RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM对中国跨季度短期气候预测的回报试验研究

将区域气候模式RegCM3与中国科学院大气物理研究所全球大气环流模式IAP9L-AGCM进行单向嵌套,建立嵌套区域气候模式RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM,并利用该嵌套模式对1982—2001年中国夏季短期气候进行了跨季度集合回报试验。结果表明,RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM对高空气候变量(500hPa位势高度场、200和850hPa纬向风场)的回报结果与实况距平相关系数(ACC)基本为正,其回报效果好于单独使用IAP9L-AGCM的结果。除850hPa纬向风场外,其他两个变量场回报与实况正相关的区域基本呈纬向带状分布且通过90%信度检验。在中国大部分地区(除长江下游、东北北部和西北北部外),嵌套区域气候模式回报的降水距平百分率与实况基本为正相关。RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM和IAP9L-AGCM对中国不同区域的夏季降水回报效果不同,前者对华南降水的回报效果明显好于后者。     

Hindcast Experiment of Extraseasonal Short-Term Summer Climate Prediction over China with RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM

The regional climate model RegCM3 has been one-way nested into IAP9L-AGCM,the nine-level atmospheric general circulation model of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,to perform a 20-yr(1982-2001)hindcast experiment on extraseaonal short-term prediction of China summer climate.The nested prediction system is referred to as RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM in this paper.The results show that hindcasted climate fields such as 500-hPa geopotential height,200-and 850-hPa zonal winds from RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM have positive anomaly correlation coefficients (ACCs) with the observations,andare better than those from the stand-alone IAP9L-AGCM.Except for the 850-hPa wind field,the positive ACCs of the other two fields with observations both pass the 90% confidence level and display a zonal distribution.The results indicate that the positive correlation of summer precipitation anomaly percentage between the nested prediction system and observations covers most parts of China except for downstream of the Yangtze River and north of Northeast and Northwest China.The nested prediction system and the IAP9L-AGCM exhibit different hindcast skills over different regions of China,and the former demonstrates a higher skill over South China than the latter in predicting the summer precipitation.     

应用IAP9L-AGCM对2002年中国夏季气候的预测及效果检验

利用中科院大气所9层大气环流格点模式(IAP9L—AGCM)和IAP—ENSO预测系统对2002年中国夏季气候进行实时集合预测及其检验。结果显示，IAP9L—AGCM较好地预测出了2002年夏季我国大范围旱涝的分布形势，如华南、我国西部多雨，黄河和长江流域之间大范围干旱等；850hPa减弱的夏季风、青藏高原辐散中心以及北太平洋上空的异常气旋性环流中心亦被较好地预报出来；不足的是，模式对降水异常细致分布的预测能力有限。预测结果还表明，该模式对夏季(6—8月)平均降水的预报技巧要高于月平均状况，且月平均预报的准确度从6—8月依次递减。     

Seasonal differences of model predictability and the impact of SST in the Pacific

Both seasonal potential predictability and the impact of SST in the Pacific on the forecast skill over China are investigated by using a 9-level global atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP9L-AGCM). For each year during 1970 to 1999, the ensemble consists of seven integrations started from consecutive observational daily atmospheric fields and forced by observational monthly SST. For boreal winter, spring and summer,the variance ratios of the SST-forced variability to the total variability and the differences in the spatial correlation coefficients of seasonal mean fields in special years versus normal years are computed respectively. It follows that there are slightly inter-seasonal differences in the model potential predictability in the Tropics. At northern middle and high latitudes, prediction skill is generally low in spring and relatively high either in summer for surface air temperature and middle and upper tropospheric geopotential height or in winter for wind and precipitation. In general, prediction skill rises notably in western China, especially in northwestern China, when SST anomalies (SSTA) in the Nino-3 region are significant. Moreover,particular attention should be paid to the SSTA in the North Pacific (NP) if one aims to predict summer climate over the eastern part of China, i.e., northeastern China, North China and southeastern China.     

A Possible Impact of Cooling over the Tibetan Plateau on the Mid-Holocene East Asian Monsoon Climate

By using a 9-level global atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP9L-AGCM) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the authors investigated the response of the East Asian monsoon climate to changes both in orbital forcing and the snow and glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau at the mid-Holocene, about 6000 calendar years before the present (6 kyr BP). With the Earth’s orbital parameters appropriate for the mid-Holocene, the IAP9L-AGCM computed warmer and wetter conditions in boreal summer than for the present day. Under the precondition of continental snow and glacier cover existing over part of the Tibetan Plateau at the mid-Holocene, the authors examined the regional climate response to the Tibetan Plateau cooling. The simulations indicated that climate changes in South Asia and parts of central Asia as well as in East Asia are sensitive to the Tibetan Plateau cooling at the mid-Holocene, showing a significant decrease in precipitation in northern India, northern China and southern Mongolia and an increase in Southeast Asia during boreal summer. The latter seems to correspond to the weakening, southeastward shift of the Asian summer monsoon system resulting from reduced heat contrast between the Eurasian continent and the Pacific and Indian Oceans when a cooling over the Tibetan Plateau was imposed. The simulation results suggest that the snow and glacier environment over the Tibetan Plateau is an important factor for mid-Holocene climate change in the areas highly influenced by the Asian monsoon.     

1999年中国夏季气候的预测和检验

利用改进的中国科学院大气物理研究所短期气候预测系统（IAPPSSCA）,结合IAPENSO预测系统所预测的1999年热带太平洋地区的海温异常,对1999年中国夏季气候进行了适时集合预测。预测结果表明：IAPPSSCA较好地预测出了1999年夏季北半球大尺度环流场的异常情况,并较好地预测出1999年中国南涝北旱的大范围降水形势。IAPPSSCA对长江下游的强降水中心、中国南方大部夏季多雨的特征以及中国北方大部的干旱少雨形势的预测,与实测较相符。但IAPPSSCA预测的南方大范围雨带的北界比实测的略为偏北,北方的小范围的降水正距平区域也没有能预报出来。另外,对于月平均降水距平的预测亦存在较大的不确定性。这说明我们的预测系统还有待于进一步的改进和完善。     

基于降水遥相关型的夏季降水模式预测改进研究

我国月—季降水分布在空间上存在类似于大气环流遥相关的空间遥相关型。本文基于中国近57年夏季降水资料研究了我国夏季降水空间遥相关型的主要空间模态特征及其年代际变化,评估并改进了BCC_CSM模式、ECMWF_SYSTEM4模式以及NCEP_CFSV2模式对中国夏季降水的预测能力。研究结果显示,中国夏季降水实况中存在华北—长江下游、华东—中国中北部、华南—长江流域、西南—东北中部等4类显著的空间遥相关型。动力模式可以预测大尺度的降水分布,而对于不同区域之间降水遥相关这种雨带细节特征的预测能力则较为薄弱,存在着较多虚假相关。为改善模式降水预测技巧,以实况中的降水遥相关型作为约束条件构建了修正方案,以此来修正模式中的降水遥相关型分布。结果显示,经过修正能够有效地改善模式对东北中部、长江下游的预测能力,4年的回报检验结果显示,模式预测的平均距平一致率从47%提高为58%;平均均方根误差从153 mm减小为120 mm;平均趋势异常综合检验（PS）评分从64提高为73。     

EXTRA-SEASONAL PREDICTIONS OF SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA AND ENSO IN 2001 BY CLIMATE MODELS*

China is a monsoon country.The most rainfalls in China concentrate on the summer seasons.More frequent floods or droughts occur in some parts of China.Therefore,the prediction of summer rainfall in China is a significant issue.As we know,the obvious impacts of the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA)on the summer rainfall over China have been noticed.The predictions of the SSTA have been involved in the research.The key project on short-term climate modeling prediction system has been finished in 2000.The system included an atmospheric general circulation model named AGCM95,a coupled atmospheric-oceanic general circulation model named AOGCM95,a regional climate model over China named RegCM95,a high-resolution Indian-Pacific OGCM named IPOGCM95,and a simplified atmosphere-ocean dynamic model system named SAOMS95.They became the operational prediction models of National Climate Center(NCC).Extra-seasonal predictions in 2001 have been conducted by several climate models,which were the AGCM95,AOGCM95,RegCM95,IPOGCM95,AIPOGCM95,OSU/NCC,SAOMS95,IAP APOGCM and CAMS/ZS.All of those models predicted the summer precipitation over China and/or the annual SSTA over the tropical Pacific Ocean in the Modeling Prediction Workshop held in March 2001.The assessments have shown that the most models predicted the distributions of main rain belt over Huanan and parts of Jiangnan and droughts over Huabei-Hetao and Huaihe River Valley reasonably.The most models predicted successfully that a weaker cold phase of the SSTA over the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean would continue in 2001.The evaluations of extra-seasonal predictions have also indicated that the models had a certain capability of predicting the SSTA over the tropical Pacific Ocean and the summer rainfall over China.The assessment also showed that multi-model ensemble(super ensembles)predictions provided the better forecasts for both SSTA and summer rainfall in 2001,compared with the single model.It is a preliminary assessment for the extra-seasonal predictions by the climate models.The further investigations will be carried out.The model system should be developed and improved.     

EXTRA-SEASONAL PREDICTIONS OF SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA AND ENSO IN 2001 BY CLIMATE MODELS

China is a monsoon country.The most rainfalls in China concentrate on the summer seasons.More frequent floods or droughts occur in some parts of China.Therefore,the prediction ofsummer rainfall in China is a significant issue.As we know,the obvious impacts of the sea surfacetemperature anomalies(SSTA)on the summer rainfall over China have been noticed.Thepredictions of the SSTA have been involved in the research.The key project on short-term climate modeling prediction system has been finished in 2000.The system included an atmospheric general circulation model named AGCM95,a coupledatmospheric-oceanic general circulation model named AOGCM95,a regional climate model overChina named RegCM95,a high-resolution Indian-Pacific OGCM named IPOGCM95,and asimplified atmosphere-ocean dynamic model system named SAOMS95.They became theoperational prediction models of National Climate Center(NCC).Extra-seasonal predictions in 2001 have been conducted by several climate models,which werethe AGCM95,AOGCM95,RegCM95,IPOGCM95,AIPOGCM95,OSU/NCC,SAOMS95,IAPAPOGCM and CAMS/ZS.All of those models predicted the summer precipitation over China and/or the annual SSTA over the tropical Pacific Ocean in the Modeling Prediction Workshop held inMarch 2001.The assessments have shown that the most models predicted the distributions of main rain beltover Huanan and parts of Jiangnan and droughts over Huabei-Hetao and Huaihe River Valleyreasonably.The most models predicted successfully that a weaker cold phase of the SSTA over thecentral and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean would continue in 2001.The evaluations of extra-seasonal predictions have also indicated that the models had a certaincapability of predicting the SSTA over the tropical Pacific Ocean and the summer rainfall overChina.The assessment also showed that multi-model ensemble(super ensembles)predictionsprovided the better forecasts for both SSTA and summer rainfall in 2001,compared with the singlemodel.It is a preliminary assessment for the extra-seasonal predictions by the climate models.Thefurther investigations will be carried out.The model system should be developed and improved.     

Recent Advances in Dynamical Extra-Seasonal to Annual Climate Prediction at IAP／CAS

Recent advances in dynamical climate prediction at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP/CAS) during the last five years have been briefly described in this paper. Firstly,the second generation of the IAP dynamical climate prediction system (IAP DCP-II) has been described,and two sets of hindcast experiments of the summer rainfall anomalies over China for the periods of 1980-1994 with different versions of the IAP AGCM have been conducted. The comparison results show that the predictive skill of summer rainfall anomalies over China is improved with the improved IAP AGCM in which the surface albedo parameterization is modified. Furthermore, IAP DCP-II has been applied to the real-time prediction of summer rainfall anomalies over China since 1998, and the verification results show that IAP DCP-II can quite well capture the large scale patterns of the summer flood/drought situations over China during the last five years (1998-2002). Meanwhile, an investigation has demonstrated the importance of the atmospheric initial conditions on the seasonal climate prediction, along with studies on the influences from surface boundary conditions (e.g., land surface characteristics, sea surface temperature).Certain conclusions have been reached, such as, the initial atmospheric anomalies in spring may play an important role in the summer climate anomalies, and soil moisture anomalies in spring can also have a significant impact on the summer climate anomalies over East Asia. Finally, several practical techniques(e.g., ensemble technique, correction method, etc.), which lead to the increase of the prediction skill for summer rainfall anomalies over China, have also been illustrated. The paper concludes with a list of criticalre quirements needed for the further improvement of dynamical seasonal climate prediction.     

中国业务动力季节预报的进展

利用动力模式开展季节到年际的短期气候预测 ,是目前国际上气候预测的发展方向。自 1996年以来 ,经过 8a多的研制和发展 ,国家气候中心已建立起第 1代动力气候模式预测业务系统 ,其中包括 1个全球大气 海洋耦合模式 (CGCM )、1个高分辨率东亚区域气候模式 (RegCM_NCC)和 5个简化的ENSO预测模式 (SAOMS) ,可用于季节—年际时间尺度的全球气候预测 ;全球海气耦合模式与区域气候模式嵌套 ,可以提供高分辨率的东亚区域气候模式制做季节预测。CGCM对 1982～ 2 0 0 0年夏季的历史回报试验表明 ,该模式对热带太平洋海表面温度和东亚区域的季节预测具有较好的预测能力。RegCM NCC的 5a模拟基本上能再现东亚地区主要雨带的季节进展。利用嵌套的区域气候模式RegCM NCC对 1991～ 2 0 0 0年的夏季回报表明 ,在预报主要季节雨带方面有一定技巧。 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 ,CGCM和RegCM NCC的实时季节预报与观测相比基本合理。特别是 ,模式成功地预报了 2 0 0 3年梅雨季节长江和黄河之间比常年偏多的降水。SAOMS模式系统的回报试验表明 ,该系统对热带太平洋海表面温度距平有一定的预报能力 ,模式超前 6～ 12个月的回报与观测的相关系数明显高于持续预报。 1997～ 2 0 0 3年 ,SAOMS多模式集合实时预报与观测的相关系数达到     

IAP短期气候距平预测系统的定量评估及订正技术的改进研究

采用一套多指标的评估方法, 对中国科学院大气物理所研制的短期气候距平数值预测系统（ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ） 方案１ 的预测性能进行了定量的、系统的评估。评估表明： ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ 对中国汛期大尺度的、重大的降水异常预报较好; 在不同区域,ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ 的预测能力不同, 对中国东南区域显示出较高的预报准确度和可信度; 与单个预报相比, 集合预测水平稳定, 能提高总体预测水平。另外, 还对订正技术进行了改进研究, 距平百分率订正较距平订正效果为佳。     

我国近年来短期气候预测研究的若干进展

回顾了近年来我国短期气候预测研究的若干进展,主要是在中国科学院大气物理研究所完成的以气候模式为基础的短期气候预测方面工作.第一个基于气候数值模式开展短期气候预测试验的是曾庆存等人,他们所采用的是IAP AGCM耦合一个热带太平洋环流模式(OGCM);1997年,基于耦合气候模式基础上的ENSO预测系统建立起来;同时开展了东亚区气候可预测性研究;利用气候变动的准两年信号提出了对模式预测结果进行有效修正的方案;为了考虑初始土壤湿度异常对夏季气候的影响,建立了气象变量和土壤湿度的经验关系;还系统地研究了1998年海面温度异常和大气春季异常对夏季气候(特别是发生于中国的大水)预测的影响.     

2022年汛期气候趋势预测与展望

中国是自然灾害频发的国家,气象灾害造成的损失占自然灾害造成损失的70%。2020年夏季出现超长梅雨期,长江和淮河发生洪水;2021年夏季,华北雨季开始早,结束晚,期间发生了“21·7”河南地区特大暴雨事件。这些气象灾害都对人民生命财产造成严重损失。因此,有必要提前对气候异常进行预测,以提高国家的防灾减灾能力。2022年3月,中国科学院大气物理研究所开展汛期（6～8月）的全国汛期气候趋势预测会商会。通过综合大气所各个数值模式和统计模型的结果,在未来4～6个月全球短期气候仍处在La Ni?a事件恢复到ENSO正常状态的背景下,预计2022年汛期（6～8月）,东北东部和中部、华北大部分地区、黄河中下游、东南沿海、西北地区中部、西藏大部分地区、西南地区东部和云南大部分地区降水正常略偏多,其中环渤海湾地区降水偏多2～5成,可能发生局地洪涝灾害。全国其他大部分地区降水正常略偏少,其中长江下游地区和新疆北部降水偏少2～5成。预计今年登陆台风数正常略偏多。由于未来ENSO的趋势演变具有一定的不确定性以及夏季降水受到中高纬大气环流季节内变化的影响,因此,此次汛期预测结果具有一定的不确定性。我们将根据2022年春末、夏初大气环流和海洋等因子的实际演变趋势,做进一步补充订正预测。     

CCM3/NCAR的辐射方案在IAP-AGCM模式中的应用

利用NCAR的CCM3 (The Community Climate Model version 3) 辐射模块, 对IAP9L－AGCM的辐射计算方案进行了替换, 并对改进的结果做了细致的评估。分析表明, 新版本的模式在大多数辐射场的空间平均和分布型的模拟上有了较为明显的改进, 特别是较好地克服了原模式中陆面净辐射场的偏差。在此基础上, 新版本计算的大气温度普遍升高。伴随这种变化, 模式中的海平面气压、 地表温度、 位势高度、 风场、 降水、 比湿等物理量都有了调整, 但是变化并不明显, 从而对模式的进一步发展和完善提出了新的要求。     

A skillful method for precipitation prediction over eastern China

降水作为全球水循环的重要组成,与人们的生产生活密切相关.有效的降水预测对于防灾减灾,以及经济的可持续发展至关重要.然而,由于影响降水过程的复杂性,当前降水预测还存在诸多挑战.针对我国东部夏季降水,我们提出年际增量结合经验正交分解的新统计预测方法.首先计算降水年际增量的主模态,然后针对主模态时间序列构建预测模型,用预测的...     

跨季度动力气候预测系统IAP DCP-II

概述中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的跨季度动力气候预测系统(IAP DCP-II),及其在我国夏季降水距平预测业务中的应用情况.该系统的试用始于1988年,1998年定型为现今版本(即IAP DCP-II).1998年起至今,每年预测的检验说明,该系统有较好的跨季度预测能力,能预报出夏季降水距平的大范围分布形势.     

A Hybrid Dynamical-Statistical Approach for Predicting Winter Precipitation over Eastern China

Correlation analysis revealed that winter precipitation in six regions of eastern China is closely related not only to preceding climate signals but also to synchronous atmospheric general circulation fields.It is therefore necessary to use a method that combines both dynamical and statistical predictions of winter precipitation over eastern China(herein after called the hybrid approach).In this connection,seasonal real-time prediction models for winter precipitation were established for the six regions.The models use both the preceding observations and synchronous numerical predictions through a multivariate linear regression analysis.To improve the prediction accuracy,the systematic error between the original regression model result and the corresponding observation was corrected.Cross-validation analysis and real-time prediction experiments indicate that the prediction models using the hybrid approach can reliably predict the trend,sign,and interannual variation of regionally averaged winter precipitation in the six regions of concern.Averaged over the six target regions,the anomaly correlation coefficient and the rate with the same sign of anomaly between the cross-validation analysis and observation during 1982-2008 are 0.69 and 78%,respectively.This indicates that the hybrid prediction approach adopted in this study is applicable in operational practice.     

中国东部冬季降水的动力结合统计预测方法研究

针对中国东部6个气候关键区,首先,通过相关分析指出,冬季降水既与前期气候因子有关,又受同期大气环流的影响。因此,有必要采用动力与统计相结合的方法进行气候预测研究。然后,从实时预测的角度出发,综合考虑前期预测因子的观测信息和具有数值可预测性的同期气候因子的数值模式结果,使用多元线性回归分析方法就各区域平均冬季降水逐一建立了短期气候预测模型,并在预测模型中考虑了模型结果中系统误差的订正。交叉检验分析结果表明,所建立的各区域预测模型普遍具有较好的预测效果,预测优势主要表现在对冬季降水的变化趋势、年际变化、以及异常符号的预测准确率上。就6个区域平均而言,1982—2008年交叉检验结果与实况间的相关系数和距平同号率分别为0.69和78%,表明该预测思想具有可行性。     

Multi-Year Simulations and Experimental Seasonal Predictions for Rainy Seasons in China by Using a Nested Regional Climate Model (RegCM_NCC) Part Ⅱ: The Experimental Seasonal Prediction

A nested regional climate model has been experimentally used in the seasonal prediction at the China National Climate Center (NCC) since 2001. The NCC/IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) T63coupled GCM (CGCM) provides the boundary and initial conditions for driving the regional climate model (RegCM_NCC). The latter has a 60-km horizontal resolution and improved physical pararneterization schemes including the mass flux cumulus parameterization scheme, the turbulent kinetic energy closure scheme (TKE) and an improved land process model (LPM). The large-scale terrain features such as the Tibetan Plateau are included in the larger domain to produce the topographic forcing on the rain-producing systems. A sensitivity study of the East Asian climate with regard to the above physical processes has been presented in the first part of the present paper. This is the second part, as a continuation of Part Ⅰ.In order to verify the performance of the nested regional climate model, a ten-year simulation driven by NCEP reanalysis datasets has been made to explore the performance of the East Asian climate simulation and to identify the model's systematic errors. At the same time, comparative simulation experiments for 5 years between the RegCM2 and RegCM_NCC have been done to further understand their differences in simulation performance. Also, a ten-year hindcast (1991-2000) for summer (June-August), the rainy season in China, has been undertaken. The preliminary results have shown that the RegCM_NCC is capable of predicting the major seasonal rain belts. The best predicted regions with high anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) are located in the eastern part of West China, in Northeast China and in North China,where the CGCM has maximum prediction skill as well. This fact may reflect the importance of the largescale forcing. One significant improvement of the prediction derived from RegCM_NCC is the increase of ACC in the Yangtze River valley where the CGCM has a very low, even a negative, ACC. The reason behind this improvement is likely to be related to the more realistic representation of the large-scale terrain features of the Tibetan Plateau. Presumably, many rain-producing systems may be generated over or near the Tibetan Plateau and may then move eastward along the Yangtze River basin steered by upper-level westerly airflow, thus leading to enhancement of rainfalls in the mid and lower basins of the Yangtze River.The real-time experimental predictions for summer in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 by using this nested RegCM_NCC were made. The results are basically reasonable compared with the observations.