多齿围沙蚕Perinereis nuntia(Savigny,1818)染色体组型

以多齿围沙蚕Perinereis nuntia(Savigny,1818)幼体为材料,研究染色体组型,2n=28,NF=56,其中中部着丝点(m)染色体4对;亚中部着丝点(sm)染色体10对。     

双齿围沙蚕Perinereis aibuhitensis繁殖的生态

本文研究了栖息于厦门杏林海区的双齿围沙蚕的繁殖习性等。结果表明,其繁殖期出现在每年2～5月,3月末至4月初为繁殖高峰期;雌雄性比为1∶1.7;卵径为186～214μm;胚胎发育经担轮幼虫、膜内疣足幼虫、疣足幼虫和刚节幼虫而达稚虫。幼虫和幼体的体节(X_1)与体长(Y_1)的回归方程为Y_1=139.77X_1-24.62;幼虫的生长特性为Y_2=323.40X_2~(0.35);幼虫和幼体的实验表明,亚心形扁藻是较好的饵料;疣足幼虫对海水的适宜比重为1.010～1.025;幼虫的生长速度随着投饵密度的增加而加快;在幼虫培养期间应铺以泥沙底质为佳。     

多齿围沙蚕的亲体培育

对多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia Savigny)亲体的培养条件进行了研究.结果表明:多齿围沙蚕的适宜培养温度为16～32℃,盐度为25～32.培养时以粉末饵料为佳,16～32℃摄食活泼,摄食时间为15～20min,16℃以下摄食量减少,12℃以下基本不摄食.在19～20℃、保持潮湿条件下,可存活28 d.异沙蚕体形成与温度有关,特别是在经历了一定的低温期(2～4℃)后,再提高温度至18～25℃,可以有效地促进异沙蚕体形成.在人工养殖情况下,异沙蚕体的形成及群浮并未出现半月相型规律,成熟后只要有微弱的光照,任何时间加水覆盖水槽均可见到异沙蚕体群浮.     

双齿围沙蚕的营养成分与食用安全

本文对福建近海天然与养殖的双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)进行基本成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物元素以及沙蚕毒素进行测定.结果表明,不论是天然或是养殖的,双齿围沙蚕均富含粗蛋白质(60%,干基)和氨基酸(TAA∶54.27%~56.80%);必需氨基酸(EAA/TAA约37%,EAA/NEAA≥0.58)基本符合联合国粮农组织(FAO)、世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的理想蛋白模式;呈味氨基酸所占的比例(FAA/TAA约45%)也较高.其油脂含量为9.9%~12.5%,且脂肪酸中富含n-3 PUFAs.双齿围沙蚕体所含的必需矿物元素种类齐全,Fe、Zn、I、Se等含量丰富;而有毒元素(Pb、Hg、Cd、总As与无机砷)的含量却较其它海洋水产动物低.沙蚕毒素的分析结果表明,新鲜的双齿围沙蚕均含有沙蚕毒素(1.68~2.42 mg/kg),而经80℃以上烘干或煮熟后的NTX为未检出.因此,不论是天然的还是养殖的双齿围沙蚕均属于高蛋白质,且富含n-3 PUFAs和微量必需.     

人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕亲体培育和繁殖生物学的初步研究

通过生态学及组织学方法对人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia Savigny)亲体培育条件及繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明,多齿围沙蚕雌雄异体,非成熟季节外观上无法辨别雌雄,性成熟时,雌(异沙蚕体)灰绿色,雄(异沙蚕体)红白色.生殖细胞起源于体腔膜上皮,不久就释放到体腔中,在体腔内卵原细胞和精原细胞http://ebook/成都,今夜请将我遗忘/index.htm分裂增殖形成卵原细胞群和精原细胞群,体腔中充满了外形不规则或近圆形的滋养细胞,细胞内可见嗜伊红颗粒,滋养细胞之间可见发达的微血管.卵原细胞群不断增殖发育,至初级卵母细胞后游离至体腔中继续发育为次级卵母细胞和成熟卵子;精原细胞群形成精子合胞体(syncytium),各级精母细胞在合胞体内发育,直至形成成熟精子时才分散游离.水温18℃以上,多齿围沙蚕的生长体经培育才可能形成异沙蚕体.特别是在经历了一定的低温期后,再提高温度可以有效的促进异沙蚕体形成.胚胎发育的适宜温度为18～25℃;适宜盐度为25～32.胚胎发育过程经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内游毛幼虫期等阶段,在水温25℃、盐度30条件下,从受精至孵出3刚节幼虫约需65 h.3刚节游毛幼虫至10刚节幼体约需28 d.     

双齿围沙蚕的人工育苗技术研究

报道了2003年5月1日~6月25日在玉环县东方海洋生物有限公司育苗厂80 m2的水泥池中育出平均体长2.34 cm的双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensisGrube)幼体13.16kg,并对双齿围沙蚕疣足幼虫进行了不同生态条件的单因子试验。结果表明,适宜的温度为24~26℃;盐度的适合范围为15.0~34.8,最适21.6;饵料以球等鞭金藻和混合藻(角毛藻 扁藻 微绿球藻)为佳,球等鞭金藻的密度以20×104个/mL组效果最佳;4刚疣足幼体起投细砂效果明显优于其它组。     

双齿围沙蚕的胚胎发育与纤毛虫病害

双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)亲体为2010 年半人工育苗的苗种, 人工培育至异沙蚕体后进行集中催产、人工授精, 受精卵经过消毒后, 孵化至囊胚期, 收集入水泥池进行中间培育, 经3 d 孵化至3 刚节幼体再次收集, 放入土池进行幼虫培育。卵子受精后, 定期(早期每隔1 h, 囊胚期后每隔3 h)取受精卵, 置于OLYMPUS－CX31 显微镜进行活体观察并进行拍照。结果表明, 在双齿围沙蚕的胚胎发育过程中, 出现了与已有结论不符的特殊现象, 例如油球与胚胎发育的关系, 胚胎的高温孵化。而且,在孵化期, 一种寄生纤毛虫导致沙蚕胚胎及出膜3 刚节疣足幼体的大量死亡, 其病害机理有待进一步研究。     

双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)主要器官的组织学观察及其生理功能研究

采用组织学方法,较系统地观察研究了双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)主要器官的组织学特点。首次以组织学的形式表现出多毛类刚毛的细微结构——中空的短管状结构,以及腹腔内主要器官组织学特性、位置关系及其可能的生理功能。结果表明:双齿围沙蚕疣足拥有丰富的毛细血管网并着生刚毛;循环系统发达,由背腹大血管、环体节血管网和毛细血管网共同构成一个发达的循环系统,这与其体节断裂存活、再生的进化机制相适应;肌肉组织分为三种不同类型——环肌、纵肌和斜肌,在三者协调配合下,疣足、各体节及整个虫体的运动功能得以完善;消化道由前向后的组织学变化,主要体现为肌肉类型的变化以及肠道褶皱的逐渐丰富,显示了形态与功能的高度适应性。本研究结果为更加系统掌握双齿围沙蚕的生物学特征奠定了基础,并为其人工繁育、指示环境污染物情况提供了一定的科学依据。     

镉铜单一及复合胁迫对双齿围沙蚕(Perineresis aibuhitensis)消化酶活性和抗氧化指标的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了Cd²⁺-Cu²⁺单一及复合胁迫3d、6d、9d对双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)消化酶活性和抗氧化指标的影响。结果表明,沙蚕的各项不同指标对Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺胁迫的响应表现出不同的变化趋势,复合胁迫中Cd²⁺-Cu²⁺对沙蚕各指标的影响存在交互效应。沙蚕3种消化酶活性大小为淀粉酶>蛋白酶>脂肪酶。Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺单一胁迫能激发沙蚕淀粉酶活性,激发作用强于复合胁迫。Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺单一胁迫实验前期低浓度组蛋白酶被抑制,高浓度组被诱导,复合胁迫实验前期Cd²⁺-Cu²⁺对蛋白酶活性的影响存在协同作用。Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺胁迫对沙蚕脂肪酶活性整体表现出抑制作用。Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺     

双齿围沙蚕对温度、盐度和干露的耐受性研究

本论文主要研究双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)对盐度突变、温度突变和盐度渐变、温度渐变及干露的耐受性。实验结果表明:双齿围沙蚕耐受盐度的范围比较广泛,为5~45,适宜的盐度范围为20~30,求得双齿围沙蚕96 h半致死盐度上限为33.1。适宜温度范围为20~30℃,对低温有很强的耐受力。双齿围沙蚕在低温保湿干露10 d未发生死亡,大量死亡集中在13~14 d。本研究结果表明:双齿围沙蚕对环境的适应性较强,耐温、耐盐范围较广,且具有很强的耐干露能力。     

Changes in vertical distribution and aggregative behaviour in response to population density for larval sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and sea stars (Asterias rubens)

We examined the effects of the presence of larval conspecifics on larval vertical distribution of four‐arm and six‐arm plutei of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and bipinnaria of Asterias rubens, in laboratory experiments, by manipulating population density. Larvae were introduced to experimental columns (10 × 10 × 30 cm) at one of two or three population densities (S. droebachiensis: 0.1 and 10 larvae·ml^?1; A. rubens: 0.1, 1 and 10 larvae·ml^?1). Subsequent changes in vertical distribution were determined from images of the larvae in the columns illuminated by a 532‐nm laser and captured by a high‐resolution camera. Larvae of both species were found higher in the water column in the high than in the low and intermediate population densities. The relationship between vertical swimming velocity and nearest neighbour distance (NND) was measured for four‐arm plutei of S. droebachiensis, and used to determine a range in distances among individuals that may affect potential interactions. The variation in swimming velocity decreased with increasing proximity below a threshold distance among individuals of 10 mm, which was greater than the estimated distance in the high population density. We suggest that the increased larval aggregation near the water surface under high population density is the result of a behavioural response to conspecifics.     

Subtidal Galeolaria hystrix (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) reefs in Paterson Inlet,Stewart Island,New Zealand

Serpulid patch reefs of Galeolaria hystrix Mörch, 1863 were found in water depths of 9–16 m in Big Glory Bay, Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island, and here we report preliminary studies of these important habitat‐formers. This is the first observation of this species in subtidal patch reefs; 114 reefs were noted in a survey of 28 000 m². Most reefs were 1–5 m in diameter, and up to 1.5 m high. Up to 65% of the serpulid tubes were occupied by living G. hystrix during a mid‐winter diving survey; 64% of reefs observed were whole, whereas 36% were broken or dead. Radiometric dating of a basal specimen of reef carbonate showed it to be less than 50 years old. Production of high‐Mg calcite, ranging from 9 to 11 wt% MgCO3, by G. hystrix may be as much as 11 kg CaCO3 m^‐2y^‐1, but was not reflected in surrounding sediments, which were dominantly terrigenous muds. A rich reef fauna, both sessile and motile, was associated with the reefs. Further study of these unusual temperate reefs is strongly recommended.     

中华竹节虫(Sabaco sinicus),中国近海竹节虫科(环节动物门:多毛纲)一新种

根据在中国近海采集到的标本,描述多毛类环节动物一新种——中华竹节虫（Sabaco sinicus sp.nov.）。该物种标本在乌沙科夫等（1962）报道后一直被错误鉴定为钩齿短脊虫（Asychis gangeticus Fauvel,1932）。我们基于以下性状将该种描述为一新物种：项沟和前三个刚节具深棕色色素点;刚节4–6的腺体分布特征;肛前节无刚毛;肛漏斗喇叭状,背侧小叶呈扁盘状;具膝状的背刚毛、表面有或无螺旋刺毛带的细毛状背刚毛;腹刚毛为排成一列的鸟嘴状齿片刚毛。钩齿短脊虫和该新种的区别在于前者身体无色素点,肛板背侧小叶呈三角形。自1950s以来,该物种的分布区已经从长江口以南海区明显向北扩展。     

真鲷早期发育阶段行为生态学研究

真鲷Pagrosomus major Temminck et Schlegel早期发育阶段游泳行为的发育可以分为:(1)旋转式运动;(2)阶梯型运动;(3)间断式水平运动和滑翔;(4)巡游以及(5)疾游五种类型。前期仔鱼的摄食方式主要是伴有甩头动作的前冲摄食;后期仔鱼的摄食主要有两种类型:一种是身体弯成S形的“S攻击型”;另一种为不作摄食姿势的“咬食攻击型”。摄食方式随着发育水平和饵料种类的不同而异。文中对发育过程中出现的攻击行为、护食行为、互食行为、猝死现象亦进行了描述。并对游泳、摄食以及各种行为的生态意义和实际意义进行了讨论。     

深水风浪破碎发生率与风速和风区的关系

根据于渤海中部采油平台测得的数据，结合实验室的测量，提出一种深水风浪破碎发生率与风速和风区关系的经验公式，与现已发表的少量海上测量结果相比较，此式符合良好。利用此式较好地解释了风浪破碎起始风速问题。     

Spawning behaviour of snapper,Chrysophrys auratus,in captivity (note)

Spawning of snapper was observed in the public aquarium at Napier. Spawning males were characterised by a grey coloration and spawning females were the typical silvery‐pink colour. On four occasions spawning behaviour activity involved several males and one female and on one occasion it initially involved one male and one female, although other males joined in the spawning act. At each spawning event the female swam vertically towards the surface closely pursued by males. Eggs and sperms were released near the surface.     

Histological and morphological alterations induced by copper exposure in Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae) was collected in an unpolluted (UP) and an polluted (P) site at the Patos Lagoon estuary (Southern Brazil) and maintained under control conditions (UPC and PC, respectively) or exposed to waterborne copper (UPCu and PCu; 500 μg Cu/l), for 48 h. Four groups (aaUPC, aaPC, aaUPCu, and aaPCu) were also pre-exposed for 48 h to ascorbic acid (aa; 0.1 mM) before copper exposure. Histological and morphological alterations, as well as oxygen consumption changes were evaluated. Independently of the sampling site and the pre-exposure to the ascorbic acid, morphological abnormalities were evident in more than 80% of worms exposed to copper. Conspicuous histological changes (coeloma obliteration, cuticle separation from the epidermis, and absence of dorsal vessel) were also observed. In addition, PCu worms showed loss of the digestive epithelium and coiling behavior. Similar oxygen consumption values were observed in control and copper exposed worms.     

Reproductive biology of the leatherjacket,Meuschenia scaber (Monacanthidae) (Forster 1801) in the Hauraki Gulf,New Zealand

The leatherjacket Meuschenia scaber is widely distributed in Australasian waters, and is a valued bycatch of inshore bottom trawl fisheries although little is known of its life history. Here, we describe the reproductive biology of the species based on 651 leatherjackets sampled in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, between July 2014 and March 2016. The maximum total length (L_T) recorded for females and males were 320 and 315?mm, respectively, with both sexes present in all size classes. Monthly analysis of gonad condition revealed a clear spawning season from late austral winter to early summer (August–December), and histological analysis of the ovaries revealed that M. scaber is an indeterminate serial spawning gonochorist. The estimated sizes at sexual maturity (L₅₀) for females (189.9?mm L_T) and males (188.4?mm L_T) did not differ significantly. Relatively small testes, sexual dimorphism and underwater observation of nesting suggest that M. scaber is a paired spawner.