水权制度冲突与水资源安全

威胁我国水资源安全的根源在于社会转型期的水权制度冲突,主要表现在：水资源的权属冲突、管理体制冲突、取水许可制度与水权交易的冲突、收益分配权的冲突、“以人为本”原则与水资源承载力的冲突等。解决制度冲突的最佳的、也是唯一的途径是实施制度创新。     

The Symbolic Wolf: A Construal Level Theory Analysis of the Perceptions of Wolves in the United States

Charismatic wildlife can be difficult to manage due to the controversies they generate among stakeholders, which may be rooted in their symbolic meaning. Using construal-level theory, we coded the images of gray wolves mentioned by respondents to a national survey (n?=?621) and an issue public survey (n?=?447) as symbolic (abstract) or corporeal (concrete). We analyzed the relationship between these representations of wolves and several perceptions that may perpetuate social conflict. Most people thought of wolves abstractly, and abstract thoughts were associated with positive feelings toward wolves and agreement with existence beliefs regarding wolves. Concrete representations were associated with identifying as a gun or property rights advocate, hunter, or farmer/rancher. Given these disparate views of wolves, engaging stakeholders through collaborative processes designed to foster a shared understanding of this species, while addressing the concerns of those groups, could be useful in reducing conflict concerning wolf management.     

The Gendering of Philippine International Labor Migration*

This paper provides an institutional analysis of the use of gender as an organizing principle for labor migration flows. Through a case study of the marketing and recruitment strategies of Philippine government and private institutions, I examine how gendered representations contribute to divergent patterns of male and female labor migrants from the Philippines. Representations, or controlling images, are used by institutions to provide explanations or justification of a policy. Findings indicate that the global marketing of workers is organized around specific gendered assumptions of male versus female occupations. Recruitment strategies are also influenced by gendered representations of occupations, locations, and workers. The use of gender by government and private institutions as an organizing device provides a gendered context in which migrants and their households must subsequently operate.     

Fighting Over Forest: Toward a Shared Analysis of Livelihood Conflicts and Conflict Management in Ghana

Conflicts undermine forest-based livelihoods for the rural poor. Conflict management is key to preventing such conflicts. This article analyzes actor perceptions of forest- and tree-related conflicts and conflict management in Ghana's high forest zone. It also assesses a phased methodology that promotes shared problem definition and ownership of recommendations on conflict resolution strategies through the presentation and discussion of findings from document analysis, surveys, interviews, and focus-group discussions at a workshop with forest professionals held in Kumasi, Ghana. The study found that conflicts are inherent in forest-based livelihoods due to policy and legislative failures and institutional deficiencies, perceived goal incompatibility, opportunities for interfering with the attainment of one another's goals, and environmental scarcity. Ongoing forest governance reforms in Ghana should consider the stepwise conflict management model developed by the workshop participants involved in this study, but expand it to include the views of other stakeholder groups.     

Value,Identity and Place: unearthing the emotional geographies of the extractive sector

The practice of natural resource extraction remains a key function of the global economy, and has been the subject of a considerable body of research, across multiple academic disciplines. Growing awareness of the economic, socio-cultural and ecological aspects of extractive practices (and their impacts) have also forced change in the way in which this research is conceptualised. Yet, despite conceptual shifts, a lack of engagement with the felt and emotive dimensions of the extractive sector remains striking. As a complex and highly contested industry, acknowledging emotion is crucial to breaking down problematic representations of the sector as a ‘rational’, ‘economic’ and emotionless space. This paper emphasises the need to engage and prioritise emotional and affective registers when thinking about, and representing, the extractive sector. Specifically, this paper explores the role of emotion in problematising approaches to the material across the sector, as well as in unsettling the often taken-for-granted and highly gendered workplace identities that characterise the sector. Finally, this paper will highlight the importance of validating emotion in legitimising important relationships to place that conflict with extractive practices. In essence, this paper calls for more emotionally attuned approaches to the extractive sector, in order to engage with its profoundly emotive dimensions and impacts.     

Consequences of changed water management for Aboriginal Australians in the Murrumbidgee catchment,NSW

In the Murrumbidgee catchment of the Murray-Darling Basin, wetlands, rivers and other waterscapes are important features of Country for Aboriginal peoples. The Murrumbidgee River is the most heavily regulated river system in the Murray-Darling Basin. Discussion around the use of Murrumbidgee water is framed as a conflict between sustaining rural communities and using water to support ecological values, yet the voices of Aboriginal custodians are relatively unheard in this discussion. Using culturally important wetland plants as a starting point, this paper explores the understanding and perception of some Aboriginal people in relation to their Country and water. The grief of participants as they experience the degradation of their Country was palpable. The strong message that Country should be considered in its entirety—including ecological, social and cultural aspects—contrasts with current ownership and other institutional arrangements. Improving opportunities for communities and water managers to share knowledge and information, an openness to use Aboriginal wisdom, and careful ongoing management of environmental and cultural water have the potential to achieve positive cultural and ecological outcomes in the Murrumbidgee.     

基于合作与冲突视角的“亚洲水塔”周边国家地缘关系网络演化研究

全球暖化背景下,发源于“亚洲水塔”的国际河流水文特征的改变加剧了区域内地缘关系的紧张性,致使周边国家间地缘关系备受关注。利用新闻大数据GDELT中的合作与冲突事件表征国家间的合作与冲突关系,对1992—2018年“亚洲水塔”周边国家间地缘关系网络演化进行研究,结果表明：①研究期内,“亚洲水塔”周边国家间的地缘关系愈加紧密,区域地缘关系网络趋于稳态。②国家间合作网络逐渐呈以中国为中心的放射形结构,巴基斯坦是区域冲突网络的核心,区域内合作与冲突水平极化现象凸显。③周边国家间地缘关系互动的对等反应特征明显,地缘关系模式的演化表现出一定的时空惯性。④国际贸易格局的改变、地缘政治环境的变化、水资源战略价值重构以及地缘文化因素的潜在作用共同推动了“亚洲水塔”周边国家地缘关系网络的演化。     

Gender analysis of fear and mobility in the context of ethnic conflict in Kayah State,Myanmar

Kayah State has faced prolonged conflict for the past six decades. The conflict has affected all the people of Kayah, though the nature and extent of the impact varies by age, gender and class. Caught between the ethnic armed groups and military and brutalized by both, the people of Kayah have struggled to survive. The conflict has further restricted the mobility of an already isolated people. This lack of mobility has affected every aspect of their lives including livelihood, access to education and markets, and religious and social networks. Women's mobility is more restricted than that of men, and the different levels of mobility have in turn led to different strategies to survive the conflict. While men can leave the area for work and education, women cannot. Staying in the conflict zone increases both their vulnerability and isolation. The increased isolation affects their position within the family and community, as they have less confidence, voice and decision‐making power. Women use silence and submissiveness to escape from both the military and the ethnic armed groups. However, such strategies, in the long term, continue to perpetuate women's subordinate position in society. They also reinforce women's powerlessness and maintain the current power structures and hierarchies.     

Community Stories: Explaining Resistance to Street Tree-Planting Programs in Detroit,Michigan, USA

Non-profit organizations are key actors in urban and community forestry (UCF) initiatives, and sometimes city residents resist their efforts. Between 2011-2014, 24 percent of residents offered a street tree in Detroit, Michigan, USA submitted a “no-tree request.” Differing views on decision-making emerged as a main reason for resistance to tree planting. This study used interviews with city residents, and those within a non-profit organization, between 2014-2016 to understand reasons for conflict over decision-making between these groups. Heritage narratives, or selective representations of the city’s history and character, helped explain conflict over tree planting. Residents who wanted greater decision-making power in tree planting assumed they would be responsible for stewardship, reflecting their historical experiences within the city. The organization’s dominant heritage narrative emphasized that residents held misperceptions of trees based on negative past experiences, and required education on benefits of trees. Recommendations for integrating heritage narratives into UCF efforts are provided.     

Miners and Irrigators

The spread of European settlement into the arid regions of the New World during the nineteenth century was accompanied by protracted and contentious debate over the allocation and use of water, interest group competition and conflict, and conflicting pressures for legal change. This paper describes the origins and course of changes in the legal and institutional arrangements governing the distribution and use of water in Central Otago in the context of the transfer of the resource from gold mining to irrigation farming during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.     

基于媒体事件的中亚、东盟区域对中国地缘关系判别研究

基于GDELT数据,通过构建语气指数、冲突语气均衡度、冲突事件集中度、事件时维记忆性等指标,定量分析2013—2020年中亚、东盟国家在有关中国的事件上的语气态度,辨识异常时段并追踪事件,从媒体事件角度识别和判断区域风险,进而揭示对中国的地缘关系。结论如下：中亚、东盟关于中国事件的语气态度以合作为主,语气指数表现出“尖峰肥尾”和对称性等特征,两区域存在冲突语气频繁波动的相同时段;相较东盟,中亚关于我国的冲突语气更不均衡、冲突事件高集中度时段更短少;以半月为单位,两地冲突事件的前时段会对后时段产生正向影响,以季度为单位,中亚仍为正向影响,而东盟则倾向产生逆向影响;中亚主要风险为公共卫生健康、恐怖袭击和民族宗教问题;东盟主要风险有公共卫生健康、领土主权受侵、境外犯罪、边境风险、空难、项目受阻、恐怖袭击等。研究建议,我国应加强对中亚、东盟的媒体舆论引导的影响力,对待中亚区域风险当以“重视阶段性”的防范方针,采取“积极平复和审慎对待”的策略,优化民族和宗教政策;对待东盟当以“重视长时距”的合作布局,在法律完善、防暴防恐、打击犯罪、提升公民文明行为等方面强化地缘合作,优化地缘关系。     

新时期粤港经济合作中的区域矛盾与整合

在分析粤港经济一体化发展现状特点基础上,剖析了新时期粤港经济合作中可能存在的矛盾与冲突因素.指出制定统一的产业发展规划,展开全方位的产业经济合作,营造适宜的制度环境以及促进粤港文化整合等是新时期促进粤港经济一体化协调发展的重要举措.     

Analysis of the spatial relations among point distributions on a discrete space

This paper proposes a method of analyzing spatial relations among point distributions on a discrete space. Spatial topology and proximity are discussed in an integrated framework at both local and global scales. Local relations are described by geographical representations, whereas global relations are visualized by graph representations. The latter also provide a means of classifying the point distributions. The proposed method is applied to school location planning in Japan. The results reveal the appealing properties of the method and provide empirical findings.     

陆海统筹视域下国土空间多维冲突识别与分区调控——以莱州市为例

充分识别陆海空间冲突并制定科学规划是实现陆海统筹的关键。基于陆海空间利用现状与规划,构建陆海空间冲突的理论分析框架,采用冲突识别矩阵、邻域冲突测度模型和社会网络分析等方法,以山东省莱州市为案例区,1 km格网为研究单元,分别从陆地对海洋、海洋对陆地2个方向定量识别陆海空间的现状冲突和规划冲突,并结合四象限模型对冲突进行分区。主要研究结果如下：① 从冲突范围与强度来看,莱州市陆地利用与规划越过海岸线的范围更大,陆海交互冲突范围将持续增加,陆海统筹应重视空间复合利用与跨系统交互影响。② 从冲突的类型来看,现状冲突中陆地的水域与湿地以及海洋的渔业用海等利用方式对海陆系统产生的影响较大;而在规划冲突中,陆地的一般农地区和其他用地区,海洋的农渔业区和港口航运区4类功能分区跨系统产生的影响较大。③ 现状与规划的耦合分区结果显示,相对独立的陆海空间规划对于控制和缓解空间冲突具有一定效果,然而陆海空间统筹利用与管理迫在眉睫,应结合系统观点根据不同分区特点进行优化。     

洛杉矶工业产业升级的主要经验及启示

随着世界进入全球化时代以及信息技术的广泛应用,工业发展的自身特点和外部环境都发生了变化,转型升级成为新的主题。本文通过研究洛杉矶从西部边缘小城市最终成长为全球经济中心的工业升级历程并深入探讨其成功经验。结果表明,选择发展具有前瞻性和潜力的新兴行业,并始终把握价值链的最高环节是洛杉矶实现产业优势的核心,而洛杉矶广阔的地域使得其产业选择具有多样性。同时经济行为背后的社会、制度关系也非常重要,洛杉矶宽容多元、创新进取的文化氛围以及有利于企业经营模式和产业结构变革的制度环境,共同帮助其实现地区产业升级。     

地缘关系对中国出口增长的影响

本文结合现有文献中的方法和自身思考构建了地缘关系指标体系,利用Google的GDELT数据库,探索地缘关系对中国出口贸易增长的作用。本文发现地缘关系在短期和长期维度上对国家出口贸易带来的涉及政治、地理、制度和文化等方面的多重影响。一方面,政治关系反映了短期政府间关系的波动,对中国出口的影响十分明显。其中较高的政府交往频度不利于中国出口增长,而政府亲密程度对中国出口的影响则是积极的,中国与出口目的国亲密程度越高,则越有向该国出口的倾向。另一方面,地理关系、制度关系和文化关系同样对中国出口有重要影响。在地理关系中,较大的地理距离会减小中国对一地区出口的倾向,而邻接关系会增大中国对一地区出口的倾向。不同制度关系对中国出口的影响存在差别,没有证据表明经济制度距离对中国出口有额外的影响,而法律制度距离的增大则会导致中国不向该地区出口的倾向。文化关系同样对中国出口有重大影响,其中较大的文化距离会抑制中国对一地区的出口倾向,而如果中国对一地区文化影响力较大,中国对其出口则更加容易。此外,进一步分行业研究的结果表明,不同行业的产品出口对地缘关系的响应程度既存在共性,也存在差异。其中,地区间的亲密程度对全类别产品和服装类、机械设备类、交通工具类三类产品的出口都有显著的影响。     

环杭州湾城市群土地利用的空间冲突与复杂性

土地利用的空间冲突与复杂性研究可为土地利用空间管控提供理论依据和实践支撑。以环杭州湾城市群1990年、2000年、2008年和2013年四期遥感影像为例,分析土地利用系统复杂性、脆弱性及动态性,计算空间冲突综合指数。结果表明：土地利用空间冲突等级表现为一般冲突>中度冲突>轻度冲突>重度冲突;空间冲突的空间格局呈现团状、块状及带状聚集模式分布,具有明显的梯度特征;随着时间的推移,空间冲突的空间自相关性减弱,并具有明显的边缘效应。研究区土地利用空间冲突表现为均衡→打破原有均衡→出现空间自相关→出现空间趋势→形成空间自组织的演变规律。土地利用空间冲突从多核心向单核心模式发展,区域发展水平较高且发展趋于均衡。     

Farmer–herder conflicts, pastoral marginalisation and corruption: a case study from the inland Niger delta of Mali

This study aims to explain a farmer–herder conflict in the inland Niger delta of Mali. We focus on the interests and motivations of the actors involved in the conflict and the rent seeking of the local administration in handling the conflict. Since independence, the customary pastoral leaders (the jowros ) have gradually lost power and wealth to the benefit of previously underprivileged farmers (the rimaybé ). We argue that this process is mainly the result of national policies and laws giving priority to agricultural development at the expense of pastoralism. The result has been large-scale conversions of dry season pastures to rice fields. This pastoral marginalisation also results in increased land use conflicts between herders and farmers. In addition, rent seeking by local officials is perpetuating land use conflicts in the area. Hence, officials are benefiting from conflicts, while especially pastoralists, but also farmers, are losing out. The droughts of the 1970s and 1980s, leading to a more rapid encroachment of rice fields on pastures, as well as the power vacuum that emerged in the early days of the decentralisation process, further aggravated land disputes. Finally, we use this case study to call for an inclusion of issues of rent seeking and corruption more centrally in political ecology.     

Restructuring the export-oriented industrialization in the Pearl River Delta, China: Institutional evolution and emerging tension

The rise of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) as a promising workshop of the “world factory” in China has attributed to the export-oriented industrialization driven by foreign direct investment, particularly Overseas Chinese investment from Hong Kong and Taiwan initiated in the late 1970s. The export-oriented industrialization has embedded in the flexible institutions favourable for foreign investors and local authorities, via the salient entry mode, i.e. processing with supplied materials (lailiaojiagong). Since the mid-2000s, the export-oriented industrialization has undergone dramatic restructuring to cope with the changing business environment at global, national and regional and firm levels. Drawing upon the evolutionary and institutional perspectives in geographical political economy approach, this study argues that the prevailed institutions conducive for the export-oriented processing have evolved into institutional inertia and territorial embeddedness as obstacles for the on-going restructuring, particularly the market reorientation from export to domestic sale. Moreover, difficulties of restructuring through the state-designated relocation have been heightened by the resistance from below and emerging state-firm tension. The institutional evolution of the export-oriented industrialization in the PRD has enriched the literature on industrial restructuring in the context of dynamic global-local interactions, but also provided fundamental implications for formulating well-coordinated restructuring strategies among various institutions and concerned actors.     

Recreating Ocean Space: Recreational Consumption and Representation of the Caribbean Marine Environment

This paper investigates the historical relationship between the development of marine-based tourism and representations of marine space. Over the past 100 years, the Caribbean Sea has been transformed from a transportation surface connecting exotic ports of call into a commodity itself. Imagined by early travelers as a two-dimensional space to be crossed, the Caribbean has became part of a new tropical marine aesthetic, a three-dimensional spectacle to be actively consumed and conserved. These changing representations of the marine environment as a space of consumption have been paralleled by changes in the relationships between marine and terrestrial political economies. As marine-based tourism has intensified, the balance of power among coastal resource users has shifted. The increasingly conflictive consequences of this shift are illustrated by the case of Soufrière in St. Lucia where new uses of marine space have re-configured social and economic relationships. Soufrière's coastal economy has been transformed and its marine space increasingly politicized as competing representations of the sea have been used to assert conflicting claims to resource access. This paper attempts to elucidate the power of these representations by investigating their historical relationship to the changing role of the Caribbean Sea in the international tourism industry.