西昌市尔乌泉域泉水水文地球化学特征及成因

泉和泉群是川西南乡村居民首要的生活水源,对本区泉水水文地球化学特征及成因的研究具有重要的科学价值和指导意义。以尔乌泉域泉水和地表水为研究对象,通过分析泉水和地表水常规水化学组分、氢氧同位素和氚同位素,探讨了该泉域泉水水文地球化学特征及成因。结果显示:尔乌泉域泉水为中偏碱性低矿化水,其水化学类型为HCO3—Ca·Mg和HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg型水。地表水因受泉水补给影响具有与泉水相似的组分特征。氢氧同位素分析显示尔乌泉水和地表水补给来源为大气降水,且未发生氧同位素漂移。氚同位素进一步确定泉水为非现代水,地下水经历较长的径流时间。受断裂带和褶皱构造的影响,入渗补给的大气降水与碎屑岩中碳酸盐岩、石膏等矿物发生水岩相互作用,后与第四系黏土物质发生阳离子交换反应,致使泉水水化学组分以Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3和SO2-4为主。此外,居民生活污水的排放和化学肥料的施用也对泉水中Na+和SO2-4组分产生影响。     

硼及其同位素对水体污染物的示踪研究

硼的易溶性和硼化合物的广泛使用 ,以及污水处理过程中除硼的困难 ,最终导致地表地下水体富集硼及有关污染物。海滨地下水受到海水入侵 ,硼含量及 ρ(B) / ρ(Cl)比值发生明显变化。混合、吸附、水岩等作用使得硼同位素发生分馏 ,显著区别于区域背景值。因此 ,结合其它同位素、水化学等信息 ,硼及其同位素作为良好示踪剂为研究水圈中物质的地球化学循环过程提供了新的手段。文中总结了部分天然水体的硼含量和硼同位素组成特征 ,综述了近年来用硼同位素示踪水体的污染物来源、程度和范围等方面新的研究成果。     

Distribution of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Salt Lakes of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau,China

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is an area where a large number of salt lakes are distributed. We have collected several hundred samples of natural waters over the Plateau since 1976 and carried out researches on their hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. The results indicate that the^δD and δ¹⁸O values of the salt lake waters over the Plateau range from −64.1 to +12.4‰ and from −11.19 to +8.62‰, respectively. From the different types of surfaces, ground and lake waters of various salinities it is inferred that the compositions of H and O isotopes in the initial water of Qinghai Lake are^δD=−55.0‰ and {ie336-1}; and those in the original water from the lakes in northern Xizang, are^δD=−116.0‰ and {ie336-2}. Brines in the salt lakes are derived from rain water through prolonged circulation. Oilfield water also makes some contribution to the salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin. Similar slopes of evaporation lines of water isotopes are noticed for the Qinghai Lake area and northern Xizang. This is attributed to the evolution of the isotopes in these water bodies in an environment of middle latitude and high elevation.     

川藏铁路康定隧址区地热水成因及其工程影响分析

川藏铁路康定隧址区穿越鲜水河断裂带,属地热异常区,对铁路建设造成一定的热害威胁。采用野外调查、水化学分析和氢氧同位素测试等技术方法,开展了川藏铁路康定隧址区地热水成因研究。结果表明,康定隧址区地热水水化学类型主要为HCO₃·Cl—Na和HCO₃—Na型,聚集于折多塘、康定和中谷3个热水区。地热水均为未成熟水,热储温度为104～172 ℃,深部初始地热水温度为186～250 ℃,冷水混合比例为0.56～0.81。氢氧同位素显示地热水补给高程为3768～4926 m。在康定隧址区,地热水受到高海拔水源补给,主体断裂构造为导热构造,次级分支断裂和发育节理、裂隙的断层破碎带为导水构造,地热水形成后沿浅部断层破碎带出露形成温泉。FEFLOW数值模拟分析表明研究区100 m深度地温场温度为35.4～95.1 ℃,研究区内三个热水区之间存在低温通道。隧道建设时应重点关注康定热水区的高温水热灾害。     

Multi-isotopic (Li,B, Sr,Nd) approach for geothermal reservoir characterization in the Limagne Basin (Massif Central,France)

A multi-isotopic study of thermo-mineral waters from the Limagne Basin (French Massif Central) is reported. Lithium, B, Sr and Nd isotopic signatures in thermo-mineral waters and bedrocks were combined in order to determine the origin of these fluids from a reservoir point of view. Strontium and Nd isotopic systems showed that the thermo-mineral waters are mostly derived from a granitic reservoir type, with the exception of a few water samples having Sr and Nd isotopic signatures also reflecting a volcanic contribution (basalts). In a second step, Li and B isotopes were investigated, given that Li and B isotopic systematics are potentially affected by mass dependent fractionation during water/rock interaction and could provide some information on what takes place during this process. A great diversity of thermo-mineral waters within the Aigueperse area was clearly observed, which is directly related to the origin of these thermal waters in terms of reservoirs. These different geothermal reservoirs are characterized by different geological settings and intensity of water/rock interaction (i.e. depth and temperature).     

Isotopic evidence of the origin of mineralized waters from the Central Carpathian Synclinorium,SE Poland

Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen were determined in 45 samples of water (27 samples of oil-associated waters, 17 samples of mineral waters used by spas, 1 sample of surface river water) from the Central Carpathian Synclinorium, covering a stratigraphic range of flysch sediments from Upper Cretaceous to Oligocene. Moreover, oxygen isotope compositions of authigenic calcite (vein and cement) from core samples of four boreholes were made to evaluate isotopic equilibrium between waters and diagenetic carbonates as a function of temperature. The saline and brackish waters (TDS from1 g/l to 48.9 g/l) considered here, generally belong to four hydrogeochemical classes: Na-Cl, Cl-HCO₃-Na, HCO₃-Cl-Na and HCO₃-Na. Their isotopic composition causes them to fall to the right of Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) showing enrichment in ¹⁸O and ²H. On the other hand, relative to Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) they are depleted in ²H and both depleted and enriched in ¹⁸O. The observed isotopic composition can be explained by the three-component mixing of surface water, diagenetically modified sea water (kind of connate water) and metamorphic water. The mixing is accompanied by an exchange of oxygen isotopes between water and carbonate cements causes ¹⁸O enrichment of interstitial waters. The contribution of isotopic exchange between water and clay minerals in shales was evaluated only theoretically basing of the literature.     

Isotopic characteristics of precipitation, surface and ground waters in the Yinchuan plain, Northwest China

The isotopic characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen of various water bodies in the Yinchuan plain were investigated. A total of 131 water samples were collected and another 99 water samples collected by other scholars and the International Atomic Energy Agency were referred to in the study. The stable isotopic compositions of precipitation and lake waters are influenced by dry climate and strong evaporation of the area, and the slope of local meteoric water line and lake water line are smaller than that of global meteoric water line. The isotopic compositions of the Yellow River water are significantly lower than the weighted averages of local atmospheric precipitation and are controlled by the runoff of upstream areas. The isotopes of phreatic water suggest that the single phreatic water is predominantly recharged by the bedrock fissure water of Helan Mountain, while the phreatic water in multilayer structure area is recharged by multiple sources. The confined waters in the area may be recharged under cooler climate conditions than the present, which makes the heavy isotopes depleted. The ³H contents of various water bodies are in the following order: the Yellow River water > multilayer phreatic water > single phreatic water > lake water > drainage ditch water > upper confined water > lower confined water. This is in accordance with the recharge, discharge and circulation conditions of the specific water bodies. The isotope compositions of waters in the Yinchuan plain are mainly affected by external water recharge rather than local precipitation. This study is meaningful and helpful in understanding the groundwater flow systems and water cycle in the area.     

Determining the seasonality of groundwater recharge using water isotopes: a case study from the upper North Han River basin,Korea

The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were used to determine the seasonal contributions of precipitation to groundwater recharge at a forested catchment area in the upper North Han River basin, Korea. A comparison of the stable isotopic signatures of groundwater and precipitation indicates that the precipitations which occurred during both the dry and rainy seasons are the important source of groundwater recharge in this region. A stable isotopic signature shown in the stream waters at the upstream reaches is similar to that of groundwaters, indicating that stream waters are mostly fed by groundwater discharge. Reservoir waters in the downstream flood control dams have lower deuterium excess values or d-values compared with those of the upstream waters, indicating a secondary evaporative enrichment. These results can provide a basis for the effective management of groundwater and stream water resources in the North Han River basin.     

Tracing stable isotope values from meteoric water to groundwater in the southwestern part of the Chad basin

The southwestern Chad basin is a semi-arid region with annual rainfall that is generally less than 500 mm and over 2,000 mm of evapotranspiration. Surface water in rivers is seasonal, and therefore groundwater is the perennial source of water supply for domestic and other purposes. Stable isotope has been measured for rainwater, surface water and groundwater samples in this region. The stable isotope data have been used to understand the inter-relationships between the rainwater, surface water, shallow and deep groundwater of this region. This is being used in a qualitative sense to demonstrate present day recharge to the groundwater. Stable isotope in rainwater for the region has an average value of –4‰ δ¹⁸O and –20‰ δ²H. Surface water samples from rivers and Lake Chad fall on the evaporation line of this average value. The Upper Zone aquifer water samples show stable isotope signal with a wide range of values indicating the complex character of the aquifer Zone with three distinguishable units. The wide range of values is attributable to waters from individual unit and/or mixture of waters of different units. The Middle and Lower aquifers Zones’ waters show similar stable isotopes values, probably indicating similarity in timing and/or mechanism of recharge. These are palaeowaters probably recharged under a climate that is different from today. The Upper Zone aquifer is presently being recharged as some of its waters show stable isotope compositions similar to those of average rainfall waters of the region.     

孔隙水中NH_4~+和HPO_4~(2-)浓度异常:一种潜在的天然气水合物地球化学勘查新指标

在海洋天然气水合物的勘查与研究中地球化学方法发挥了重大作用。利用海洋沉积物孔隙水中各种离子含量和同位素异常可以有效示踪天然气水合物的存在, 其中Cl-浓度异常、SO42-浓度梯度和氧同位素组成异常已成为指示天然气水合物存在的灵敏示踪剂。通过对比有和没有天然气水合物存在的海域浅表层沉积物中孔隙水的NH4+和HPO42-含量, 发现有天然气水合物区的孔隙水中NH4+和HPO42-浓度明显偏高, 且存在与SO42-类似的浓度梯度曲线, 认为孔隙水中NH4+和HPO42-浓度异常有可能成为一种新的地球化学示踪剂, 指示天然气水合物的存在; 探讨了引起孔隙水中NH +和HPO 2-浓度异常的可能机理及精确测定这些离子含量的方法。     

Observation of isotopes in the water cycle—the Swiss National Network (NISOT)

The Swiss National Network for the Observation of Isotopes in the Water Cycle (NISOT) includes eleven precipitation, seven surface water (river) and three groundwater stations, where tritium, deuterium and oxygen-18 are monthly measured in composite samples. The network provides a good overview of the characteristic isotope signatures in recharge waters in Switzerland and of the relations between isotopes and altitude, orography and the amount of precipitation. Mixing of air water vapour and surface waters can be observed along a NW/SE cross section through the Alps. With increasing length of the data series, the network provides a valuable contribution for national and international scientific and practical applications in surface and subsurface hydrology, climatology and biology. The Swiss Geological Survey at the Federal Office for Water and Geology operates the isotope network within the legal framework of the Federal Law on the Protection of Waters and guarantees quality, access and distribution of the isotope data.     

Potential application of oxygen-18 and deuterium in mining effluent and acid rock drainage studies

 Oxygen-18 (¹⁸O) and deuterium (D, or ²H) are routinely used in hydrologic, climatologic and geothermal studies. In hydrology, stable isotopes provide information on the type and topology (altitude and latitude) of the recharge waters and the historical effects on water, related to such physical processes as evaporation (in ponds), melting (of snow or ice), condensation, evapotranspiration and mixing. In geothermal studies, stable isotopes provide key information related to recharge and the various temperature-dependent water/rock isotope exchange reactions. The latter is assessed through the oxygen shift in the ¹⁸O/D correlation. At acid rock drainage (ARD) sites, water/rock interactions are primarily controlled by pH and oxidation potential. Using the isotopic characteristics of the rocks and the recharge waters as a basis, the relative oxygen shift of the ARD effluent can provide information on: (1) the residence time, (2) the rate of water/rock reactions, and (3) the actual pH at the rock/water interface. This paper offers a methodology for conducting oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies related to ARD and other mineral effluent problems. The methodology is based on: (1) comprehensive sampling of regional waters, ARD effluent and major contributing minerals and rocks, (2) isotopic and elemental analysis, and (3) data interpretation on the basis of a zero-dimensional (mass balance), multi-component mixing model. Received: 15 January 1999 · Accepted: 3 May 1999     

Radium-based pore water fluxes of silica, alkalinity, manganese, DOC, and uranium: A decade of studies in the German Wadden Sea

A decade of studies of metal and nutrient inputs to the back-barrier area of Spiekeroog Island, NW German Wadden Sea, have concluded that pore water discharge provides a significant source of the enrichments of many components measured in the tidal channels during low tide. In this paper we add studies of radium isotopes to help quantify fluxes into and out of this system. Activities of radium isotopes in surface water from tidal channels in the back-barrier area exhibit pronounced changes in concert with the tide, with highest activities occurring near low tide. Other dissolved components: silica, total alkalinity (TA), manganese, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exhibit similar changes, with patterns matching the Ra isotopes. Uranium follows a reverse pattern with highest concentrations at high tide. Here we use radium isotope measurements in water column and pore water samples to estimate the fluxes of pore waters that enter the tidal channels during low tide. Using a flushing time of 4 days and the average activities of ²²⁴Ra, ²²³Ra, and ²²⁸Ra measured in the back-barrier surface and pore waters, we construct a balance of these isotopes, which is sustained by a deep pore water flux of (2-4) × 10⁸ L per tidal cycle. This flux transports Ra and the other enriched components to the tidal channels and causes the observed low tide enrichments. An independent estimate of pore water recharge is based on the depletion of U in the tidal channels. The U-based recharge is about two times greater than the Ra-based discharge; however, other sinks of U could reduce the recharge estimate. The pore waters have wide ranges of enrichment in silica, alkalinity, manganese, DOC, and depletion of U with depth. We estimate concentrations of these components in pore water from the depth expected to contribute the majority of the pore water flux, 3.5 m, to determine fluxes of these components to the tidal channels. Samples from this depth have minimum concentrations of silica, alkalinity, manganese, and DOC. We also estimate the exports of these components (and import of U) due to mixing based on average measured concentrations in the tidal creeks and the 4-day flushing time. A comparison of these estimates reveals that the exports (negative in the case of U) equal or exceed the pore water fluxes. By using values slightly higher than the minimum concentrations at 3.5 m to calculate inputs, the two estimates could be forced to match. We conclude that pore water drainage is the major factor regulating fluxes of Ra isotopes, silica, alkalinity, manganese, DOC, and uranium in this system.     

Abnormal composition of carbon isotopes in underground alkaline waters of Kuzbass

The first data on abnormally high δ¹³С values in hydrocarbonates (НСО ₃^-) dissolved in underground waters of coal deposits of Kuzbass (up to +30.9‰) are reported. It is shown that such an unusual isotope composition of waters results from the long, strictly directed interaction in the water–rock–gas–organic material system occurring under the conditions of hindered water exchange. Extensive fractionation of C isotopes is the result of the evolution of the water–rock–gas–coal system after penetration of infiltration waters into the coal deposits and their long interaction with all these components, rather than metamorphism of organic material upon its transformation into coal. With respect to such an approach, the isotope composition of dissolved C may indicate the duration of the evolution in the water–rock–gas–organic material system.     

Geochemistry and pollution of shallow aquifers in the Mafraq area, North Jordan

 Chemical data are used to clarify the hydrogeological regime in the Mafraq area in northern Jordan, as well as to determine the status of water quality in the area. Groundwater from the shallow aquifer in the Mafraq area can be divided into two major groups according to geographical locations and chemical compositions. Water in the basaltic eastern part of the study area is characterized by the dominance of chloride, sulfate, sodium, and potassium, whereas waters in the limestone aquifers in the west are dominated by the same cations but have higher concentrations of bicarbonate. Stable isotopes show that the shallow aquifers contain a single water type which originated in a distinct climatic regime. This water type deviates from the Global Meteoric Water Line (MWL), as well as from the eastern Mediterranean meteoric water line. The waters are poor in tritium, and thus can be considered generally older than 50 years. Chemical mass balance models suggest that water is moving from the west towards the north of the study area. This suggests that waters from the different basins are separated from each other. Degradation of water quality can be attributed to agricultural fertilizers in most cases, although the waste-water treatment plant at Khirbet es Samra is a contributor to pollution in the southwestern part of the study area. Received: 20 August 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998     

Radon-rich waters in Russia

In radon mineral curative waters, according to Russian mineral water classification, the radon concentration should be greater than 185 Bq/l. There are about 30 mineral waters with high levels of radon in Russia. Radon-rich waters have high therapeutic effects. It is proven that natural background radiation stimulates the human immune system. Radon is a natural radioactive gas that has no taste, smell or color. Radon-222 is one of the heaviest elements in the zero groups of inert gases. It is a gaseous radioactive element. All radon isotopes are -emitters while the transformation of its decay products is accompanied by the emitting of -or -particles. The main products of radon decay are short-lived isotopes Po, Pb, Bi, and TL. Belonging to the uranium and thorium decay chain, radon isotopes form directly during the decay of radium isotopes. Therefore the radon concentration depends upon the concentration of its parent's isotope in water and rocks washed by it as well as upon the amount of radon emanation. Loose rocks or rocks with a great number of cracks are characterized by higher radon concentration (zones of tectonic disturbance, weathering crusts, etc.).Crystalline rocks usually have higher uranium concentrations than the average bedrock. Examples of rock types, which often have enhanced uranium concentration >5% ppm U includes the following: granites, syenites, pegmatite, acid volcanic rocks and acid gneisses. In the earth's crust radon migrates either in a gaseous or dissolved state. It can go to the surface without any chemical reaction. Formation of the radon-rich therapeutics waters of Russia has been analyzed, and most of them are genetically connected to crystalline acid rocks that have exceeded uranium-radium mineralization. The radon content in Russia reaches more than 8,000 Bq/l. Radon-rich waters of this type occur in the Altai, Karelia, St Petersburg and Trans-Baikal regions. Another type is connected to geodynamic activity of regions and secondary radioactivity. A well-known example of radon-rich waters of the second type is Pyatigorsk in the North Caucasus. Mixing confined carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide water and unconfined groundwater forms radon waters. The radon concentration is 1,170–2,430 Bq/l. The occurrence of radon-rich water deposits in other regions of Russia is described. Further investigation of the radon content in other geological environments will contribute to the environmental safety as well as to the solution to many genetic, hydrogeochronological, paleoreconstructive and prediction problems in hydrogeology.     

Hydrogeochemical Features of Thermal Waters of South Trungbo (Central Vietnam)

The results of studying the features of the hydrogeological structure and chemical and isotope composition of thermal waters from the central part of Vietnam that are characterized by intense manifestations of intrusive magmatism are presented. It is established that low–and high–thermal waters with temperature varying within 30–85°C are developed in the area under study. The value of total mineralization of the hydrotherms ranges from 0.05 to 10.05 g/dm³. It is assumed that the circulation of thermal waters that are different in temperature and chemical composition occurs at two levels. The regular change of the hydrotherm composition in the direction from mineralized chloride sodium, including with increased Ca content, to fresh sodium bicarbonate is revealed. The ratio of δ¹⁸O–δ²H isotopes indicates that the water component is based on meteoric water. In the coastal areas, there is an isotope shift towards the ocean waters, which is also confirmed by the hydrogeochemical data. The key factors for forming the chemical composition of the thermal waters in South Trungbo are their genetic type, the interaction processes in the “water–rock–gas–organic substance” system, and their equilibrium–nonequilibrium state.     

Stable isotope contents of porewater in a claystone formation (Tournemire, France): assessment of the extraction technique and preliminary results

Claystones are one of the types of geological formations that are considered for the isolation of radioactive wastes. The study of water transfer through these rocks comes up against a lot of difficulties. Among them is the problem of extracting representative samples of interstitial water from indurated claystones with very low water contents (usually less than 10% vol.). The vacuum distillation technique considered here for samples from the Tournemire site (Toarcian argillite formation), is one of the few usable techniques to extract water from this type of rock in order to perform stable isotope investigations on porewater. Tests have shown that the isotope water content is not only influenced by the yield of extraction and the temperature of distillation (as already known), but also by the rain size and the contact time between the crushed sample and the atmosphere. This affects particularly¹⁸O data.The first isotopic results on the Tournemire claystones suggest a meteoric origin for its interstitial water. Data show a depletion in heavy isotopes with respect to present day meteoric water, that could suggest a recharge under climatic conditions cooler than at present. A clear link appears between the isotope contents of water and the structural context: interstitial waters of rock samples taken in the fractured zone of the massif seem to have been affected by a secondary process (evaporation or water-rock exchange) leading to the enrichment in heavy isotopes.     

洞穴水系氢氧同位素监测对重建古气候样品选择的指示意义

在贵州省中西部地区采集了地表水、织金洞和石将军洞不同年份和季节的洞穴水样进行氢氧同位素分析。结果显示该地区地表水的δDV- SMOW 和δ18OV- SMOW平均值分别为- 56. 15± 2. 46‰和- 7. 96± 0. 33‰ ,而织金洞1月、4月、9月的水样δDV- SMOW和δ18OV- SMOW平均值分别是- 53. 25‰和- 7. 96‰ , - 59.25‰和- 8. 24‰ , - 56. 89‰和- 8. 21‰ ,无论是旱季还是雨季织金洞大部分洞穴滴水的δD和δ18O值都比较接近地表降水的同位素年平均值,这说明大气降水在不同季节进入洞穴时已经受到充分混合,它们代表的是年均大气降水同位素加权平均值;而另一些滴水点(如寿星宫) ,由于其地表汇水面积小,洞厅顶部的包气带很薄,降雨能很快渗入而使其滴水能敏感地反映出季节性降雨的同位素组成。由此认为,在重建古气候时对石笋的选用切忌盲目,选择前必须进行仔细的洞穴水系稳定同位素组成调查。      

Modeling non-steady state radioisotope transport in the vadose zone - A case study using uranium isotopes at Peña Blanca, Mexico

Current models using U- and Th-series disequilibria to study radioisotope transport in groundwater systems mostly consider a steady-state situation. These models have limited applicability to the vadose zone (UZ) where the concentration and migratory behavior of radioisotopes in fluid are often transitory. We present here, as a first attempt of its kind, a model simulating the non-steady state, intermittent fluid transport in vadose layers. It provides quantitative constraints on in-situ migration of dissolved and colloidal radioisotopes in terms of retardation factor and rock-water interaction (or water transit) time. For uranium, the simulation predicts that intermittent flushing in the UZ leads to a linear relationship between reciprocal U concentration and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratio in percolating waters, with the intercept and slope bearing information on the rates of dissolution and α-recoil of U isotopes, respectively. The general validity of the model appears to be borne out by the measurement of uranium isotopes in UZ waters collected at various times over a period during 1995-2006 from a site in the Peña Blanca mining district, Mexico, where the Nopal I uranium deposit is located. Enhanced ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratios in vadose-zone waters resulting from lengthened non-flushing time as prescribed by the model provide an interpretative basis for using ²³⁴U/²³⁸U in cave calcites to reconstruct the regional changes in hydrology and climate. We also provide a theoretical account of the model’s potential applications using radium isotopes.