基于SAGA-FCM的煤与瓦斯突出预测方法

为提高模糊C-均值聚类（Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm,FCM）算法在煤与瓦斯突出预测中的准确度,提出一种将模拟退火算法（Simulated Annealing Algorithm,SA）与遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm,GA）相结合用于模糊C-均值聚类分析的煤与瓦斯突出预测方法。该方法综合了模拟退火算法全局搜索、高精度的优点和遗传算法强大的空间搜索能力,将经遗传模拟退火算法优化后的初始值赋给FCM,避免了由于聚类中心初始值选择不当造成FCM算法收敛到局部极小点上。结合典型突出矿井数据进行分析,结果表明:遗传模拟退火算法优化后的FCM算法较单一,预测准确度高。      

非饱和土粒间毛细作用的微观不连续变形分析

非饱和土粒间毛细水作用是其基质吸力的主要来源.本文基于二维非连续变形分析算法(DDA),建立了一种能够模拟不同饱和度下毛细水分布状态及计算土水特征曲线的扩展DDA算法.该算法首先通过反复迭代的方式来计算出不同饱和度下毛细水弯液面的半径,并利用圆心轨迹交汇法确定粒间毛细水弯液面与颗粒的搭接位置,从而确定各个颗粒表面被毛细...     

基于模糊C-均值算法粗糙集理论的云模型在岩爆等级评价中的应用

岩爆等级评价具有模糊性和不确定性,而粗糙集理论的云模型对处理模糊性和不确定性问题具有独特优势,由此提出了基于模糊C均值（简称FCM）算法粗糙集的云模型理论在岩爆等级评价中的新模型。该模型选用岩石单轴抗压强度 、洞室围岩最大的切向应力 、岩石单轴抗拉强度 和岩石弹性能量指数Wet作为岩爆等级评价因子,依据岩爆分级标准计算各评价因子隶属于不同岩爆等级的云数字特征。同时,以国内外40例岩爆工程为研究对象,运用基于FCM算法的粗糙度理论进行因子属性重要性评价,计算各评价因子权重。根据正向正态云发生器,得到待评样本的综合确定度,由最大综合确定度判定岩爆级别。研究表明：该模型的评价结果与实际情况基本一致,具有一定的可行性,为岩爆预测提供了一种新的研究方法与思路。     

颗粒-流体耦合算法与饱和土不排水剪切特性研究

在颗粒流方法 PFC~(3D)的基础上发展了颗粒-流体耦合模型。在耦合模型中引入了孔隙度,其可考虑孔隙结构的可变性,并开发了可以考虑孔隙水压力和孔隙结构变化的颗粒-流体耦合计算程序。在此基础上模拟了饱和土的不排水剪切试验,与北京黏质粉土的试验数据及常体积模拟方法进行了对比。结果表明:采用颗粒-流体耦合方法计算得到的结果和常体积法计算结果与北京黏质粉土的试验结果相比均是一致的,验证了耦合算法的可靠性;分析比较了相同计算条件下耦合方法和常体积法计算得到的偏应力及径向应变曲线,研究了不同围压下试样的不排水剪切特性。颗粒-流体耦合计算结果表明:饱和土不排水剪切过程随着围压升高,孔隙水压力和偏应力均升高,而应力比曲线变得平滑,应力比有所降低。     

颗粒沉降问题的高解析度CFD-DEM-IBM流固耦合数值模拟方法

为实现颗粒沉降问题的精确数值模拟,探索稠密颗粒两相流中流体与颗粒间的影响机制,基于浸入边界法（IBM）,建立了高解析度CFD-DEM-IBM流固耦合数值模拟方法。分别通过流体动力学方法（CFD）及离散单元法（DEM）描述连续流体及非连续颗粒,引入浸入边界法处理颗粒移动边界,并在Navier-Stokes动量方程中附加体力项以体现流固相互作用,采用交错迭代算法在同一时间步内多次迭代求解直至收敛以实现流固间的强耦合。通过单、双、群颗粒的沉降行为模拟,结果表明:与传统CFD-DEM方法相比,该方法能够准确考虑颗粒间及流固两相间的相互作用,获得高解析度的流场信息。模拟结果与前人数值计算结果吻合,验证了该方法的准确性与有效性及其对稠密颗粒两相流问题的适用性与优越性。     

硼酸盐矿物中硼氧原子簇的分子轨道理论计算：6—31G＊的结果

本文利用6-31G*基组的分子轨道理论从头计算法对[BO_3],[BO_4],[OB_2]等三个硼氧多面体进行平衡几何构型和振动光谱频率的计算,并与早先的6-31G结果进行了比较,说明在分子轨道理论从头计算法中扩大使用的基组对计算结果的改进有着明显的作用。     

粗粒料多边形表征及二维FEM/DEM分析

考虑到颗粒形状对粗粒料的力学特性有重大影响,提出了一种新的表征颗粒形状的方法,即在椭圆上随机选取一系列点连接成多边形颗粒,表征狭长扁平的颗粒。新方法较圆上取点的方法能代表更多类型的颗粒形状,适用范围更广。提出了一种新的粗粒料投放算法,即先缩小颗粒,然采用随机算法将缩小的颗粒投放至给定区域,对颗粒划分好网格后,将颗粒放大到原来的大小,然后采用有限元-离散元(FEM/DEM)方法计算稳定后即生成了相应的试样。通过将上述颗粒生成及投放算法与FEM/DEM结合,应用于粗粒料的数值模拟。分析表明,FEM/DEM是研究粗粒料力学性质的较好方法,对复杂的颗粒形状也可简单建模,且因在颗粒内部划分了有限元网格,复杂的接触判断及接触力计算转化为标准统一的三角形和三角形之间的接触判断及接触力计算,所有的计算均可标准化、统一化。同时因为颗粒是可以变形的,依然保留了连续介质力学中应力和应变的概念,无须像PFC那样需通过测量圆来间接表示某点的应力、应变。最后,通过粗粒料的侧限压缩试验的数值模拟,展现了文中提出的一整套解决方案在模拟粗粒料方面的巨大潜力。     

基于FCM算法的粗糙集理论在边坡稳定性影响因素敏感性分析中的应用

结合粗糙集理论与模糊C-均值（FCM）算法,提出一种边坡稳定性影响因素敏感性分析新方法。将边坡稳定性影响因素敏感性分析问题转化为粗糙集理论中的属性重要性评价问题,采用FCM算法离散连续属性数据,给出敏感性分析的具体算法。以圆弧型破坏边坡为例,对影响边坡稳定性的单因素与多因素敏感性进行分析,证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

砂土颗粒形状的傅里叶描述符自动生成

颗粒形状是影响砂土密实度、力学与渗流等特性的主要因素之一。傅里叶描述法是一种有效表征颗粒形状的数学方 法。基于傅里叶系数与颗粒平均半径定义傅里叶描述符Dn。采用傅里叶描述符D2,D3,D8以及D3与D8对数线性组合的简化 算法可自动生成复杂的砂土颗粒形状。颗粒形状由傅里叶描述符Dn与相位角δn序列共同控制。分析了傅里叶描述符D2、 D3、D8与颗粒几何参数间的相关性,结果表明,长宽比a与D2正相关,圆形度C 与D2,D8负相关,磨圆度R与D8强负相 关,球形度S与D2,D3之间均呈现显著负相关,规则度Re与D8呈负相关性,且在D8=0时与D3之间呈强负相关性。以显微CT 扫描南京粉砂断层序列二值图像中典型颗粒为样本,基于Pearson相关性准则,计算了重构颗粒与实际颗粒轮廓相似性,相 关系数大于0.94,表明算法具有较高的表征精度。算法可用于二维数值模拟中实际砂土颗粒的批量自动生成。     

扩底桩的上拔试验及其颗粒流数值模拟

通过原型试验和应用颗粒流理论及其PFC2D程序数值模拟,研究了黄土中扩底桩承受上拔荷载的宏观力学性能及其细观结构,以及扩底桩在上拔荷载下的位移、极限上拔承载力和破坏机理.结果表明增加扩底桩扩大端的高度对提高承载力是有效的;破坏机理为土的减压软化和损伤软化的渐进性破坏.并提出了扩底桩极限上拔承载力计算式,计算值与实测值相吻合.应用颗粒流理论分析了颗粒细观结构、受影响区域、扩底桩的上拔位移和土中滑裂面.颗粒流模拟的土中滑裂面、荷载与位移关系和宏观试验实测结果相一致.     

不排水双层粘性土地基极限承载力的数值分析

采用弹塑性有限元分析了条形基础作用下不排水条件的双层粘性土地基极限承载力性状。采用修正的地基承载力系数表征,并将不同的几何与土层参数条件下的数值解与上下限解和经典的经验解进行比较。表明弹塑性位移有限元法可以很好地求解地基的极限承载力问题,其求解得到的修正地基承载力系数与基于下限原理的有限元解很接近,而上限解高估了地基的极限荷载值,传统的经验解在某些条件下却偏小。     

An oversampling technique for the multiscale finite volume method to simulate electromagnetic responses in the frequency domain

In order to reduce the computational cost of the simulation of electromagnetic responses in geophysical settings that involve highly heterogeneous media, we develop a multiscale finite volume method with oversampling for the quasi-static Maxwell’s equations in the frequency domain. We assume a coarse mesh nested within a fine mesh that accurately discretizes the problem. For each coarse cell, we independently solve a local version of the original Maxwell’s system subject to linear boundary conditions on an extended domain, which includes the coarse cell and a neighborhood of fine cells around it. The local Maxwell’s system is solved using the fine mesh contained in the extended domain and the mimetic finite volume method. Next, these local solutions (basis functions) together with a weak-continuity condition are used to construct a coarse-mesh version of the global problem. The basis functions can be used to obtain the fine-mesh details from the solution of the coarse-mesh problem. Our approach leads to a significant reduction in the size of the final system of equations and the computational time, while accurately approximating the behavior of the fine-mesh solutions. We demonstrate the performance of our method using two 3D synthetic models: one with a mineral deposit in a geologically complex medium and one with random isotropic heterogeneous media. Both models are discretized using an adaptive mesh refinement technique.     

Numerical aspects of non-coaxial model implementations

This paper ascertains the reasons for the numerical problems when the yield vertex non-coaxial model is implemented in the finite element analysis to predict the behaviour of complicated geotechnical engineering problems. The numerical problem, reflected in the failure of convergence in the non-linear solutions in ABAQUS, is likely to happen when a smaller non-coaxial plastic modulus is used. It is found that a large non-coaxial influence at the start of elastoplastic loading, which causes the predominance of non-coaxial plastic strain rate over the coaxial plastic strain rate in stress–strain responses, is the reason for the numerical problem. The original yield vertex non-coaxial model is modified to overcome the numerical problem. Instead of a constant non-coaxial plastic modulus in the original yield vertex non-coaxial model, the non-coaxial modulus is made a function of cumulative deviatoric plastic strain. It shows that the modified non-coaxial model retains the functions of the original non-coaxial model. Meanwhile, it overcomes the non-convergence problem when a smaller non-coaxial plastic modulus, representing a larger non-coaxial influence, is used.     

Finite element analysis of steady-state natural convection problems in fluid-saturated porous media heated from below

In this paper, a progressive asymptotic approach procedure is presented for solving the steady-state Horton–Rogers–Lapwood problem in a fluid-saturated porous medium. The Horton–Rogers–Lapwood problem possesses a bifurcation and, therefore, makes the direct use of conventional finite element methods difficult. Even if the Rayleigh number is high enough to drive the occurrence of natural convection in a fluid-saturated porous medium, the conventional methods will often produce a trivial non-convective solution. This difficulty can be overcome using the progressive asymptotic approach procedure associated with the finite element method. The method considers a series of modified Horton–Rogers–Lapwood problems in which gravity is assumed to tilt a small angle away from vertical. The main idea behind the progressive asymptotic approach procedure is that through solving a sequence of such modified problems with decreasing tilt, an accurate non-zero velocity solution to the Horton–Rogers–Lapwood problem can be obtained. This solution provides a very good initial prediction for the solution to the original Horton–Rogers–Lapwood problem so that the non-zero velocity solution can be successfully obtained when the tilted angle is set to zero. Comparison of numerical solutions with analytical ones to a benchmark problem of any rectangular geometry has demonstrated the usefulness of the present progressive asymptotic approach procedure. Finally, the procedure has been used to investigate the effect of basin shapes on natural convection of pore-fluid in a porous medium. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Groundwater management using a new coupled model of meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method and modified artificial bee colony algorithm

To develop sustainable groundwater management strategies, generally coupled simulation-optimization (SO) models are used. In this study, a new SO model is developed by coupling moving least squares (MLS)-based meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method and modified artificial bee colony (MABC) algorithm. The MLPG simulation model utilizes the advantages of meshless methods over the grid-based techniques such as finite difference (FDM) and finite element method (FEM). For optimization, the basic artificial bee colony algorithm is modified to balance the exploration and exploitation capacity of the model more effectively. The performance of the developed MLPG-MABC model is investigated by applying it to hypothetical and field problems with three different management scenarios. The model results are compared with other available SO model solutions for its accuracy. Further, sensitivity analyses of various model parameters are carried out to check the robustness of the SO model. The proposed model gave quite promising results, showing the applicability of the present approach.     

Discontinuous deformation analysis with second‐order finite element meshed block

The discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) with second‐order displacement functions was derived based on six‐node triangular mesh in order to satisfy the requirement for the accurate calculations in practical applications. The matrices of equilibrium equations for the second‐order DDA were given in detail for program coding. By close comparison with widely used finite element method and closed form solutions, the advantages of the modified DDA were illustrated. The program coding was carried out in C++ environment and the new code applied to three examples with known analytical solutions. A very good agreement was achieved between the analytical and numerical results produced by the modified DDA code. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

UNDRAINED CAVITY EXPANSIONS IN CRITICAL STATE SOILS

Boundary value problems for hardening/softening soils, such as Cam-Clay, usually require the extensive use of finite element methods. Here analytical and semi-analytical solutions for the undrained expansion of cylindrical and spherical cavities in critical state soils are presented. The strain is finite, the initial cavity radius is arbitrary and the procedure applicable to any isotropically hardening materials. In all cases only simple quadratures are involved, and in the case of the original Cam-Clay a complete analytical solution can be found. In addition to providing models of the behaviour of displacement piles and pressuremeters these results also provide valuable benchmark solutions for verifying various numerical methods.     

Upper-bound multi-rigid-block solutions for bearing capacity of two-layered soils

The limit analysis method has been widely used in the stability analysis of geotechnical problems including the bearing capacity of foundations. Two main approaches have been followed in the limit analysis to improve the calculation of the bearing capacity of foundations. One approach is to combine limit analysis with the finite element method and linear/nonlinear programming. The other is to use a multi-rigid-block mechanism to obtain an upper-bound solution. In this paper, the multi-rigid-block upper-bound method with a modified failure mechanism from that of Florkiewicz [Florkiewicz A. Upper bound to bearing capacity of layered soils. Can Geotech J 1989;26(4):730–6.] was employed to calculate the bearing capacity of foundations. Attention was paid particularly to the bearing capacity of strip footings over a two-layered soil. In order to verify the effectiveness of the modified mechanism, comparisons were made with other well-known solutions. The results showed improvements over the best available multi-rigid-block upper-bound solutions given by Michalowski and Shi [Michalowski RL, Shi L. Bearing capacity of footings over two-layer foundation soils. J Geotech Eng ASCE 1995;121(5):421–8.], and fair consistence with the results from the finite element limit analysis in Shiau et al. [Shiau JS, Lyamin AV, Sloan SW. Bearing capacity of a sand layer on clay by finite element limit analysis. Can Geotech J 2003;40(5):900–15.].     

An edge-based smoothed point interpolation method for elasto-plastic coupled hydro-mechanical analysis of saturated porous media

An edge-based smoothed point interpolation method is adopted for coupled hydro-mechanical analysis of saturated porous media with elasto-plastic behaviour. A novel approach for the evaluation of the coupling matrix of the porous media is adopted. Stress integration is performed using the substepping method, and the modified Newton-Raphson approach is utilised to address the nonlinearities arising from the elasto-plastic constitutive model used in the formulation. Numerical examples are studied and the results are compared with analytical solutions and those obtained from the conventional finite element method (FEM) to evaluate the performance of the proposed model.     

骨节状石香肠构造应变计初探

考虑两期纯剪切变形成因的骨节状石香肠。假设骨节缝处香肠层的厚度近似等于香肠层的原始厚度,再根据等面积法原理恢复骨节状石香肠层的原始长度,求得石香肠层的拉伸有限应变,并采用物理模拟方法对骨节状石香肠等面积法进行了检验,误差范围分别为3.23%,2.84%,3.94%和6.82%。将该种方法应用于湖北铁山含骨节状石香肠岩石的有限应变测量,得到石香肠层的伸长有限应变值为33.80%~48.22%。再利用矩形断裂石香肠对骨节状石香肠应变测量结果进行检验,取得比较一致的结果。并将两期构造变形的岩石有限应变进行了分离。