紧密角管藻生活史中三类细胞的形态结构

通过光学和扫描电子显微镜观察紧密角管藻（Cerataulina compac-ta）的细胞、休眠孢子和复大孢子壳壁的形态结构。结果表明,该藻生活史出现的在类细胞,它们的形态结构特征有明显判别。其中,休眠孢子还分有无性和有性形成的两种类型,它们的形态结构有相似之处,也有区别,且具多样性。以上三类细胞的形态结构特征显示各自的形态与其生理功能和生态适应相统一。     

北方劳德藻配子和复大孢子的产生

于１９８６年１０月在厦门近岸采集北方劳德藻，从培养中观察其有性生殖和光对生殖的影响。结果表明，该藻只有宽度为２６－４０μｍ的细胞能形成配子和复大孢子；在光照条件下每昼夜只发生１次性化；雌雄配子以不同发育方式形成，配子发生呈现一定的时间程序；强光照和１６ｈ光周期最适于性化。由此得知，引起性化既依赖适当的细胞大小，又依赖光诱导的外部因素；产生两种精子数目是与精原孢囊的体积大小紧密相关；性化与光强度之间     

紧密角管藻的有性生殖研究

１９９４年７月在厦门近岸分离紧密度管藻，培养研究有性生殖过程和氮营养、光条件对生殖的影响。结果显示，该藻卵配生殖中，复大孢子形成后，在经里面形成一个休眠孢子，然后休眠孢子再发育成大型的原初细胞。氮营养丰富时，只有小型细胞能够性化，并且只产生雄配子，氮营养贫乏可以诱导中型细胞同时产生雌雄配子。每天１２ｈ光照和１１μＥｉｎ（ｓ．ｍ＾２）光强度最有地性化。研究结果表明，紧密角管藻有性周期中形成休眠孢子是     

南海小轴海绵的组织结构和细胞特征

海绵动物是天然活性产物重要的生物来源。近年来针对海绵的研究主要集中在其化合物的分离鉴定和活性检测,而对其本身组织结构和细胞生物学的探索较少。文章采用组织学方法和透射电镜对小轴海绵的结构和原位细胞形态进行了观察和鉴定;通过细胞分离手段,将4种主要类型细胞富集,并进一步对其密度分布、光学特性、内含物、培养特性等进行了全面的检测。结果表明,小轴海绵水沟系为复沟型;具有外扁平细胞层、皮层和髓层结构;主要的细胞类型为小球细胞(A、B)、原细胞和领细胞;两种小球细胞具有较高密度、特殊的荧光和细胞内含物;原细胞和领细胞内含有糖类和脂类能量物质,提取物在可见光区有类胡萝卜素的吸收峰;除小球细胞B外,其余细胞均可富集后培养;领细胞与小球细胞可能存在分化衍生的关系。研究结果为进一步分析小轴海绵细胞分化、活性化合物的代谢通路和细胞培养模式提供了基础依据。     

管角螺消化系统的组织学研究

本研究采用解剖学及组织学方法对管角螺消化系统的结构进行了系统分析．结果表明,管角螺的消化系统由消化道和消化腺两大部分组成．消化道包含吻、食道、嗉囊、胃、肠、直肠及肛门;消化腺由唾液腺、肝及食道腺组成,其中肝为最大消化腺．唾液腺细胞分为粘液细胞和分泌细胞;食道腺细胞由排泄细胞和杯状细胞组成．在光学显微镜下,消化道的管壁由外向内依次为：外膜、肌层、粘膜下层和粘膜层4层;唾液腺、肝及食道腺均为复管状腺．管角螺的肝由肝被膜和许多盲管（肝小管）组成,肝管的组织结构与消化道基本相同,内有单层纤毛柱状上皮,可观察到肌层和管腔。     

深水复合水道体系沉积特征及时空演化规律——以东非鲁武马盆地中中新统为例

鲁武马盆地中中新统复合水道体系表现出复杂的充填特征及时空演化规律。以地震资料为基础,借助三维可视化、沿层相干切片、层间振幅属性提取等多种地震解释技术,总结地震分辨率下复合水道体系内各个级别水道的平面分布规律,建立纵、横向演化模式。鲁武马盆地中中新统复合水道体系可以细分成4个可识别的级别:复合水道体系,水道复合体,复合水道及水道。沿水流方向,复合水道体系由强限制型向局部限制型演化,在较远端分化为三期独立水道复合体;水道复合体表现出4种沉积方式,2种方式与复合水道体系一致且同步发育,另外2种为较弱限制型和非限制型。复合水道体系内深水沉积主要受海平面变化、地形坡度以及底流作用的影响,沉积规模、搬运距离、沉积位置、延伸方向及外部形态随时空发生改变。复合水道体系呈现出复杂的多级别充填特征,垂向叠置样式随沉积位置的差异而不同,早期水道复合体末期的分布影响后期水道复合体发育的位置。     

南沙海槽南缘逆掩推复构造地区的动力学分析

提出南沙海槽南缘推复构造的运动和形变是一种周期性的弹塑性运动,周期约为14Ma.建立推复楔形体的动力学模型及两个约束条件,求解得推复楔形体的底部中点的推复方向的主应力和逆掩面动摩擦系数的解析式.建立推复楔形体前缘地层被推复剪断的力学模型、密度模型和内摩擦角模型,求得推复前缘地层被推复剪断时的有效主应力、静岩压应力、推复方向的主应力及其合力和推复构造应力的解析式,建立推复底部的有效塑性屈服模型,求得推复底部屈服时中点的有效主应力和推复方向的主应力的解析式.选择两个剖面进行动力学计算,得到推复楔形体前缘的两个应力图、逆掩面的动摩擦系数及推复方向的主应力的合力.     

凋亡细胞的吞噬清除

吞噬清除是后生动物大多数凋亡细胞的共同命运。凋亡细胞如果不被有效及时清除,它们就会发生次级的细胞坏死,细胞核膜和细胞核裂解,细胞解体,释放出有毒内容物,导致严重炎症和狼疮样自身免疫疾病的发生。据估计人体内每天有上亿个细胞凋亡而死,但用组化方法只能检测到极少数凋亡细胞,说明人体对凋亡细胞清除效率很高。新近,对凋亡细胞吞噬清除分子机制的研究取得长足进展。本文主要就吞噬信号及其识别、传导和凋亡细胞的吞噬作简要概述。     

长毛对虾卵子发生的研究——Ⅰ.卵子发生过程

本文叙述了长毛对虾卵子发生的过程及发生过程中卵细胞内部构造的变化。根据细胞的大小、核仁的形态、卵黄粒的有无、粘液泡的出现及卵母细胞与滤泡细胞的关系,长毛对虾的卵子发生可以划分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生前的和卵黄发生的卵母细胞三个时期。 卵原细胞直径约20μm,核大而圆,核仁较为疏松,一至数个;细胞质空虚透明,呈嗜酸性。卵黄发生前的卵母细胞大小在20—40μm之间;核仁数量多,紧贴核内膜围成一圈;细胞质细密,细胞器发达,数量丰富,表现强的嗜碱性,靠近核外膜的细胞质部分出现核仁外排物。卵黄发生的卵母细胞直径约40—300μm;细胞质形成并积累一定数量的卵黄粒,皮质部分出现粘液泡,卵母细胞外围有一层滤泡细胞。本文还讨论了卵子发生与性腺成熟的关系,卵子发生各期细胞的变化及其意义。     

海洋微生物抗肿瘤活性菌株的分级组合筛选

为探索如何快速获取活性菌株的筛选模式 ,组合使用海虾生物致死法和tsFT2 10细胞的流式细胞术筛选模型 ,对从青岛前海和胶州湾潮间带海泥、动植物样品中分离的 162株海洋微生物 ,进行了抗肿瘤活性的分级组合筛选。经海虾生物致死法一级初筛 ,得到活性菌株 5 8株 (LC50 <5 0 0 μg/mL) ,阳性率为 3 5 .8%。对初筛有效的 5 8株菌利用流式细胞术筛选模型进行二级复筛 ,得到对tsFT2 10细胞有各种活性的活性菌株共 2 5株 ,阳性率为复筛菌株数的 43 .1%、初筛菌株总数的 15 .4% ,其中 ,诱发细胞坏死伴有凋亡诱导活性的菌株 7株 (占总菌株的 4.3 % ) ,具有细胞周期抑制活性的菌株 18株 (占总菌株的 11.1% )。该分级组合筛选模式与流式细胞术筛选模型的单独筛选模式相比 ,无漏筛 ,具有成本低、速度快、宜于大规模筛选等特点。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.