A Model for the Mechanical Behaviour of Bentheim Sandstone in the Brittle Regime

— The mechanical behaviour of Bentheim sandstone, a homogeneous quartz-rich sandstone with porosity of 22.8%, was investigated by triaxial compression tests conducted on dry samples. At confining pressures up to 35 MPa, the failure mode was characterized by a typical brittle deformation regime, as the samples showed dilatancy and failed by strain softening and brittle faulting. Previous studies have shown that the mechanical behaviour and failure mode of brittle porous granular rocks are governed by the time-dependent growth of microcracks. We analyse this process using the “Pore Crack Model” based on fracture mechanics analysis. It is consistent with the microstructure of porous granular rocks since it considers the growth of axial cracks from cylindrical holes in two dimensions. These cracks grow when their stress intensity factors reach the subcritical crack growth limit. Interaction between neighbouring cracks is introduced by calculating the stress intensity factor as the sum of two terms: a component for an isolated crack and an interaction term computed using the method of successive approximations. It depends on crack length, pore radius, pore density, and applied stresses. The simulation of crack growth from cylindrical holes, associated with a failure criterion based on the coalescence of interacting cracks, is used to compare the theoretical stress at the onset of dilatancy and at macroscopic rupture to the experimental determined values. Our approach gives theoretical results in good agreement with experimental data when microstructural parameters consistent with observations are introduced.     

岩石损伤软化的修正本构模型

利用服从Weibull分布的岩石微元强度表示方法,基于Drucker-Prager破坏准则,通过引入损伤变量的修正系数,利用应力-应变关系曲线峰值点处的应力、应变确定Weibull分布参数的关系式,建立不同围压下的损伤软化本构模型。该模型参数较少且易于确定,其参数的确定方法揭示了模型参数的物理意义。与前人的研究成果进行对比分析,结果表明该模型比未修正前有着明显的优越性,且与实测结果吻合较好,分析结果显示出该模型的合理性。     

A Phenomenological Model for Particle Retention in Single,Saturated Fractures

Fractured aquifers are some of the most poorly characterized subsurface environments despite posing one of the highest risks to the protection of potable groundwater. This research was designed to improve the understanding of the factors affecting particle transport through fractures by developing a phenomenological model based on laboratory‐scale transport data. The model presented in this research employed data from over 70 particle tracer tests conducted in single, saturated, variable‐aperture fractures that were obtained from the natural environment and fractured in the laboratory or cast from epoxy in the laboratory. The particles employed were Escherichia coli RS2‐GFP and microspheres. The tracer experiments were conducted in natural (dolomitic limestone and granite) as well as epoxy replicas of the natural fractures. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the most important factors influencing particle retention in fractures are the ratio of the ionic strength of solution to collector charge, the ratio of particle to collector charge, and the ratio of advective to diffusive forces as described by the Peclet number. The model was able to reasonably (R² = 0.64) predict the fraction of particles retained; however, it is evident that some factors not accounted for in the model also contributed to retention. This research presents a novel approach to understanding particle transport in fractures, and illustrates the relative importance of various factors affecting the transport mechanisms. The utility of this model lies in the increased understanding of particle transport in fractures, which is extremely useful for directing future research.     

A Modified Cyclic Cracking Model for RC Structural Walls Behaviour Under Dynamic Excitation

In this paper, a simple cyclic cracking model incorporating crack dilatancy effect is proposed to model the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures under earthquake-like dynamic loading. This model has been implemented into a FE programme [LUSAS (2004) Luscas User Manual (version 12.3), FEA Ltd., London, England] to simulate reversed and cyclic loading. A shaking table test performed in Switzerland at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Zurich (ETHZ) has been chosen for comparison. The test performed on the shaking table simulated a wall of a 3-storey building. The natural frequency and the crack pattern have been calculated and show reasonable agreement with the experimental results     

Characterisation of Tensile Damage in Rock Samples Induced by Different Stress Paths

Cracks, induced by different stress states, are studied systematically on thin slices of crinoidal limestone samples. Samples damaged by tension are compared to samples in which first damage is induced by compressive stresses, followed by tensile stresses. To quantify the effect of the compressive stresses, samples only damaged by compression are also studied. The tensile stresses cause the occurrence of an intergranular crack. When the sample is first damaged by compressive stresses, former induced damage influences the growth of this crack. It results in an intergranular crack with a zigzag profile. The average orientation of the intergranular crack is, however, the same as in the samples damaged by tension only.     

Analytical Model for Permeability Evolution in Microcracking Rock

— Analytical expressions to predict the enhancement of permeability due to stress-induced microcracking in initially low porosity rock are presented. A fracture mechanical microcrack model is employed to derive integrated effective hydraulic variables as a function of stress, which are then used to calculate the evolution of permeability using the statistically-based Dienes model. The model enables determination of permeability enhancement as a function of two loading parameters and three material parameters. Results are in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements and indicate that appreciable increases in permeability can be anticipated during brittle failure. The analytical nature of the model makes it easily incorporatable into numerical models that require quantification of the permeability evolution as a function of stress, for which there is currently no law.     

基于反分析赋权方法的岩爆预测云模型研究

为了综合考虑岩爆预测实践中的随机性与模糊性,云模型理论被引入到岩爆预测方法中。然而现有岩爆预测云模型的指标权重值在客观性和准确性方面尚需提高,为此本文提出基于反分析赋权方法的岩爆云模型。在给出该模型具体实现步骤的基础上,推导建立优化目标函数之后选用洞室最大切向应力与岩石抗压强度的比值、岩石抗压强度与抗拉强度的比值、弹性能量指数等作为评判指标,基于18个岩爆工程实例,利用Matlab软件开展了指标权重的反分析计算。最后,将新建立的岩爆预测云模型应用于江边水电站和马路坪矿的岩爆预测中,并与主观赋权方法云模型的预测结果对比分析,检验了其可行性与有效性。研究表明,基于反分析赋权方法的岩爆预测云模型赋权过程中主观性干扰因素较小,预测结果准确率较高。     

A Parallel Implementation of the Lattice Solid Model for the Simulation of Rock Mechanics and Earthquake Dynamics

— The Lattice Solid Model has been used successfully as a virtual laboratory to simulate fracturing of rocks, the dynamics of faults, earthquakes and gouge processes. However, results from those simulations show that in order to make the next step towards more realistic experiments it will be necessary to use models containing a significantly larger number of particles than current models. Thus, those simulations will require a greatly increased amount of computational resources. Whereas the computing power provided by single processors can be expected to increase according to “Moore’s law,” i.e., to double every 18–24 months, parallel computers can provide significantly larger computing power today. In order to make this computing power available for the simulation of the microphysics of earthquakes, a parallel version of the Lattice Solid Model has been implemented. Benchmarks using large models with several millions of particles have shown that the parallel implementation of the Lattice Solid Model can achieve a high parallel-efficiency of about 80% for large numbers of processors on different computer architectures.     

岩体力学参数变异性及取值方法

受结构和赋存环境的制约,岩体力学性质及其力学参数具有显著的时间和空间变异性.岩体力学参数和岩体质量从不同的侧面反映了岩体力学性质,两者具有必然的关联性,故可用相对简单的岩体质量评价来选取岩体力学参数:按地质条件将岩体空间离散为若干连续微元体单元;采用Q、RMR和BQ等方法逐一对各单元开展岩体质量评价,并利用岩体质量与岩体力学参数间的关系(如Hoek-Brown经验准则)计算其力学参数;综合各单元的计算结果确定反映连续岩体空间内空间变异特征的力学参数.以某水电站地下洞室群为例,实现了工程区围岩力学参数的不连续取值.     

一种基于逾渗模型的裂隙岩石渗透系数确定方法

针对裂隙岩体提出了一种基于双重逾渗模型的渗流系数分析方法。通过变参数研究,考察了岩体中渗流和孔压分布的不均匀;根据裂隙长度的不同将岩体分为孔隙控制渗流模式和裂隙控制渗流模式。这种模型不仅能够同时考虑孔隙和裂隙的作用,而且在模拟大规模裂隙网络时更加快捷简便。     

Mechanical Response of Saturated Geological Rock Mass under Tidal Force

In this paper,the mechanical response of saturated geological rock under tidal force is explored by poroelastic theory.First,we use the free energy formula of saturated rock under a tidal force to study the relationships of pore pressure with stress,and stress with strain.Then we analyze the relationship between rock strain and tidal potential by the equilibrium differential equations of saturated rock under tidal force.Finally,we derive the physical relationship between the two parameters (pore pressure and tidal mean stress) of saturated rock and tidal potential.The relationship shows that:pore pressure is directly proportional with tidal potential,but tidal mean stress of saturated rock is inversely proportional with tidal potential.The ratio coefficient is related not only to the Lame coefficients of rock skeletons,but also to the Biot modulus.By using this model to analyze observational well water level of C-18 well which locates in Huili,Sichuan Province,the well level response coefficient (D) was estimated.This way,we derive the Skempton coefficient (B),the coefficient A and C which refer to the response coefficients of pore pressure and tidal stress to tidal potential respectively.Then we compare the differences among each coefficient in coupling and uncoupling conditions.It shows that for saturated rocks,the response of stress and pore pressure to earth tides is a product of coupling,and it is necessary to take into account the coupling effect when we study the mechanical response.The model will provide the basis not only for the study of mechanics and hydrodynamics of well-confined aquifer systems,and the mechanics of faulting under tidal force,but also for quantitative research of the triggering mechanism of tidal forces.     

引潮力作用下饱和地质岩体的力学响应

本文应用孔隙弹性理论,探讨了引潮力作用下饱和地质岩体的力学响应.首先通过引潮力作用下饱和岩体的自由能表达式,得到岩体孔压与应力、应力与应变之间的关系;然后从引潮力作用下饱和岩体的平衡微分方程出发,结合流-固耦合理论,分析了饱水岩体应变与引潮位之间的关系;最后推导出饱和岩体的两大力学物理量--孔压和潮汐应力(平均应力)与引潮位之间的物理关系.模型表明:饱和岩体孔压与引潮位成反比,平均潮汐应力与引潮位成正比;比例系数不仅与岩体骨架的Lame系数有关,而且与Biot模量有关.将模型应用于会理川-18井水位变化分析,估计出水位响应系数D,并以此为基础,求得岩体孔压、潮汐应力与引潮位的相关系数(A和C)及Skempton系数B.最后对比分析了耦合条件下与不考虑耦合时得到的各参数之间的差异,分析表明:对饱和地质岩体而言,应力、孔压对引潮力的响应是流-固耦合作用的产物;研究其力学响应时必须充分考虑耦合效应.模型的建立,为研究引潮力作用下井-承压含水层系统力学、水动力学、与地震有关的断层力学以及引潮力触发机制的定量研究提供了基础.     

Method for the Inverse Problem Solution for Reconstruction of Stress Strain State of Rock Mass Based on Natural Fractures Data

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - The paper is devoted to the problem of reconstructing stress state of the rock mass using data on natural fractures. A particular problem of reconstructing...     

岩石声发射的损伤模式及其在地震研究中的初步应用

本文运用损伤理论和微元强度统计理论导出了声发射参数与损伤参量及应变的关系模型。依据这一模型,分析了单轴压缩时岩石破坏阶段声发射特性与压机刚度的关系。在此基础上,探讨了声发射活动规律与孕震过程及地震活动的内在本质联系。     

A Damage Model of Acoustic Emission in Rock and Its Initial Application in Seismological Research

The model of the relationship of AE parameter,damage variable and strain is derived by applying the damage theory and micro-element statistical strength theory.The relation between AE characteristics during rock failure and machine stiffness is analyzed under uniaxial compression with the above model.Based on the above analysis,the internal connection among AE activity law and seisraogenic process and earthquake activity is discussed.     

2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震破裂时空过程的统一模型

2001年昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震经历了一个复杂的破裂过程,其破裂长、幅度大、破裂速度多变,成为大陆型地震研究的典型地震。本文融合近场高精度大地测量观测（4幅InSAR影像,34个GPS点位同震位移）和高信噪比远震波形记录,基于有限断层反演理论,联合反演得到该地震同震破裂时空过程的统一模型;同时,基于欧洲区域台网波形数据,利用反投影方法获得高频破裂的时空展布。联合反演结果表明,破裂自西向东传播的过程中走向有所变化,破裂尺度达400km,最大滑移量达8m,地震矩大小为6.1×10²⁰Nm,对应的矩震级M_W为7.78。主断层破裂经历了3个阶段,其中,超剪切破裂阶段对应最大位错区域,破裂到达西大滩段与昆仑山口断层交叉处时,破裂速度与尺度迅速下降。反投影结果同样显示破裂的3个阶段空间上对应大地测量反演的3个最大破裂区,最大破裂区的扩展速度达6km/s,但超剪切破裂终止在断层交叉口东部约30km处断层走向发生转变的位置。     

1950—1995年中国地磁场时空统一模式的建立及应用的某些研究

本文利用１９５０－１９９５年长达４５年的地磁资料,建立了中国地磁基本场时空变量统一模式。然后,又以此模式场作为正常场,计算出１９７０年中国地磁异常场,并与地质构造相比较,发现二者有着密切的关系。