋面（三次登陆时期）时水凝物含量以增加（减少）为主;“威马逊”主体环流区域内一直维持高降水效率,从主体环流圈接触陆地开始,陆地降水效率迅速升高,而海洋降水效率在绝大多数积分时段内维持较高数值,只在第二和第三次登陆后有所降低。     

Cloud microphysical properties in tropical convective and stratiform regions

Summary Cloud microphysical properties in tropical convective and stratiform regions are examined based on hourly zonal-mean data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulation. The model is integrated for 21 days with the imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and horizontal advections obtained from Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Time-mean cloud microphysical budgets are analyzed in raining stratiform regions, convective regions, and non-raining stratiform regions, respectively. In raining stratiform regions, ice water path (IWP) and liquid water path (LWP) have similar magnitudes. The collection process contributes slightly more to the growth of raindrops than the melting processes do, and surface rain rate is higher than the raindrop-related microphysical rate, indicating that the hydrometeor convergence from the convective regions plays a role in surface rainfall processes. In convective regions, IWP is much smaller than LWP, the collection process is dominant in producing raindrops, and surface rain rate is lower than the raindrop-related microphysical rate. In non-raining stratiform regions, IWP is much larger than LWP, and the melting processes are important in maintaining the raindrop budget. The statistical analysis of hourly data suggests that the slopes of linear regression equations between IWP and LWP in three regions are different. Rain producing processes in convective regions are associated with the water cloud processes regardless of convection intensity.     

2013年7月31日京津冀飑线过程的数值模拟与结构分析

利用WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model)模式对2013年7月31日发生在京津冀的一次飑线过程进行了高分辨模拟,对比分析表明模拟结果和实况观测较为一致,因此,利用模拟结果分析得到的飑线结构和发展过程基本可信。模拟飑线系统的探空曲线再现了国外的研究得到的飑线系统具有的经典探空结构,如:层状云区接近饱和,尾流低压区具有"洋葱型"探空结构,以及尾流低压区之后与后方入流相联系的中层干区等。对该次飑线系统的风场、气压场进行的分析揭示出本次飑线过程在成熟阶段气压场呈"低高低"的不对称结构分布。其中,中高压有两个,分别位于飑线北部和中部的对流云区后方。尾流低压较弱,位于飑线中部层状云区后方。飑前低压位于飑线前偏南。飑线在成熟时期前方低层有一支入流,在飑线前部对流云区抬升后分为三支,分别向前方高层、后方高层和后方低层流出。同时后方中层有明显的后方入流,入流同时下沉到近地面辐散流出。对该次飑线的地闪特征进行的统计表明"起电层"中的冰相粒子混合比分布与地闪活动的特点可能有联系。本文的结果对于揭示华北飑线的中尺度结构具有重要参考意义,为进一步研究该次飑线的发生发展机理奠定了基础。     

Diurnal cycles of precipitation over subtropical China in IPCC AR5 AMIP simulations

Atmospheric Intercomparison Project simulations of the summertime diurnal cycle of precipitation and low-level winds over subtropical China by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report models were evaluated. By analyzing the diurnal variation of convective and stratiform components, results confirmed that major biases in rainfall diurnal cycles over subtropical China are due to convection parameterization and further pointed to the diurnal variation of convective rainfall being closely related to the closure of the convective scheme. All models captured the early-morning peak of total rainfall over the East China Sea, but most models had problems in simulating diurnal rainfall variations over land areas of subtropical China. When total rainfall was divided into stratiform and convective rainfall, all models successfully simulated the diurnal variation of stratiform rainfall with a maximum in the early morning. The models, overestimating noon-time （nocturnal） total rainfall over land, generally simulated too much convective rainfall, which peaked close to noon （midnight）, sharing some similarities in the closures of their deep convection schemes. The better performance of the Meteorological Research Institute atmospherer. ocean coupled global climate model version 3 （MRI-CGCM3） is attributed to the well captured ratio of the two kinds of rainfall, but not diurnal variations of the two components. Therefore, a proper ratio of convective and stratiform rainfall to total rainfall is also important to improve simulated diurnal rainfall variation.     

TRMM卫星对青藏高原东坡一次大暴雨强降水结构的研究

利用热带测雨卫星（TRMM）探测资料,NCEP、ERA-Interim再分析资料,结合C波段多普勒雷达和其他地面观测资料,研究了2013年7月21日发生在青藏高原东坡的一次大暴雨强降水结构。结果表明,高能、高湿的不稳定大气在700 hPa切变线及地面辐合线的触发下产生了此次大暴雨,降水具有明显的强对流性质。从水平结构来看,降水系统由成片的层云雨团中分散分布的多个对流性雨团组成,对流样本数远少于层云,但平均雨强是层云的4.7倍,对总降水的贡献达到25.6%;以超过10 mm/h雨强为强度标准,3个20-50 km、回波强度在45-50 dBz的β中尺度对流雨团零散地分布在主雨带中,对应 < 210 K的微波辐射亮温区和≥ 32 mm/h的地面强降水;对流降水的雨强谱集中在1-50 mm/h,其中20-30 mm/h的雨强对总雨强的贡献最大,这与中国东部降水有着显著区别,而90%的层云降水的雨强均小于10 mm/h。从垂直结构来看,对流降水云呈柱状自地面伸展,平均雨顶高度随地面雨强的增强而不断升高（5-12 km）,强降水中心区域的质心在2-6 km;降水廓线反映出强降水系统中降水主要集中在6 km以下高度范围,且降水强度在垂直方向分布不均匀,对流降水和层云降水的强度随高度升高的总趋势是趋于减弱,但在一定高度范围内,对流降水强度随高度升高而增大,并且在多个地表雨强廓线中都有体现。此外,地基雷达的探测结果也表明了强降水的低质心特点及显著的逆风区演变特征,这是对TRMM PR探测的验证和补充。      

0302号(鲸鱼)台风降水和水粒子空间分布的三维结构特征

由于缺乏关于台风结构信息的高分辨率资料,即探测台风云系内部结构特征的技术限制,造成了进一步理解台风的动力传送特征的困难.作者用热带测雨卫星(TRMM,Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)的测雨雷达(PR,Precipitation Radar)和TRMM微波图像仪(TMI,TRMM Microwave Imager)资料详细研究了"鲸鱼"台风(0302号)于2003年4月16日1105 UTC的降水和降水云系中各种水粒子的三维结构特征.通过分析发现该时刻:(1)台风降水中大部分区域为层性降水(占总降水面积的85.5%),对流性降水占总降水面积的13.1%,但对流性降水的贡献却达到41.8%,所以,虽然对流性降水所占面积比例很少,但是它对总降水量的贡献却很大.(2)60%降水主要集中在距离台风中心100 km以内的区域,约占总降水量的60%.(3)各种水粒子含量随着与台风中心距离的增加而减少.降水云系中水粒子最大含量出现高度与水粒子的种类和与台风中心的距离有关.最后,分析了台风降水和降水云系中三维分布的成因.