井间地震层析成像初始速度模型

地震直达波走时层析成像可归结为求解一个大型的、稀疏的、常常是病态的线性方程组.求解方程组常用的迭代法,需要一个比较合理的初始猜测解,也即是初始速度模型.初始模型关系到反演的效率甚至成像的正确性.本文在前人研究基础上提出一种生成模型网格节点初始速度方法,假定震源到检波点路径为直线,记录每条射线穿过的单元和统计每个网格单元穿过的射线数目、自动拾取网格节点所在单元的数目等.实例中,由原始数学模型的正演旅行时资料生成节点初始速度模型,效果可以.最后,分别采用均匀模型和本文方法生成的初始模型进行迭代反演,通过比较,证实该自动生成节点初始模型的可行性和可靠性,并对存在的问题进行讨论和解释.     

A laboratory study of seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy in near-surface sedimentary rocks

The laboratory ultrasonic pulse‐echo method was used to collect accurate P‐ and S‐wave velocity (±0.3%) and attenuation (±10%) data at differential pressures of 5–50 MPa on water‐saturated core samples of sandstone, limestone and siltstone that were cut parallel and perpendicular to the vertical borehole axis. The results, when expressed in terms of the P‐ and S‐wave velocity and attenuation anisotropy parameters for weakly transversely isotropic media (ɛ, γ, ɛ_Q, γ_Q) show complex variations with pressure and lithology. In general, attenuation anisotropy is stronger and more sensitive to pressure changes than velocity anisotropy, regardless of lithology. Anisotropy is greatest (over 20% for velocity, over 70% for attenuation) in rocks with visible clay/organic matter laminations in hand specimens. Pressure sensitivities are attributed to the opening of microcracks with decreasing pressure. Changes in magnitude of velocity and attenuation anisotropy with effective pressure show similar trends, although they can show different signs (positive or negative values of ɛ, ɛ_Q, γ, γ_Q). We conclude that attenuation anisotropy in particular could prove useful to seismic monitoring of reservoir pressure changes if frequency‐dependent effects can be quantified and modelled.     

地震波速与吸收系数综合层析成像

阐述了地震波在粘弹性介质传播过程中具有的衰减特性,探讨了地震波吸收层析成像的机理,得知地震吸收CT成像方法,对岩体软弱结构面、裂隙和规模较小的断层破碎带的识别能力,要强于波速成像方法.针对这两种层析技术的优缺点,采取多参数（波速、吸收系数）综合地震层析成像的方法,使波速CT与吸收CT两者能相互印证、互为补充.作者综合利用两种成像方法,把它用于在云南省某水电站坝基岩体质量检测中,取得了较好的效果,达到了提高地震层析成像的分辨率与可靠性的目的.     

矿震震动波速度层析成像评估冲击危险的验证

矿震震动波速度层析成像,作为一种新的地球物理方法在冲击矿压危险评估领域具有广阔的应用前景,但截至目前,采用该技术评估冲击危险的现场应用研究还比较少,尤其是与传统监测手段的对比验证研究,还未见有相关文献报道.本文将层析成像技术和微震实时监测相结合,对河南义马跃进煤矿25110工作面回采过程中的P波速度进行了反演,并对比分析了该技术与传统监测手段之间的对应关系.研究结果表明,强矿震主要发生在高波速区或高波速变化梯度区;波速与数值模拟结果、钻屑量、钻孔应力值以及电磁辐射值之间存在正相关关系,且对应一致性较好,进而验证了矿震震动波速度层析成像技术评估冲击危险的可行性,同时也为进一步研究波速与应力或冲击危险的直接及定量关系提供参考.     

华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像

本文利用华北地震科学台阵2007年1~4月份、190个宽频带和10个甚宽带垂直分量的地震噪声数据,通过互相关方法提取了瑞利面波的经验格林函数,用多重滤波方法测量了瑞利面波的群速度频散曲线.我们将研究区域划分为0.5°×0.5°的网格,利用噪声层析成像方法得到了研究区域7 s、12 s、16 s、23 s的瑞利面波群速度分布图像,所得结果较好地揭示了地壳内部、尤其是浅部地壳的横向速度变化.研究表明,短周期的群速度分布同地表地质结构、地形密切相关;华北地区的地壳结构具有明显的横向不均匀性,华北盆地及山间的沉积盆地显示出低速异常,而基岩广泛出露的太行山和燕山隆起区,呈现高速异常;多数强震(M≥6.0级)都发生在高群速度与低群速度的过渡地带.     

基于背景噪声成像方法的新疆呼图壁储气库地区近地表速度结构研究

近年来,背景噪声成像方法在恢复高频面波信号及获取近地表速度结构方面得到了广泛的应用,本文将该方法应用于准噶尔盆地南缘的呼图壁背斜地区的呼图壁储气库.采用储气库及其周边区域22个台站记录的连续背景噪声数据的垂直分量,通过噪声互相关方法获得了台站对之间的瑞利面波经验格林函数,并进一步提取了0.5~1.5 s的基阶瑞利面波群速度频散曲线.首先根据区域平均频散曲线得到了该地区地下数百米的平均一维横波速度结构,然后利用基于面波射线路径追踪的面波频散直接成像方法得到该地区深度为500 m以上的三维横波速度结构.反演结果显示该地区沉积层较厚,整体横波速度值较小（0.4~0.9 km·s^-1）.储气库在地表投影区域的横波速度值较小,这可能是由于抽注水、气引起的沉积岩石裂隙所导致.储气库东北和东南方向均有明显的相对高速区,推测是区域地下水位和地形起伏综合作用的结果.本研究获得的近地表三维速度结构为呼图壁储气库地区的上覆地层物性研究、区域微震精定位、场地效应的评估和去除浅层影响的深部介质成像等研究提供了重要基础.

     

川西地区台阵环境噪声瑞利波相速度层析成像

2006年中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室在川西地区(26°N~32°N,100°E~105°E)布设了由297台宽频带数字地震仪组成的流动观测台阵.利用该密集台阵29°N以北156个台站2007年1~12月份的地震环境噪声记录和互相关技术,我们得到了所有台站对的面波经验格林函数和瑞利波相速度频散曲线,并进一步反演得到了观测台阵下方2~35 s周期的瑞利波相速度分布图像．本文结果表明,观测台阵覆盖的川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和四川盆地的地壳速度结构存在显著差异,具体表现为：(1)短周期（2~8 s）相速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合,作为川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和四川盆地之间的边界断裂,龙门山断裂带和鲜水河断裂带对上述三个地块上地壳的速度结构具有明显的控制作用,四川盆地前陆低速特征表明相应区域存在较厚的（约10 km）沉积盖层;(2)中周期（12~18 s）相速度分布表明,川滇地块和松潘-甘孜地块中上地壳速度结构存在明显的不均匀横向变化,并形成了尺度不同且高、低速相间的分块结构,而四川盆地中地壳整体上已经表现出相对高速;(3)长周期（25~35 s）相速度分布表明,松潘-甘孜地块,特别是川滇地块中下地壳表现为广泛的明显低速异常,意味着它们的中下地壳相对软弱,而四川盆地的中下地壳呈现整体性的相对高速,意味着四川盆地具有相对坚硬的中下地壳,并且以汶川地震的震中为界,龙门山断裂带的地壳结构显示了北段为高速异常,南段为低速异常的分段特征．     

New petrophysical model describing the pressure dependence of seismic velocity

Seismic data are increasingly applied to predict the characteristics of reservoirs, as their quality improves. Since the change of pressure is a major component in exploitation of reservoirs, a thorough understanding of the influence of pressure on seismic velocity is also important. In this study we introduce the first results of the developed petrophysical model which describes the pressure dependence of seismic velocity. The model is based on the idea that microcracks in rocks open and close under the change of pressure. Laboratory measurements are presented on several sandstone samples. Longitudinal wave velocities were measured at various incremental pressures increased from 0 to 20 MPa. During the measurements, the pulse transmission technique was used and the parameters of the model were determined by using a linearized inversion method. The inversion results proved that the proposed petrophysical model well applies in practice.     

Three-dimensional velocity model of the crust of the Bohemian Massif and its effects on seismic tomography of the upper mantle

We have compiled a representative three-dimensional P-velocity model of the crust of the Bohemian Massif (BM) to provide a basis for removing effects of the crustal structure in teleseismic tomography of the upper mantle. The model is primarily based on recently published 2D velocity models from findings of wide-angle refraction and near-vertical reflection seismic profiles of CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002, and SUDETES 2003 experiments. The best fitting 3D model of the BM crust (NearNeighbour model) is complemented by velocities according to the reference Earth model at sites where data are sparse, which precludes creating artificial heterogeneities that are products of interpolation method. To test the model, we have performed tomographic inversions of the P-wave travel times measured during the BOHEMA II experiment and compared the results obtained with and without crustal corrections. The tests showed that the presented crustal model decreases magnitudes of velocity perturbations leaking from the crust to the mantle in the western part of the BM. The tomographic images also indicated a highvelocity anomaly in the lower crust or just beneath the crust in the Brunovistullian unit. Such anomaly is not described by our model of the crust since no seismic profile intersects this part of the unit. The tests also indicated that crustal corrections are of the great importance especially for interpretations of the uppermost mantle down to depths of about 100 km.     

Three-dimensional seismic velocity tomography of the upper crust in Tengchong volcanic area, Yunnan Province

Introduction Tengchong is one of youngest volcanic areas in Chinese mainland. Since Pliocene, the volcanoes have erupted several times. Nowadays, the thermal activity is very intensive there. The possibility of re-eruption and the reserve of geothermal energy in the area are the questions to which the publics pay much attention, and the volcanists and seismologists dedicated. HAN, et al (1996) reviewed all of the studies carried out in Tengchong area. In the late 1990s, an integrative volca…     

秦岭—大别及邻区背景噪声的瑞利波层析成像

秦岭—大别造山带西起青藏高原东北缘,东至郯庐断裂带,是华北板块和扬子板块之间的碰撞造山带.本文收集陕、豫、皖、赣、湘、鄂、渝等区域地震台网的160个宽频带地震台站连续两年地震背景噪声数据,用双台站互相关算法获得瑞利面波经验格林函数,提取相速度频散曲线,并根据面波层析成像反演得到秦岭—大别及邻区周期8~35 s范围内相速度分布图像.结果显示,大别地块在14 s相速度分布图中呈现低速异常,与8 s相速度分布图中的高速异常形成鲜明对比,反映大别HP/UHP（high pressure/ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks,高压/超高压变质岩）的影响仅存在于上地壳.25 s相速度图中,大致以太行—武陵重力梯度带为界,东部以高速异常为主,西部以低速异常为主,反映了地壳东薄西厚的结构特征.14~35 s相速度分布图显示郯庐断裂带南段东西两侧的显著差异,佐证了郯庐断裂带发生大规模左行平移运动时,其南段可能切入壳幔边界.同时,郯庐断裂带南段可能存在一个热物质上涌的通道,熔融的热物质通过该通道上升,混入大别地区的中下地壳,造成了红安—大别造山带的差异隆升.南秦岭与四川盆地东北部表现为低速异常,是否与青藏高原物质东流或者南秦岭的拆沉有关,还有待于进一步深入研究.

     

广东省东部地区背景噪声面波群速度层析成像

选取广东省东部及福建和江西测震台网的26个固定台站2011年3～9月的地震背景噪声的垂直分量数据,用互相关方法获得瑞利面波的格林函数,再用频时分析方法提取瑞利面波的群速度频散曲线,最后用面波层析成像方法反演得到研究区周期为5～15s的瑞利面波群速度图像.反演结果揭示了广东省东部地区浅部地壳群速度结构存在明显横向不均匀性.短周期群速度异常与研究区内山脉、盆地的分布有较好的对应关系,沉积厚度较大的盆地地区表现为低速异常,而基底埋深较浅的山脉则显示了高速异常;地热分布对面波群速度产生重要影响,地热值较高的区域面波群速度一般表现为低速异常;粤东地区特别是粤东沿海地区地壳中部可能存在低速层.     

Using near-surface seismic refraction tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves to detect shallow tunnels: A feasibility study

Near-surface seismic refraction and surface wave data were collected at a site to determine the feasibility and limitations of using these seismic methods to detect and localize a shallow tunnel in unconsolidated sediments. Data sets were collected both before and after the construction of the tunnel. We were able to detect the air-filled cavity using multichannel analysis of surface waves. The refraction tomography results showed the tunnel location in the raypath coverage plots, but only small velocity variations were observed. In tandem the two methods would reduce false positives, but individually the false alarm rate would likely be high due to non-uniqueness of the results. In this geologic setting, these methods are not the best choice of geophysical methods to detect clandestine tunnels and should be combined with other geophysical techniques to improve and constrain interpretations.     

The P-wave velocity structure of Deception Island,Antarctica, from two-dimensional seismic tomography

Deception Island is a volcanic island with a flooded caldera that has a complex geological setting in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. We use P-wave arrivals recorded on land and seafloor seismometers from airgun shots within the caldera and around the island to invert for the P-wave velocity structure along two orthogonal profiles. The results show that there is a sharp increase in velocity to the north of the caldera which coincides with a regional normal fault that defines the northwestern boundary of the Bransfield Strait backarc basin. There is a low-velocity region beneath the caldera extending from the seafloor to > 4 km depth with a maximum negative anomaly of 1 km/s. Refracted arrivals are consistent with a 1.2-km-thick layer of low-velocity sediments and pyroclastites infilling the caldera. Synthetic inversions show that this layer accounts for only a small portion of the velocity anomaly, implying that there is a significant region of low velocities at greater depths. Further synthetic inversions and melt fraction calculations are consistent with, but do not require, the presence of an extensive magma chamber beneath the caldera that extends downwards from ≤ 2 km depth.     

大别-苏鲁及其邻近地区基于背景 噪声的勒夫波群速度成像

大别-苏鲁造山带是中国大陆东部地区最重要的构造之一. 为了研究该地区的地壳上地幔速度结构,本文收集了国家数字地震台网和中国区域地震台网的山东、河南、安徽、江苏和湖北等省的144个宽频带地震台连续两年(2009年5月—2011年5月)的水平向地震记录(E分量和N分量)数据,首先对台站对之间E-E,E-N,N-N和N-E分量进行互相关,然后分别对这4个互相关分量采用相位权重叠加法进行叠加,最后旋转到横向分量(T-T)获得勒夫波经验格林函数(EGF);用频时分析(FTAN)方法获得4000余条勒夫波群速度频散曲线,并进一步反演得到了周期为6—40s的勒夫波群速度分布图.结果表明,周期为6—10s的勒夫波群速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合.大别造山带、苏鲁造山带、湖北西部隆起均表现为高速;华北盆地发育,表现为大面积的低速;江汉盆地、南襄盆地、合肥盆地等因其规模不同而显示不同程度的低速.在周期为6—30s的勒夫波群速度分布图上,大别和苏鲁地区均显示高速,已有的研究结果中地壳的低速并没有得到反映.其原因一方面可能与勒夫波群速度纵向分辨不高有关,另一方面高压变质岩深度分布可能比已有研究结果给出的要深. 6—30 s的分布图上郯庐断裂带及其邻近地区表现为不同程度的高速,可能与该地区白垩纪以来处于拉张构造体制,地幔物质受到扰动,造成物质上涌有关.     

利用密集台阵近震层析成像研究云南宾川上地壳速度结构

滇西北宾川盆地是发育于红河断裂和程海断裂交汇处的晚新生代张扭断陷盆地,该区活动断裂发育且历史地震比较活跃.对宾川盆地及邻区进行高精度浅层和上地壳精细结构研究,有助于深入认识该区主要发震构造的深浅部特征.基于2017年在宾川盆地及其附近开展的为期2个月的密集台阵观测数据,我们对该区96个小震共拾取了117221条初至P波和5475条初至S波震相,并利用simul2000开展了地震重定位和体波层析成像研究.结果表明：（1）小震活动主要集中在宾川盆地东缘断裂的弧形转折部位,并在洱海南侧呈现沿北东向断裂的条带状分布现象,反映了区域上近南北向至北东向断裂是主要控震构造,其次是北西向断裂带.（2）0 km的速度分布与区域地形有很好的对应关系.山地呈现高速异常,宾川盆地呈现低速异常.从3 km至9 km,高低速分界与断层有很好的对应,并且越往深部,近南北向至北北东向的宾川盆地东缘断裂在上地壳构造的控制作用越明显.（3）上地壳层析成像结果同时揭示了宾川盆地东缘断裂的三维形态变化在空间上呈现出南北部倾角大、中部倾角缓的变化特征,可能与区域地块的旋转变形过程有关.（4）综合高精度浅层速度结构和地震重定位结果可知,区域上的近南北向至北北东向断裂正逐步取代北西向构造,成为主要的区域分界断裂和控震构造.新的研究结果为深入理解该区的主要控震构造及其深部结构特征提供了重要依据.

     

利用密集台阵近震层析成像研究云南宾川上地壳速度结构

滇西北宾川盆地是发育于红河断裂和程海断裂交汇处的晚新生代张扭断陷盆地,该区活动断裂发育且历史地震比较活跃.对宾川盆地及邻区进行高精度浅层和上地壳精细结构研究,有助于深入认识该区主要发震构造的深浅部特征.基于2017年在宾川盆地及其附近开展的为期2个月的密集台阵观测数据,我们对该区96个小震共拾取了117221条初至P波和5475条初至S波震相,并利用simul2000开展了地震重定位和体波层析成像研究.结果表明：（1）小震活动主要集中在宾川盆地东缘断裂的弧形转折部位,并在洱海南侧呈现沿北东向断裂的条带状分布现象,反映了区域上近南北向至北东向断裂是主要控震构造,其次是北西向断裂带.（2）0 km的速度分布与区域地形有很好的对应关系.山地呈现高速异常,宾川盆地呈现低速异常.从3 km至9 km,高低速分界与断层有很好的对应,并且越往深部,近南北向至北北东向的宾川盆地东缘断裂在上地壳构造的控制作用越明显.（3）上地壳层析成像结果同时揭示了宾川盆地东缘断裂的三维形态变化在空间上呈现出南北部倾角大、中部倾角缓的变化特征,可能与区域地块的旋转变形过程有关.（4）综合高精度浅层速度结构和地震重定位结果可知,区域上的近南北向至北北东向断裂正逐步取代北西向构造,成为主要的区域分界断裂和控震构造.新的研究结果为深入理解该区的主要控震构造及其深部结构特征提供了重要依据.     

Three-dimensional Crustal model of the Moravo-Silesian region obtained by seismic tomography

All recent available data sets containing traveltimes of Pg and Sg phases for the Moravo-Silesian region were collected. These data come from several experiments designed mostly in 2D (in-line) configurations. Simultaneous processing of all data is possible only considering the true 3D measurement geometry. The goal of this work is to establish the representative 3D seismic model by means of seismic tomography. The resulting minimum-structure model is presented in a simple and easy to use form on the Internet. The amount of processed data is relatively low but repeating the computations with new experimental data included would be very easy. Important material related to this paper is placed on web pages.     

Near-surface velocity model construction based on a Monte-Carlo scheme

In tomographic statics seismic data processing, it is crucial to determine an optimum base for a near-surface model. In this paper, we consider near-surface model base determination as a global optimum problem. Given information from uphole shooting and the first-arrival times from a surface seismic survey, we present a near-surface velocity model construction method based on a Monte-Carlo sampling scheme using a layered equivalent medium assumption. Compared with traditional least-squares first-arrival tomography, this scheme can delineate a clearer, weathering-layer base, resulting in a better implementation of datuming correction. Examples using synthetic and field data are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

三维复杂速度模型中地震事件震源轨迹的计算

地球内部三维速度图像的广泛建立为进行高精度的地震定位提供了良好条件.使用震源轨迹确定震源位置不仅稳健而且直观,但三维复杂速度模型中的震源轨迹难以给出解析解.为此,本文提出了一种较准确地计算三维复杂速度模型中震源轨迹的数值方法.根据震源轨迹在残差场中的特点：（1）震源轨迹位于残差正负极性彼此不同的邻点之间;（2）绝对梯度在震源轨迹的法线方向最大;（3）在法线方向上越靠近震源轨迹残差绝对值越小,对于每个模型节点分别和残差正负极性与其不同的邻点组成的点对,将其中绝对梯度最大的点对作为震源轨迹法线点对,选取法线点对中残差绝对值较小的点（即震源轨迹所在模型单元的节点）作为震源轨迹代表点;在绝对残差场中数值较小的连通区域（可能有多个）内,利用最小走时树算法依次计算出每个连通区域中地震波从绝对残差最小点至同一连通区域内震源轨迹代表点的射线路径作为震源轨迹.算例表明：本文方法适用于三维复杂速度模型,对震源轨迹的稳定性及构成段数没有限制,计算的震源轨迹精细且较完整、可用于高精度的地震定位.