Arctic hazes in summer over Greenland and the North American Arctic: II. Nature and concentrations of accumulation-mode and giant particles

Airborne measurements made during August 1985 over Greenland and its environs show that both accumulation-mode (0.1 m D2.0 m) and giant (D2 m) particles were present in relatively high concentrations in arctic haze layers and that the accumulation-mode particles dominated light scattering. Particles with diameters (D) between 1 and 4 m consisted predominately of mixed materials, small and dense inclusions, and probably organic compounds containing sulfur. Many of the particles from 0.1 to 1 m in diameter were also of mixed composition, with sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate and organics probably the dominant constituents.     

Arctic hazes in summer over Greenland and the North American Arctic. III: A contribution from the natural burning of carbonaceous materials and pyrites

Airborne measurements of the emissions from natural fires, fueled by pyrites and organic materials, at the Smoking Hills in the Northwest Territories, show that they are a regionally significant source of SO₂ (0.3 kg s^–1 or 10⁴ T yr^–1) and particles (0.3 kg s^–1). It appears likely that the Smoking Hills are a source for some of the dense, lower-level, haze layers that occur in the North American Arctic.     

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds. Part I: A Non-Reactive Cloud Transport Model

A convective cloud transport model, without chemical processes, is developed by joining a set of concentration conservative equations into a two-dimensional, slab-symmetric and fully elastic numerical cloud model, and a numerical experiment is completed to simulate the vertical transport of ground-borne, inert gaseous pollutant by deepthunderstorm. The simulation shows that deep convective storm can very effectively transport high concentrated pollutant gas from PBL upward to the upper troposphere in 30 to 40 minutes, where the pollutant spreads laterally outward with strong anvil outflow, forming an extensive high concentration area. Meanwhile, relatively low concentration areas are formed in PBL both below and beside the cloud, mainly caused by dynamic pumping effect and sub-cloud downdraft flow. About 80% of the pollutant gas transported to the upper troposphere is from the layer below 1.5 km AGL (above ground level).     

Origin of calcium in aerosols over the western North Pacific

Weekly aerosol samples were collected from March 1981 to June 1983 at the six stations in the western North Pacific region and analyzed for Ca and Na. By coupling data with those previously reported for Al (Tsunogai et al., 1985), the following results and conclusion have been obtained. There was a positive correlation between the atmospheric concentration of Al and the concentration of nonsea salt Ca (nssCa). The nssCa/Al ratios from the six stations, however, considerably varied (from 0.84±0.36 to 3.00±1.91), and the ratios were usally larger than those of the crustal average or of usual soil in Japan. The Ca/Al ratios of Asian desert soil and loess vary from 0.52 to 1.29, which are similar to the nssCa/Al ratios of aerosols in the surface air over the western North Pacific region except at Onna, Okinawa. The exception may be due to a local effect of coral. These results suggest that a large part of nonsea salt Ca in the surface air over the western North Pacific is derived from arid regions in Asia and that the nssCa/Al ratio in aerosol varies with that of the source material.     

东亚地区春季二氧化硫的输送与转化过程研究I.模式及其验证

结合新近评估的东亚地区污染源资料,作者利用一个耦合的区域化学输送模式系统以探讨东亚地区春季期间气象过程、气相与液相化学过程、非均相化学过程、气溶胶过程和干湿沉降过程对二氧化硫输送及转化过程的影响,并研究二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的空间分布及变化特征.模拟的二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的浓度值与2001年春季飞机和地面获取的观测值进行了比较.比较结果显示,模拟值与观测值具有很好的一致性,模式系统很好地反映了二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的分布特征和变化规律,再现了许多观测到的重要特征,为进一步分析模拟结果奠定了基础.     

Carbon dioxide and methane in the Arctic atmosphere

Fifty flask air samples were taken during April 1986 from a NOAA WP-3D Orion aircraft which flew missions across a broad region of the Arctic as part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II). The samples were subsequently analyzed for both carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄). The samples were taken in well-defined layers of Arctic haze, in the background troposphere where no haze was detected, and from near the surface to the lower stratosphere. Vertical profiles were specifically measured in the vicinity of Barrow, Alaska to enable comparisons with routine surface measurements made at the NOAA/GMCC observatory. Elevated levels of both methane and carbon dioxide were found in haze layers. For samples taken in the background troposphere we found negative vertical gradients (lower concentrations aloft) for both gases. For the entire data set (including samples collected in the haze layers) we found a strong positive correlation between the methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, with a linear regression slope of 17.5 ppb CH₄/ppm CO₂, a standard error of 0.6, and a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.95. This correlation between the two gases seen in the aircraft samples was corroborated by in situ surface measurements of these gases made at the Barrow observatory during March and April 1986. We also find a similar relationship between methane and carbon dioxide measured concurrenty for a short period in the moderately polluted urban atmosphere of Boulder, Colorado. We suggest that the strong correlation between methane and carbon dioxide concentrations reflects a common source region for both, with subsequent long-range transport of the polluted air to the Arctic.     

北极涛动年代际变化与华北夏季降水的联系

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和华北夏季降水资料，研究了北极涛动的年代际变化及其与大气环流的关系，进而研究与华北夏季降水异常变化的联系。结果表明，北极涛动具有明显的年代际变化，并在1969年发生了气候突变。北极涛动年代际异常与亚洲中纬度高度场异常、850hPa风场的年代际异常具有很好的一致性。在年代际尺度上，北极涛动与贝加尔湖地区阻塞高压发生频率、东亚夏季风强度和华北夏季降水的关系较为密切。     

西南地区东部夏季旱涝的水汽输送特征

利用1959-2006年两南地区东部20个测站逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,分析了西南地区东部夏季旱涝年的水汽输送特征.结果表明,西南地区东部水汽来源主要有两个:第1条主要来自青藏高原转向孟加拉湾经缅甸和云南进入西南地区东部,第2条水汽经由孟加拉湾南部,强大的水汽输送带继续向东输送至中南半岛及南海,与南海越赤道气流所携带的水汽汇合后转向至西南地区东部,而由四太平洋副热带高压西侧转向的偏南水汽对向西南地区东部水汽输送也有影响.与西南地区东部夏季降水相联系的水汽通道中,印度洋水汽通道强度最强,太平洋水汽通道强度最弱.在印度季风区,偏北的高原南侧水汽通道(经向)强度远小于偏南的印度洋水汽通道.东亚季风区夏季水汽输送经向输送大于纬向输送,而印度季风区夏季水汽输送则是纬向输送大于经向输送.西南地区东部夏季降水与纬向通道的强度变化关系密切,而与经向通道的水汽输送强度变化关系不明显.当印度季风区南支水汽输送偏弱时,印度季风区北支(高原南侧)和东亚季风区向西的水汽输送偏强,使得以纬向输送为主的印度季风区经向水汽输送加大,而以经向输送为主的东亚季风区纬向水汽输送加大,从而使东亚地区的水汽输送带偏西,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多,可能出现洪涝,反之则可能出现干旱.西南地区东部夏季水汽有弱的净流出,是一个弱的水汽源区,南边界流入水汽量最多,干旱年整个区域水汽流出较常年明显,而洪涝年则有弱的净流入.夏季水汽通道水汽输送强弱变化与同期500 hPa高度场和SST场的分布形势密切相关.     

Projected changes in Eurasian and Arctic summer cyclones under global warming in the Bergen climate model

Using the coupled ocean-atmosphere Bergen Climate Model,and a Lagrangian vorticity-based cyclone tracking method,the authors investigate current climate summer cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere and their change by the end of the 21st century,with a focus on Northern Eurasia and the Arctic.The two scenarios A1B and A2 for increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are considered.In the model projections,the total number of cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere is reduced by about 3% 4%,but the Arctic Ocean and adjacent coastal re-gions harbour slightly more and slightly stronger summer storms,compared to the model current climate.This in-crease occurs in conjunction with an increase in the high-latitude zonal winds and in the meridional tempera-ture gradient between the warming land and the ocean across Northern Eurasia.Deficiencies in climate model representations of the summer storm tracks at high lati-tudes are also outlined,and the need for further model inter-comparison studies is emphasized.     

华北中部夏季气溶胶和云分布特征

气溶胶与云的垂直分布特征是气溶胶间接气候效应关注的重点。基于2018年7—8月华北中部6架次飞机观测数据,研究气溶胶和云滴的垂直和水平分布特征。结果表明:华北中部780~5687 m高度内气溶胶数浓度( Na )平均值为821.36 cm-3,最大量级可达到104 cm-3,云中气溶胶数浓度(Nacc)占总颗粒浓度的80%以上,表明细颗粒占大多数,气溶胶粒子算术平均直径( Dm )平均值为0.12~0.52 μm;大气层结对气溶胶垂直分布影响较大,逆温阻挡气溶胶垂直输送,高空(高度2000 m以上) Dm 的垂直分布受到相对湿度影响较大; Na 和 Dm 在垂直方向波动较大,水平方向波动较小;低层云中云滴数浓度(Nc)较大、液态水含量(L)较小,而中层和高层云中Nc较小、L较大,Nc和云滴有效半径(Re)的概率密度函数均为双峰型分布,L的概率密度函数为单峰型分布;气溶胶数浓度谱基本呈现多峰型分布,而云滴数浓度谱多呈现单峰型分布。     

气候变化背景下北极利益博弈与风险评估——建模与仿真

鉴于北极风险评估中定量数据匮乏、定性知识难以定量化和权重要素确定中主观性强等困难,传统的风险评估方法无法有效解决。通过引入"云模型"实现了定性知识的量化表达;运用模糊层次分析法提高了权重的客观性;针对气候变化背景下北极区域响应及其地缘格局变化和利益博弈问题,运用上述改进方法和技术途径对北极地区利益博弈和安全风险进行了评估建模和实验仿真,提出了一些研究见解和决策咨询信息。     

华北夏季降水异常与南太平洋夏季海表温度变化主要模态的可能联系

利用1951—2006年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用EOF（empirical orthogonal function,经验正交函数）展开方法提取了南太平洋12—2月海表温度变化的主要模态,其第一模态反映了ENSO（El Nino-Southern Oscillation）的信号,周期为3～5a;第二模态与南半球环状模（Southern-Hemi-sphere annual mode,SAM）相联系,周期为准两年。结果表明,南太平洋EOF1时间序列处于正（负）相位时华北地区后期5月多（少）雨,同时注意到南、北太平洋EOF1对中国5月降水的影响区域基本一致。南太平洋EOF2时间序列处于正（负）相位时江南地区的夏季平均降水减少（增多）。去掉EOF1和EOF2的线性趋势后,这种显著相关仍然存在,只是显著相关区域有所缩小。利用南、北太平洋EOF1时间序列作为预报因子,建立回归预报方程,可为预测中国华北地区5月降水提供依据     

东亚夏季风年际变率及其与中、高纬度大气环流以及外强迫异常的联系

利用欧洲中心35年(1968-2002年)月平均再分析资料(ERA-40),通过矢量经验正交分析方法,研究了东亚夏季风年际变率的第2、3优势模态及其与中、高纬度大气环流和外强迫异常之间的联系.这两个优势模态均与北半球中、高纬度大气环流异常有密切的关系,累计解释协方差超过了东亚夏季风的第1模态.东亚夏季风变率的第2模态解...     

Effects of spring Arctic sea ice on summer drought in the middle and high latitudes of Asia

Based on data observed from 1979 to 2017, the influence of Arctic sea ice in the previous spring on the first mode of interannual variation in summer drought in the middle and high latitudes of Asia (MHA) is analyzed in this paper, and the possible associated physical mechanism is discussed. The results show that when there is more sea ice near the Svalbard Islands in spring while the sea ice in the Barents–Kara Sea decreases, the drought distribution in the MHA shows a north–south dipole pattern in late summer, and drought weakens in the northern MHA region and strengthens in the southern MHA region. By analyzing the main physical process affecting these changes, the change in sea ice in spring is found to lead to the Polar–Eurasian teleconnection pattern, resulting in more precipitation, thicker snow depths, higher temperatures, and higher soil moisture in the northern MHA region in spring and less precipitation, smaller snow depths, and lower soil moisture in the southern MHA region. Such soil conditions last until summer, affect summer precipitation and temperature conditions through soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks, and ultimately modulate changes in summer drought in the MHA.摘要本文分析了亚洲中高纬度地区 (MHA) 年际尺度夏季干旱的主模态时空变化特征, 以及影响第一模态的主要影响因子和可能的物理过程. 结果显示该区域夏季干旱第一模态主要呈现一个南北偶极性的分布. 而影响MHA夏季干旱的主要影响因子为前春北极海冰. 当春季斯瓦尔巴群岛附近海冰偏多, 而巴伦支海-喀拉海海冰减少时, 通过冰-气相互作用, 使得MHA北部春季降水增加, 雪深加厚, 土壤湿度偏高, 而南部则相反. 然后这样的土壤湿度条件从春季持续到夏季, 通过土壤湿度-大气反馈影响夏季MHA降水和温度变化, 最终对夏季干旱主模态产生影响.     

关于我国和东亚酸性物质的输送研究 I. 三维欧拉污染物输送实用模式

本文发展了一种三维欧拉型污染物长距离输送实用模式，比较详细地考虑了源、输送、干、湿沉降、气、液相化学过程。用分裂解法对气相化学过程进行查表式处理，颇具特色，使用实测气象输入场，节约了大量的计算机资源。通过模式的灵敏度试验，模式具有较高的分辨率和灵敏度。根据与实测资料对比，模式有较好的可信度，能方便的计算长时间（月、季、年）的污染物沉降及远距离输送态势。     

基于旋翼无人机观测的雾天和霾天VOCs垂直分布特征研究

为研究雾和霾天气下VOCs时空变化特征,于2020年11月19日—2021年1月15日在江苏省东海国家气象观测站进行为期58 d的外场观测试验。利用自主研发的多旋翼无人机捕获2次辐射雾和2次霾天气过程,获得气温、气压、相对湿度、风向、风速、VOCs、O₃等7种要素100多条垂直廓线。结果表明：时间上,霾过程夜间VOCs体积浓度(0.225～0.253 ppm(parts per million, 1 ppm=10^-6))明显高于白天(0.191～0.205 ppm),雾形成前体积浓度(0.121～0.239 ppm)显著高于雾过程(0.056～0.209 ppm)。雾过程中VOCs体积浓度与雾强度变化相反,雾层高度与VOCs体积浓度剧烈变化高度一致,雾层(<200 m)中VOCs体积浓度(0.172～0.178 ppm)明显减小,显著低于雾形成前(0.195～0.240 ppm),雾层以上浓度变化大,雾结束后1 h内保持雾过程中分布特点。雾对逆温层中的水溶性污染物有清除作用,VOCs体积浓度和O₃质量浓度均下降。     

1957-2000年东北地区春季极端气温变化及其与北极涛动的关系

利用东北地区32个测站1957-2000年逐日气温资料,分析了东北春季极端气温指数的变化特征及其与同期和前期北极涛动指数的关系。结果表明：春季日气温距平值基本上是由高纬向低纬、由东向西增加;44 a来日气温距平强度变化呈现正趋势,春季的冷日和冷夜呈减少趋势,暖日和暖夜呈增加趋势。东北春季气温与春季北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation, AO）在年际时间尺度上具有很强的正相关性,AO和极端气温指数也存在着相同的变化周期和突变时间。     

北极海冰年际变化对东亚中纬度夏季陆面热力异常的指示作用及其可能原因

本文分析了夏季东亚中纬度近地面温度和春、夏北极海冰时空变化特征,探讨了格陵兰海、巴伦支海海冰异常变化与夏季东亚中纬度陆面热力异常在年际上的可能联系。结果表明:(1)1950—2014年,东亚中纬度夏季近地面温度明显增暖,并伴有明显的年际变化,年际变率最大值的区域主要位于40°N以北至贝加尔湖地区;春、夏格陵兰海和巴伦支海的海冰也呈现明显的减少趋势,同时表现出较强的年际变化特征。(2)春、夏格陵兰海、巴伦支海海冰异常对东亚中纬度夏季陆面热力异常具有一定的指示作用:春、夏格陵兰海、巴伦支海海冰异常偏多,通常对应夏季东亚中纬度近地面的东亚中纬度夏季增暖现象;反之亦然。(3)春、季格陵兰海、巴伦支海北极海冰指数(Arctic Sea Ice Index,ASII)高值年(海冰异常偏多年份),贝加尔湖及西南的蒙古高原地区通常为大范围的异常高压控制,有利于近地面温度升高;同时由于乌拉尔山阻塞高压减弱,极地南下的冷空气减弱,有利于东亚中纬度区域的温度升高。而ASII低值年的情形则相反,贝加尔湖以南地区受异常低压控制,乌拉尔山阻塞高压增强,冷空气易向南侵袭,不利于东亚中纬度近地面升温。     

北极海冰的气候变化与20世纪90年代的突变

应用英国Had ley气候研究中心1968~2000年的1°×1°的北半球逐月海冰密集度资料,使用EOF分解等统计方法,探讨北极海冰的气候变化趋势、海冰的突变、海冰的季节持续性和各季的特色。结果表明:(1)自1968年以来,北极海冰的减小是北半球海冰变化的总趋势;海冰的趋势变化在海冰的年际总变化中占有相当重要的地位,可达50%左右。冬春季主要减少区域在格陵兰海、巴伦支海和白令海;夏秋季海冰减少是唯一趋势,中心在北冰洋边缘的喀拉海、拉普捷夫海、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇海、波弗特海。(2)20世纪80年代中后期北极海冰已出现减小趋势,在20世纪90年代,海冰又出现范围和面积的突然减少,中心在格陵兰海和巴伦支海;即海冰减少是加速的,其变化程度已远远超过一般的自然变化。(3)海冰有很好的季节持续性,有很强的隔季相关,也有较好的隔年相关;各季节海冰分布型之间有很好的联系,表现为海冰分布型的总体变化趋势是一致的,在海冰的减少中也体现了分布型的特征。