Spot Revisited: Accuracy Assessment, Dem Generation and Validation from Stereo Spot 5 Hrg Images

SPOT 5 HRG Level 1A and 1B stereo scenes covering Zonguldak testfield in north-west Turkey have been analysed. They comprise the left and right image components with base to height ratio of 0·54. The pixel size on the ground is 5 m. The bundle orientation was executed by the PCI Geomatica V9.1.4 software package and resulted in 3D geopositioning to sub-pixel accuracies in each axis provided that at least six control points were used in the computation. Root mean square error (rmse) values and vectors of residual errors for Levels 1A and 1B are similar, even for different control and check point configurations. Based on the scene orientation, Level 1A and 1B digital elevation models (DEMs) of the testfield have been determined by automatic matching and validated by the reference DEM digitised from the 1:25 000 scale topographic maps, interferometric DEMs from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) X- and C-band SAR data and the GPS profiles measured along the main roads in the testfield. Although the accuracies of reference data-sets are too similar to the generated SPOT DEMs, these are the only high quality reference materials available in this area. Sub-pixel height accuracy was indicated by the comparison with profile points. However, they are in favourable locations where matching is always successful, so such a result may give a biased measure of the accuracy of the corresponding DEMs.     

ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING FROM SPOT IMAGERY

A previous paper (Gugan, 1987) described the geometric model used to find the exterior orientation of dynamic SPOT imagery. The present paper considers the results of measurement and interpretation tests performed on a number of stereomodels. The image quality is assessed in comparison with the original digital data. Level 1A stereomodels with different base height ratios, numbers of control points and with different control point accuracies are compared. Accuracies obtained with level 1P and 1B data are also reported. The information content of the imagery is assessed by feature plotting followed by comparison with the 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 scale maps of the area. The importance of high quality photographic imagery and operator experience are noted.     

PASS PROCESSING AND EXTRAPOLATION OF SPOT IMAGE GEOMETRY

A mathematical model for pass processing of SPOT imagery is formulated. It is based on the fact that during one pass, the image data stream from each of the instruments in SPOT forms one single very long image. The geometry of this extended image can thus be rectified with as few control points as for only one scene if orbital constraints and attitude measurements are properly taken into consideration. SPOT imagery is, however, not available as this single long image, but only sectioned into scenes. This creates problems which are accounted for in the solution. The possibility of gaps in the sequence of scenes is also taken into consideration. Extrapolation over gaps is of special interest and, by investigating attitude variability, it is shown that extrapolation is successful over multiple scene gaps which is also verified in a real data test.     

SPOT5城区影像几何精校正点位和面积精度研究

为深入研究二维多项式校正SPOT5城区影像(2.5m)的点位和面积精度,本文分别使用不同精度(GPS点和1∶10000地形图获取的点),不同数量(25和6)的地面控制点校正影像。并利用另外的10个GPS点作为检核点分别检核四种校正结果的点位和面积精度。     

利用POS数据进行像点坐标粗差检测

本文根据同名像点存在的几何位置关系,提出一种利用POS数据进行像点坐标粗差检测的方法,用模拟数据验证了方法的正确性和有效性,并利用两组不同摄影比例尺的实际航摄资料进行了试验.试验表明,用该方法剔除像点坐标中的粗差后,立体像对相对定向精度得到很大提高.在保证POS数据内部相对精确的情况下,其整体系统误差对粗差检测结果没有...     

基于1：50000DLG更新数据的SPOT5影像正射纠正

结合国家1∶50 000数据库更新工程中影像正射纠正的需要,对于我国较多山区地形复杂、GPS控制点的测量困难地区,利用1∶50 000 DLG中的道路和1∶50 000 DRG数据作为控制资料,通过对控制点选取方式和纠正方法的研究,实现对SPOT 5影像的正射纠正,避免了外业控制点的测量。经过试验,分析其正射纠正精度,...     

SPOT5影像纹理特征提取与土地利用信息识别方法

本文以太湖流域西苕溪上游安吉地区SPOT5影像600像元×600像元为试验区,首先采用主成分分析对SPOT5影像进行数据压缩和几何信息增强,再采用小波分析方法对影像进行滤波和噪音处理,利用灰度共生矩阵对高分辨率图像的纹理信息进行分析,以对比度和熵为统计指标,确定对比度和熵的最佳阈值,进行边界匹配和图像的分割,将此分割结果与NDVI阈值法分类结果进行叠合,得到最终的分类结果。试验结果表明:将纹理分析方法应用于图像分类中可区分光谱混淆的地物,光谱与纹理特征结合得到的分类精度高于单纯依靠光谱特征进行分类和单纯依靠纹理分类的分类精度。     

利用SPOT影象提取高程信息的研究

本文从理论上分析了以全数字化方法从SPOT影象提取高程信息关键环节上的问题和所采取的方法。根据影象成象特点,采用时序变化的外方位元素数学模型,其中精确选取控制点、合理选取初值和确定等效焦距、线元素和角元素分开解算迭代是十分重要的措施。采用新的数据组织方法可以避免高程内插中的精度损失。利用卫星影象特点,实现由粗到精的多级影象匹配,同时引人改化的高精度最小二乘匹配,使整个匹配过程既保障了可靠性又满足精度要求。马赛地区SPOT象对窗的DEM生成结果表明,在影象质量得到保证,时差不大的前提下,可以达到10米高程精度。     

线阵推扫式影像外定向的一种新算法

线阵推扫式影像外方位元素间的强相关性,导致法方程病态,外方位元素的最小二乘估计值误差较大.本文提出采用岭-压缩组合估计解决线阵列推扫式影像的外定向问题.该算法是综合岭估计和压缩估计的一种新有偏算法,它通过对最小二乘估计值的不同分量进行不同比例的压缩使估计值最优.文中采用10 m分辨率的SPOT 1全色影像和2.5 m分辨率的SPOT 5全色影像进行实验,并与商业遥感软件Erdas的实验结果进行比较.研究结果表明该算法能有效地克服线阵推扫式影像外方位元素间的相关性,定位精度较高,定向点精度在1个像素内,检查点精度在1.5个像素内,达到Erdas软件的定位精度.     

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING WITH SPOT 1 DATA: A PRACTICAL APPROACH BY THE ORDNANCE SURVEY

The Overseas Surveys Directorate (OSD) of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OS) has experimented with using SPOT I HRV data for topographic line mapping at 1:100 000 scale in the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). Results of these tests indicate that sufficient accuracy to support 1:100 000 scale mapping with a 40 m contour interval is possible but that the compilation of detail is incomplete. More emphasis on field completion and verification is required than with traditional techniques to maintain a standard 1:100 000 scale mapping specification. Costs of mapping large areas can be significantly reduced but savings are yet to be made in providing ground control. OSD has acquired expertise and hardware in a new mapping process, not to replace traditional mapping systems but to complement them under appropriate conditions. OSD has developed sufficient confidence in the use of SPOT to commit itself to mapping approximately 25 000 square kilometres of north east Yemen Arab Republic.     

Digital Photogrammetric Monitoring of River Bank Erosion

Detailed understanding of the processes which control river bank erosion requires high resolution information concerning temporal changes in bank morphology. This paper describes the successful use of digital photogrammetry to extract high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) from terrestrial oblique stereopairs of rapidly eroding river banks, using the commercial software package Erdas Imagine. This software was developed for use with aerial photography and satellite imagery; problems relating to the use of oblique terrestrial images are discussed and solutions presented. Photography was acquired using semi-metric cameras, mounted on tripods and positioned about 15m from the eroding bank. Data for DEM point spacings of 20mm were obtained, with accuracies of approximately ±12mm in depth. Digital photogrammetry can permit faster analysis, provide better accuracies and involve less ground disturbance than conventional methods of monitoring river channel change. Most importantly, DEM generation is considered to be more useful than traditionally acquired points or profiles for landform monitoring strategies.     

基于岭估计的有理多项式参数求解方法

在使用最小二乘法解算卫星遥感影像的RPC参数时,如果控制点非均匀分布或模型过度参数化,其法方程系数矩阵很容易产生病态,获得的解将偏离真值,甚至得到错误的解.使用岭估计可改善法方程的状态,保证解稳定.采用岭估计方法,通过所获取的不同岭参数对SPOT和QuickBird影像进行实验,证实L曲线法是一种稳定的、有效的岭参数确定方法,可显著提高RPC参数的解算精度.     

SPOT5与ERS-2卫星影像的联合立体定位

本文将SPOT5与ERS-2卫星影像联立构成一组立体像对,并通过立体定位的方式获取了地面点的三维坐标。根据本文立体像对前方交会的特殊几何图形,推导了立体定位理论精度的计算公式,并利用实验验证了公式的正确性,同时分析了影响立体定位精度的主要因素。实验结果表明,联合具有一定重叠度的SPOT5和ERS-2影像进行立体定位具有很强的可行性,其精度已可以满足部分测绘任务的要求。     

Assessment of Dem Quality for Characterizing Surface Roughness Using Close Range Digital Photogrammetry

This paper presents a procedure for assessing the quality of a digital elevation model (DEM) which has been applied to the output of a normalized cross correlation based stereomatching algorithm. Using semimetric photography of natural gravel river bed surfaces acquired in the field, digital photogrammetry was used to extract DEMs automatically for use in characterizing surface roughness properties. The procedure for assessing DEM quality involves examination of (i) ortho-images, to provide a qualitative check on stereomatching performance; (ii) DEM collection statistics which quantify the percentage of correctly matched pixels as a function of those interpolated; and (iii) height differences between check points, measured using independent field survey, and corresponding DEM points. The concepts of precision, accuracy and reliability are defined in the context of DEM quality assessment and methods are outlined which can be used to assess these variables. The assessment is conducted for two adjacent stereopairs with similar characteristics, considering the effects of both DEM collection parameters and different lens models upon DEM quality. Results show that digital photogrammetry, in conjunction with independent field survey, can be used successfully for extracting high resolution, small scale DEMs from natural gravel surfaces. Components (i) and (ii) of the quality assessment suggest the need to optimize DEM collection parameters, although the effects of not using a properly specified lens model were minimal at this scale. Method (iii) showed that increasing stereomatching success does not necessarily lead to more accurately estimated DEM points. However, the use of method (iii) remained difficult because of the scale of the photogrammetric application being used; check point positioning within the photogrammetric co-ordinate system was only possible to ±10 mm which, for a gravel bed surface, was associated with elevation variance of a similar, sometimes greater, magnitude. The next stage of this research will require the use of higher quality check data, possibly from laser profiling.     

基于稀少控制点的SPOT5卫星立体条带影像的生产应用研究

随着相关技术的发展,高分辨率卫星遥感影像在测绘产品生产中的应用越来越广泛和深入。本文主要通过西部无图区测图的应用实践,讨论利用有理多项式方法、基于稀少控制点纠正的SPOT5HRS立体条带影像的测图生产情况,并对DLG、DEM等产品进行精度检测;同时与传统的航摄方法进行对比,分析其生产效率等情况。     

高分辨率遥感卫星无控制定位改进模型及应用

本文从单线阵CCD推扫式成像机理出发,以SPOT5卫星为例,充分利用其辅助数据。阐述了利用改进椭球体模型进行无控制点定位算法,按照构建的成像模型对某地区一景SPOT-5影像进行无控制对地目标定位,获得了实地上41.70298m的平面精度;利用两个控制点对其进行修正后达到了17.1677m的平面精度。     

利用SPOT卫片在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区进行土地利用现状调查的精度分析

本文探讨了利用SPOT卫片进行黄土高原丘陵沟壑区县级(1:50000)土地利用现状调查制图的可行性。从分类精度、制图精度等方面进行分析,提出在本区进行土地利用现状调查制图(1:50000),可用SPOT卫片配合黑白航片作为调查信息源。另外,还讨论了利用SPOT卫片在本区进行某些土壤类型判别的可行性。     

SPOT影象的解析摄影测量处理

SPOT立体影象具有良好的基高比和空间分辨率,可以利用解析摄影测量仪器对之进行精确而有效的处理,以求解外方位元素,测制或修测地形图,获取数字高程模型以及制作正射影象。本文分析了SPOT影象的几何特性,建立了SPOT立体象对求解的数学模型。利用作者研制的SPOT影象光束法平差程序、C-100解析测图仪上SPOT象对测图软件和在OR-1正射投影仪上制作SPOT正射影象的相应软件,对法国马赛地区的一对SPOT立体象对进行了试验,获得了满意的结果。     

Study of crop discrimination by simulated IRS 1C LISS-III data

A study on crop discrimination was carried out using simulated IRS 1C LISS-III data produced using visible (to simulate B2, B3) and NIR (to simulate B4) channels from SPOT and middle infrared (MIR) channel (to simulate B5) from TM over a previously investigated test site, characterized by multiple crops and small fields, in Sabarkantha district (Gujarat). The separability amongst dominant kharif season crops, namely, cotton, groundnut, maize, pigeonpea, between crops and various natural vegetation classes was investigated using Jeffries-Matusita (JM) distance, a pair-wise inter-class separability measure. The study highlighted the capability of simulated LISS-III data to be useful in identifying and labelling small fields and the 4-band data set (B2345, i.e., simulated LISS-III) to significantly improve the separability amongst various crops and vegetation over two 3-band sets (B234, equivalent to SPOT)and B345.