Beta electron fluxes inside a magnetic plasma cavern: Calculation and comparison with experiment

We study the possibility of electrostatic blanking of beta electrons in the expanding spherical blob of a radioactive plasma in a rarefied ionosphere. From numerical studies on the dynamics of beta electrons departing a cavern, we obtain the form of a function that determines the portion of departing electrons and calculate the flux density of beta electrons inside the cavern in relation to the Starfish Prime nuclear blast. We show that the flux density of electrons in geomagnetic flux tubes and inside the cavern depend on a correct allowance for the quantity of beta electrons returning to the cavern. On the basis of a physical analysis, we determine the approximate criterion for the return of electrons from a geomagnetic flux tube to the cavern. We compare calculation results in terms of the flux density of beta electrons inside the cavern with the recently published experimental results from operation Starfish Prime.     

电子束流激发的电子声波数值模拟

通过一维静电粒子模拟程序研究了电子束流不稳定性,其中束流电子的温度远大于背景电子的温度.结果发现,所激发的波动主要是电子声波,波动的演化经历了线性增长和非线性饱和两个阶段.在非线性饱和阶段,由于电子声波相速度随频率是变化的,它可以通过非线性相互作用将背景比较冷的电子加速到很高的能量.此外,还研究了束流电子的温度、束流电子和背景电子的相对密度以及束流电子的漂移速度对电子束流不稳定性的影响.     

地球同步轨道附近哨声湍流对“种子电子”的加速

本文在等离子体准线性理论下研究了地球同步轨道附近哨声湍流对亚暴“种子电子”的波-电子共振相互作用. 当发生这种共振时，“种子电子”的动量分布函数经动量扩散而随时间演化，部分低能电子数减少了，而高能尾部分的相对论电子（能量大于1MeV）数增加了，说明“种子电子”得到了哨声湍流的有效加速，且哨声湍流的能量越高，其加速效率越高. 另外，哨声湍流的频率越低（或波数越小），共振电子的能量越高（或单位质量的动量越大）；频率范围越宽，共振电子的能量范围越宽，被加速的电子数也越多. 磁层哨声湍流加速“种子电子” 大约在30h内就可以造成相对论电子数显著增加，这正好和大多数磁暴期间观测到的相对论电子通量的增长时间相当.     

磁层相对论电子通量变化与磁暴/亚暴的关系

本文分析了1 AU处的行星际磁场、太阳风速度、Kp指数、Dst和AE的变化关系,以及它们和地球同步轨道附近相对论电子通量的变化关系.分析说明,当行星际磁场Bz分量出现南向扰动和太阳风速度增大超过500 km/s时,地球磁层中常常发生磁暴/亚暴活动.在磁暴主相期间,相对论电子(能量E≥1 MeV)通量下降;而在磁暴恢复相期间,相对论电子通量恢复上升.但是,只有在伴随有高强度（AE≥500 nT）的持续性亚暴活动的磁暴恢复相期间,相对论电子的通量才能增长到超过暴前通量值,且能量低于300 keV的亚暴电子的通量越高,相对论电子的通量越高,反之则越低.亚暴注入电子数的多少很大程度上决定了磁暴恢复相期间相对论电子数的多少,这说明亚暴活动注入能量低于300 keV的亚暴电子是磁层相对论电子的一个重要来源.     

磁场重联中的电子加速机制的数值模拟研究

在应用2.5维混合模拟方法研究Petschek模型磁场重联的基础上,考察了试验电子被加速的特征. 模拟结果表明,稳态的低频重联场能将少量试验电子加速到高能,电子的能谱为幂律谱,但总体分布函数未发生显著变化. 电子在整个加速过程中被束缚在低磁场的加速区内,由重联产生的感应电场Ey分量对其直接加速,根据加速时间和加速区域可以将这些电子分为两种情况：初始位于加速区和漂移到加速区被加速.     

等离子体湍流对电子的加速

本文讨论了等离子体湍流对电子加速的两种模型:（1）假定在空间中存在一个空间均匀的等离子体湍流区,当具有一定初始分布的电子束通过此湍流区时,研究湍流场对电子束的加速过程;（2）在某一封闭的区域中,存在着具有一定初始分布和空间均匀的等离子体,当某种类型的等离子体波突然传入此等离子体区,然后考察此区中电子的加速过程。在这两种模型中,可能存在着某种电子消失机制。假定湍谱是幂指数形式,我们给出了不同类型湍流扩散系数的普遍形式。利用较简单的数学方法,求解了包括消失过程的一维准线性动力学方程,对于给定的初始分布,得出了分布函数的解析解,并给出了平均能量时间关系的表达式。另外,对于特定的湍谱指数,解出了当平行电场和湍流同时存在时的分布函数。最后,对所得结果进行了数值分析和讨论。     

不同能谱沉降电子对极区电离层的影响

利用极区电离层自洽模型,考虑沉降电子引起的电离,计算了极区电离层的高度积分电导率和F层电子浓度,模拟了不同能谱分布的沉降电子对极区电离层的影响.研究发现不同能谱分布沉降电子对电离层电导率的影响不大,在能通量一定的情况下,平均能量是影响电导率大小的决定因素.而能谱对F层电子密度影响较大,随着平均能量的增加,能谱对电子浓度的影响越显著.在平均能量大于1 keV（甚至更低）时,修正的麦克斯韦分布谱能明显地增强F层电子浓度.     

Relativistic electron losses related to EMIC waves during CIR and CME storms

The losses of radiation belt electrons to the atmosphere due to wave–particle interactions with electromagnetic ion-cyclotron (EMIC) waves during corotating interaction region (CIR) storms compared to coronal mass ejections (CME) storms is investigated. Geomagnetic storms with extended ‘recovery’ phases due to large-amplitude Alfvén waves in the solar wind are associated with relativistic electron flux enhancements in the outer radiation belt. The corotating solar wind streams following a CIR in the solar wind contain large-amplitude Alfvén waves, but also some CME storms with high-speed solar wind can have large-amplitude Alfvén waves and extended ‘recovery’ phases. During both CIR and CME storms the ring current protons are enhanced. In the anisotropic proton zone the protons are unstable for EMIC wave growth. Atmospheric losses of relativistic electrons due to weak to moderate pitch angle scattering by EMIC waves is observed inside the whole anisotropic proton zone. During storms with extended ‘recovery’ phases we observe higher atmospheric loss of relativistic electrons than in storms with fast recovery phases. As the EMIC waves exist in storms with both extended and short recovery phases, the increased loss of relativistic electrons reflects the enhanced source of relativistic electrons in the radiation belt during extended recovery phase storms. The region with the most unstable protons and intense EMIC wave generation, seen as a narrow spike in the proton precipitation, is spatially coincident with the largest loss of relativistic electrons. This region can be observed at all MLTs and is closely connected with the spatial shape of the plasmapause as revealed by simultaneous observations by the IMAGE and the NOAA spacecraft. The observations in and near the atmospheric loss cone show that the CIR and CME storms with extended ‘recovery’ phases produce high atmospheric losses of relativistic electrons, as these storms accelerate electrons to relativistic energies. The CME storm with short recovery phase gives low losses of relativistic electrons due to a reduced level of relativistic electrons in the radiation belt.     

星载粒子探测器中的偏转磁铁设计研究

在对空间带电粒子进行探测时,大量电子的混入会减少半导体探测器的寿命和工作效率,同时电子的噪声本底也是影响测量精度的重要因素.为了减少电子的影响,需要在离子探测器的探头中加上合适的偏转磁铁用来屏蔽电子的干扰.本文中,磁铁的结构设计借鉴了国外的成功经验,并通过有限元的方法来计算磁场的强度,选择合适的方案消除漏磁的影响以及模拟电子在磁场的轨迹来估计磁场对电子的偏转能力.并用理论计算的数据与实验结果进行了比对,得到了比较好的结果.最后针对空间粒子探测中的偏转磁铁设计提出了一些建议.加偏转磁场的技术也是我国在星载粒子探测器中的首次应用.     

Dynamics of escape of high-energy electrons from a spherical plasma volume in the geomagnetic field

Using results of numerical modeling, the dynamics of escape of electrons, produced as a result beta-decay, to the external magnetic field from a spherical plasma volume with an expelled magnetic field is studied. The dependence of the fraction of escaped electrons on time and radius of the plasma volume has been obtained for two kinds of electron sources: a point isotropic source, located at the center of the sphere, and a volume isotropic source. It is shown that for a point source some part of electrons remains in the sphere, whereas for a volume source all electrons, at different values of the magnetic cavern radius, leave it at an identical relative escape rate.     

极区电子沉降对电离层影响的模拟研究

在极区电离层模式中,考虑了软电子沉降引起的电离,并对差分方法的应用提出了改进意见.模拟了不同特征的沉降电子对极区电离层的影响,发现平均能量低的电子束能够形成明显的电离层F层,平均能量较高的电子束能使得最大电离的高度下移,形成明显的E层,甚至其电子浓度高于F层.将电子沉降的卫星测量结果作为电离层模型的输入,所得F层临频与观测结果符合较好.通过分析中山站电离层统计结果,综合电子沉降在极隙区的分布特征和上述模拟结果,认为中山站磁中午现象主要由电子沉降所致.     

太阳宇宙线高能电子能谱的形成

提出了一个太阳脉冲和经变耀斑中高能太阳宇宙线电子能谱的形成模型，探讨了高能电子通过日冕捕获区的库仑损失、轫致辐射和同步辐射等物理过程，首次研究了日冕等离子体尾场对太阳宇宙线电子的加速及其能谱的形成．所得结果和观测谱能很好地符合，从而较合理地阐明了脉冲耀斑和经变耀斑两类太阳宇宙线高能电子谱的结构．     

基于NOAA/POES卫星观测的磁层相对论电子起源的初探

本文利用低高度极轨卫星NOAA/POES的观测数据,并结合ACE卫星和Polar卫星的观测结果,研究分析了磁层相对论电子的起源. NOAA/POES卫星对于不同地磁活动时期相对论电子的分布和起源进行了较为详细观测, 分析结果表明（1） 亚暴期间注入磁层的能量电子可以为与磁暴相关的磁层高能电子暴提供种子电子;（2）太阳质子事件期间太阳风中的能量电子也可以为磁层中的相对论电子提供所需要的源.     

磁暴主相期间外辐射带结构的变化

本文利用相对論带电粒子的两个寝渐不变量,討論了磁暴主相期間外輻射带中心結构的变化。作者认为磁暴主相是由“磁暴带”环电流所产生。“磁暴带”假設位于外輻射带中心之外,它是太阳等离子体穿入磁层后形成的。本文对初始能量W=20Kev和W=1Mev的电子分別进行了計算。 結果表明,在磁暴主相期間电子向外漂移,其赤道投擲角減小,但镜点离地面距离增高。因此,主相时所观測到的极光,并不是由于地磁場的平緩下降使小投擲角电子注入大气层而形成的。此外,計数率降低的主要原因是由于力管截面膨胀造成的粒子密度減小以及电子減速,而电子減速与投擲角有关,由此决定了电子通量沿磁力线分布的变化。以上結果与探险者6号（Explorer Ⅵ）的观測一致。     

Resonant enhancement of relativistic electron fluxes during geomagnetically active periods

The strong increase in the flux of relativistic electrons during the recovery phase of magnetic storms and during other active periods is investigated with the help of Hamiltonian formalism and simulations of test electrons which interact with whistler waves. The intensity of the whistler waves is enhanced significantly due to injection of 10–100 keV electrons during the substorm. Electrons which drift in the gradient and curvature of the magnetic field generate the rising tones of VLF whistler chorus. The seed population of relativistic electrons which bounce along the inhomogeneous magnetic field, interacts resonantly with the whistler waves. Whistler wave propagating obliquely to the magnetic field can interact with energetic electrons through Landau, cyclotron, and higher harmonic resonant interactions when the Doppler-shifted wave frequency equals any (positive or negative) integer multiple of the local relativistic gyrofrequency. Because the gyroradius of a relativistic electron may be the order of or greater than the perpendicular wavelength, numerous cyclotron, harmonics can contribute to the resonant interaction which breaks down the adiabatic invariant. A similar process diffuses the pitch angle leading to electron precipitation. The irreversible changes in the adiabatic invariant depend on the relative phase between the wave and the electron, and successive resonant interactions result in electrons undergoing a random walk in energy and pitch angle. This resonant process may contribute to the 10–100 fold increase of the relativistic electron flux in the outer radiation belt, and constitute an interesting relation between substorm-generated waves and enhancements in fluxes of relativistic electrons during geomagnetic storms and other active periods.     

Whistler–electron interactions in the magnetosphere: new results and novel approaches

Attention is focused here on the quasilinear and nonlinear physics of cyclotron interactions between magnetospheric whistler mode waves and energetic electrons on dipolar geomagnetic flux tubes. These interactions can lead to the generation of noise-like emissions or phase-coherent discrete signals in the frequency-time domain. In the magnetosphere noise-like emissions called hiss are accompanied by a smooth electron precipitation pattern. Examples of discrete emissions are ELF/VLF chorus or VLF emissions triggered by whistlers from lightning or by radio transmitters on the ground. The rapid temporal variations of these signals are associated with fine structure of the distribution function of the radiation belt electrons, such as a transient step-like deformation or a well-organized beam, which are prepared by initial noise-like emissions or by a quasimonochromatic whistler–wave packet, respectively. These cause the properties of the electrons, which may be observed on a satellite, to evolve rapidly in time and on relatively short spatial scales. Bursts of precipitating electrons occur, and can contribute significantly to depleting the radiation belts. Recent results on improvements in the theoretical understanding of such processes and on new observations of magnetospheric electrons and whistler-mode waves are presented.     

磁暴主相的經度不对称性

太阳带电粒子流通过磁边界层的中性点或阻塞点,由于极化电場的漂移运动或雷萊-泰勒（Rayleish-Taylor）不稳定运动,穿透磁层而进入地磁場被輻射带所捕获。这些被捕获的电子将向东漂移而形成西向电流。在它們围繞地球一周形成封閉的电流环以前,由于地球的自轉以及这个电流弧对地球各地的相对位置的不同,电流分布以及它在地面磁赤道附近所产生的磁場分布都将是不均匀的,对經度来耕是不对称的。本文假定电子繞地球的漂移周期为两天,計算了当磁暴开始时位于地方时00,06,12及18小时的台站記录的磁場随“暴时”T_st变化的曲线。理論結果与用佘山及洪伽幼地磁台站得到的統計結果是一致的。     

On the problem of electron loss in the outer radiation belt during a magnetic storm

An abrupt change in the latitudinal profile of energetic electrons in the Earth’s outer radiation belt during magnetic storms is explained in many publications by a loss of electrons at L = 4–7 resulting from their departure to the atmosphere or to the magnetopause. In the present work, the loss of electrons is explained primarily by adiabatic transformation of the magnetic drift trajectories. For this purpose, the effect of dawnto- dusk asymmetry measured by low-orbit SERVIS-1 and KORONAS-F satellites is involved.     

Coulomb Collisions and Electron Acceleration in Sub-Dreicer Electric Fields of the Corona and Chromosphere

Based on single-particle approximation, the peculiarities of electron acceleration by the sub-Dreicer electric field in solar atmosphere have been considered. The elastic and inelastic collisions of fast electrons with hydrogen atoms have been taken into account within the Born approximation. The rate of energy gain by accelerated electrons is inversely proportional to the mean free path of the thermal particles. Electron acceleration can be more effective in the transition region and chromosphere than in the corona. Chromospheric electrons can achieve several hundred keV energy at distances of a few tens of kilometers.     

Electron acceleration in the magnetosphere by whistler-mode waves of varying frequency

Acceleration of relativistic electrons in an inhomogeneous geomagnetic field during their resonant interaction with longitudinally propagating whistler-mode waves of varying frequency has been considered. Specific features of acceleration of electrons trapped by the wave field have been studied. Previous estimates of the efficiency of such acceleration have been generalized with regard to relativistic effects, and the simple formula for energy gain in a wide range of initial energies has been obtained. It has been indicated that the energy gain during a single interaction between electron and a whistler-mode wave packet, with typical parameters of an element of chorus emissions in the Earth’s magnetosphere, can reach several keV. The conditions of this acceleration mechanism realization are discussed. Specifically, it has been found that, in the case of chorus emissions in the Earth’s magnetosphere, this mechanism can be effective for electrons with perpendicular energies several times as high as such an energy of electrons generating chorus.