全球地表水储量再分布对周年极移的激发

利用全球降水和蒸发观测同化资料以及国际大气模式比较计划和国际大气海洋耦合模式比较计划中的陆面过程数值模式，计算比较了地表水储量角动量变化对周年极移的激发，分析结果表明基于3种资料的地表水储量角动量变化对极移周年正向频率的激发约占大气周年正向激发的10%至25%，研究结果尽管显示大气，海洋和地表水的综合周年正向激发与极移测地周年正向激发十分相近，鉴于海洋角动量数值分析的差异和目前对全球水循环观测的水准以及对水循环平衡问题有限的理解，仍然期待更为客观的全球海洋，陆面动力过程和数值分析方法用于完善全球地表水储量变化对周年极移激发的研究。     

大气对地球自转季节性变化的贡献

采用１９７９－１９９５年期间新的大气角动量资料,研究了大气在季节性时间尺度上对日长变化和极移的贡献。结果表明,考虑了风和大气压的贡献后,大气在周年和半年时间尺度上对日长变化的贡献分别可达９５％和８８％。同时还给出了大气对极移激发的定量结果,其中,大气的周年尺度上对极移Ｘ分同的贡献为１６％,对Ｙ分量的贡献为４３％;在半年尺度上海洋的贡献,才能进上步解决地球自转激发的问题。     

大气对地球自转变化的影响-方法和数据的深入分析

大气相对固体地球的运动产生大气相对角动量，它的变化可以激发地球自转多时间尺度的变化．计算大气相对角动量现在采用两种不同的垂直积分高度，一种为从地形表面积分到顶层大气，称之为SP方法；另一种为从1000hPa积分到顶层大气，称之为BP方法，对采用这两种方法所得到的大气相对角动量进行了详细的比较．应用欧洲中距气象预报中心（ECMWF）和美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）大气再分析数据，重新研究了大气相对角动量变化的时空特征．通过对大气相对角动量季节平均，季节振幅和时空特征的分析，得出ECMWF和NCEP的大气相对角动量变化对地球自转周年极移的影响，在亚洲季风区域和南极洲区域差别最为明显．     

大气、陆地水储量和海水质量分布变化与地球低阶引力场球谐系数的关系

大气、固体地球及海洋组成了一个复杂、变化的地球动力学系统，这一系统中的任一质量分布变化都将产生地球引力场变化。采用全球7000多个地面气象台站的月平均降水及温度资料、NCEP提供气压月均值、TOPEX／Poseidon卫星测高资料和WOA98海水温度及盐度模型计算了大气、陆地水储量和海水质量分布变化引起地球低阶引力场系数变化。比较综合大气、陆地水储量和海水质量分布变化对带谐项J2，J3，J4影响的计算结果和人卫激光卫星的测定结果，可以看出，大气、陆地水储量和海水质量分布变化是引起地球低阶引力场系数周年变化的重要激发源。     

基于有效角动量函数的多参数极移预报

极移的变化与多种激发息息相关,这些激发包括大气表面压力和大气风、海底压力和洋流、陆地水分布以及气候变暖导致的海平面变化,并且可以通过有效角动量函数来估计.在极移预报中,通过刘维尔方程融合有效角动量函数,并利用最小二乘与自回归组合的方法进行拟合及外推,同时,对自回归模型的可调节参数设置更多的选择,在不同的极移预报阶段,对于不同分量的预报匹配更优的参数,有效地提高了极移的预报精度.在441次1–90 d的极移预报实验中,短中期的预报改善更为明显,在1–6 d和7–30 d的极移X预报结果中,分别有56.9%和53.5%优于国际地球自转服务(International Earth Rotation Service, IERS)的预报;在1–6 d和7–30 d的极移Y预报结果中,分别有66.5%和59.7%优于IERS的预报.整体上,极移Y的预报精度比极移X的预报精度有更多的提升,以IERS的地球定向参数(Earth Orientation Parameters, EOP)产品EOP 14C04 (IAU2000A)为参考,极移X预报在第1 d、第5 d的MAE (Mean Absolute...     

太平洋、印度洋和大西洋对Chandler摆动的激发，1980-2005

除大气外,海洋对Chandler摆动具有重要的激发作用.利用Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean(ECCO)的海洋环流模式提供的流速场和洋底压力场资料,首次系统地研究了1980-2005年期间,太平洋、印度洋和大西洋对Chandler摆动激发的贡献.研究表明三大洋对Chandler摆动激发的贡献各不相同.太平洋激发能量约占观测激发能量的22.2%,在三大洋中最高,印度洋约占12.7%,大西洋最低,占7.1%左右.太平洋对Chandler摆动的激发能量可能受1982-1983年强ENSO事件的影响而显著提高.     

长期极移与冰期后地壳反弹理论

基于冰期后地壳反弹理论,采用地球上4个最大冰帽的参数,计算了最近21000年以来冰帽的融化对地球惯性张量的影响,得到理论和长期极移方向为西经74°2。现代空间测地技术的观测结果表明,关美板块不存在明显的北向运动,所以国际上9个纬度观测序列的平纬近80年的长期变化存在着随经度的系统性分布尚不能得到很好解释.,变化研究给出3－4mas/a的长期极移结果有等进一步证实。     

全球陆地水储量对地球自转变化的激发作用

用美国环境预测中心和美国大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)40年重新分析计划气候数据同化系统(CDAS)所得到的全球陆地水储量(土壤湿度和积雪水当量)数据,对地球自转变化(极移和日长)的激发作用作了分析．结果表明,陆地水储量对周年地极移动正频分量的激发为17．8mas,与大气激发相当,相位滞后约48°．其中,积雪水当量的激发结果与用人卫遥感技术所得到的积雪水当量激发的正、负频率分量的振幅和相位都符合得很好． 用陆地水储量数据得到对日长变化周年分量的激发作用约49μs,约占观测激发的15％,相位滞后约23°;对日长变化半年分量的激发作用约9μs,约占观测激发的3％,相位滞后约122°．     

大气对地球自转参数（ERP）的高频激发

本文采用１９８３—１９９２年期间由空间大地测量技术观测和归算的地球自转参数（ＥＲＰ）序列，以及由全球气象资料归算的大气角动量（ＡＡＭ）序列，分析和研究了大气对地球自转参数的日长变化（ＬＯＤ）和极移（ｘ和ｙ）在一个月时间尺度以内的高频激发作用，得到的主要结果如下：１大气对ＬＯＤ分量高频潮汐的估计值存在着影响，但是，潮汐形变参数ｋ／ｃ随时间和频率的变化却是受非大气因素的扰动引起的．２．大气可以解释３０天以下ＬＯＤ非潮汐的大部分变化．３．极移分量３０天以内的高频变化也主要由大气激发．ｘ分量与大气的相关性要强于ｙ分量，而且更为稳定，主要表现为平均时间尺度约为２７天的波动，大气对这个波动的贡献可达７０％．     

大气对极移的非季节性激发贡献

本文对由高精度的极移资（Ｓｐａｃｅ９３序列）所推导出的测地激发函数和由日本气象局（ＪＭＡ）提供的大气激发函数中的非季节性波动进行了研究，在两个序列中都显示出较强的４０－６０天的波动．在非季节性的时间尺度上，测地激发函数相关于大气压力变化，与与的相关系数分别为０．４４和０．５８，这表明了大气角动量对极移中ｙ轴方向的非季节性变化的影响稍大于ｘ轴方向．而且，大气和测地激发函数尤其在Ｘ２方面具有较相似的时间变化谱．这些事实说明：极移的非季节振荡至少部分地由气压变化所引起，它在１４０天以下周期的极移激发中起了一定的作用．     

The influence of the electromagnetic core-mantle coupling torques on earth's rotation

The electromagnetic core-mantle coupling is one of the most likely hypotheses to explain the connections between both, the decade fluctuations of the Earth rotation and such of the magnetic field of the Earth. Within this paper, the axial and equatorial electromagnetic torques are computed at time intervals of two years from 1903.5 to 1975.5. They are compared with mechanical torques necessary for the excitation of the decade variations of the rotation of the Earth. The comparison is made with regard to the magnitude of the torques, to their time behaviour and to the periods within the time variations of both types of the torques. The computed electromagnetic torques are comparable with that necessary to excite the variations of the rotation of the Earth. But they are two or three orders less than that necessary to excite the decade variations of the polar motion. Some comparable periods were found within the spectra of the electromagnetic and the mechanical torques. This speaks in favour of the core-mantle coupling. But there are differences between both spectra too hinting at other processes which we cannot describe by a simple model of the core-mantle coupling.     

Length of the day and evolution of the Earth's core in the geological past

In this paper, we study quantitatively the effect of the Earth's core formation on the secular rate of change of the length of day (LOD). We find that for the present epoch, a growth rate of the core comprised between 1 and 10 mm/cy seems to be a plausible guess, leading to a relative de crease of LOD comprised roughly between 10 and 100 μs/cy. Such values do not affect significantly the observed secular in crease of LOD caused by tidal braking, which amounts to about 1.79 ms/cy. However, in the remote geological past, before the Phanerozoic, the effects of core growth may have been much more important, because the total change of LOD associated with core formation has been estimated by Birch in 1965 to be 2.4 hours for an initially undifferentiated cold Earth, and 3.1 hours for an initially undifferentiated hot Earth. We consider a number of scenarios, some of them corresponding to very early and/or very fast core formation, others corresponding to slow and/or late core formation. We show that palaeo‐LOD measurements seem to favour slow core formation during the Proterozoic, contrarily to the now largely prevailing hypothesis based on geochemical arguments that the iron core formed very early in the Earth's history and during a geologically short time interval (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A new approach to the calculation of the cratering rate of the Earth over the last 125 ± 20 Myr

The recent cratering record of the surface of the Earth is re-examined using a new technique that concentrates on estimating the mean areas occupied by individual craters, together with the gradients of linear plots of crater numbers versus crater ages. This analysis indicates that the lower limit of the rate at which craters have been produced over the last 125±20 Myr is, for example, (12.0±0.7)×10⁻¹⁵ km⁻² yr⁻¹ for D 2.4 km craters, (9.5±0.6)×10⁻¹⁵ km⁻² yr⁻¹ for D 5.0 km craters, (6.5±0.5)×10⁻¹⁵ km⁻² yr⁻¹ for D 12 km craters, and (3.0±0.3)×10⁻¹⁵ km⁻² yr⁻¹ for D 22 km craters. These figures indicate that previous researchers have considerably overestimated the rate at which small (2.4< D <20 km) craters are being produced. It is also found that the relationship between crater production rate and crater diameter is not a simple power law in the 2.4< D <40 km diameter range. On the most stable areas of the Earth's continents, and over the last 125±20 Myr it seems that the rate at which craters are eroded below the detection limit does not depend on crater diameter throughout the above size range.     

A Hamiltonian theory for an elastic earth: Secular rotational acceleration

In this article, our previous Hamiltonian theory for the rotation of an Earth whose elastic mantle is deformed by rotation and linisolar attraction is applied to the study of the secular acceleration of the Earth's rotation. Since it is a result of the inelasticity, the theory is extended to include a phase lag. So, we obtain, in a theoretical way, a value of –5.6 × 10^–22 rd sec^–2, which agrees perfectly with the latest observational results.     

The Rotation of a Non-Rigid, Non-Symmetrical Earth I: Free Nutations

This work is the first of a series of papers in which the canonicaltheory of the rotation of the non-rigid Earth of Getino and Ferrandiz isextended to the case of the non-symmetrical Earth. Here, the freeHamiltonian for an Earth composed of a rigid mantle and a liquid corewith A B (A and B principal moments ofinertia) is developed and integrated, obtaining the complete analyticalsolution which includes the free frequencies, Chandler Wobble and Fluid CoreNutation, corresponding to the non-symmetrical Earth. We have evaluatednumerically the effect of the Earths equatorial non-symmetry on thefree nutations. Although the effects of the second order are negligeable,the changes in the normal mode periods (about 1 day) may be important.     

液核地球自转速率变化的带谐潮效应Ⅰ--理论公式

根据液核地球动力学原理,重新推导了在日月子引潮力作用下的地球自转速率变化的理论公式,由此明确地引入了液核影响因子,它与地球和液核的极转动惯量的变化有关。不同于Yoder.C.F(1981)的理论,本文给出了基于引潮力位Doodson展开的地球自转速率变化、日长变化和世界时变化的理论公式,指出尺度因子的转动惯量应取为地幔的有效极转动惯量,Love数应取地幔的有效Love数的理由。     

液核地球自转速率变化的带谐潮效应Ⅱ--数值计算与比较

地球自转速率的潮汐变化可由无量纲参数k/cm)(k和cm分别为壳幔的有效Love数和有效极转动惯量)来表征。对于一个具有弹性地幔、平衡海潮和核幔不耦合的地球k/cm=0.944,且与潮波频率无关。海潮的非平衡扰动使k/cm为复数,且与频率有关。大气对自转速率有效勒夫数的贡献约为Δkat=0.0075。同时地幔滞弹性对勒夫数也产生扰动。利用本文得到的理论公式和最新的潮汐数据计算了地球自转速率的潮汐变化,及其有关地球物理机制的影响。     

Solution to the rotation of the elastic earth by method of rigid dynamics

Hamiltonian mechanics is applied to the problem of the rotation of the elastic Earth. We first show the process for the formulation of the Hamiltonian for rotation of a deformable body and the derivation of the equations of motion from it. Then, based on a simple model of deformation, the solution is given for the period of Euler motion, UT1 and the nutation of the elastic Earth. In particular it is shown that the elasticity of the Earth acts on the nutation so as to decrease the Oppolzer terms of the nutation of the rigid Earth by about 30 per cent. The solution is in good agreement with results which have been obtained by other, different approaches.     

Geopotential from space techniques

The monitoring of the perturbed motion of artificial satellites since the 1960's has provided a valuable resource for improved activities in geodesy. These observations and the improved geodetic techniques they fostered have provided an unparalleled means for studying both the gravity field and the Earth's shape. In this paper, we will review the various determinations of the Earth's gravity field produced at many research centers over the years from space techniques. The specific methods which have been used to measure our planet, such as satellite altimetry and satellite orbital perturbation analyses (over short and long periods of time), will be compared.     

Oceanic and solid Earth angular momentum

We reconsider two hypotheses used in calculating the transfer of angular momentum between the oceans and the solid Earth: (1) The locked-cean-ypothesis was already given up some time ago; here we provide a simple manner of understanding the relative importance of the motion and matter term. (2) The isolation hypothesis implied the isolation of the whole Earth in short timescales with regard to angular momentum exchange, and consequently, the neglection of the exchange with the tide-enerating body. It is shown that for present accuracy requirements this exchange has to be taken into account.