浙江沿海超强台风风暴潮灾害的影响及其对策

对浙江省历史台风基本资料进行分析后发现,近年来台风严重影响浙江的趋势和登陆浙江的台风个数均有明显的增强和增加.浙江省沿海各测站的历史最高潮位均由台风暴潮引起,其中"9417"号、"9711"号两次台风与天文大潮遭遇引起的风暴潮次数占了绝大多数.受台风暴潮影响时,岸边观测到的潮位由天文潮和台风引起的增水两部分组成.采用潮波与风暴增水耦合的非线性效应模型研究了风暴潮.在验证"5612"号、"9417"号、"9711"号、"0414"号、"0509"号和"桑美"6场台风暴潮的基础上,模型以1949年以来我国大陆沿海最强的一次台风("5612"号台风)参数为基础,设计了台风在浙北(穿山)、浙中北(石浦)、浙中(椒江)、浙中南(坎门)和浙南(琵琶门)登陆的5条路径,以反映超强台风在浙江沿海不同地点登陆与天文高潮位"碰头"时可能造成的最高潮位,它可以基本代表超强台风登陆浙江沿海时的风暴潮位.根据两潮耦合模型计算得到的沿海高潮位与海塘塘顶高程进行比较,分析沿海海塘发生漫顶甚至溃堤的可能性.通过对海塘可能损毁机理的分析,根据不同登陆线路的超强台风在遭遇天文大潮高潮位时对浙江沿海可能造成的威胁程度进行淹没风险分析.在上述计算分析的基础上,结合浙江沿海的实际情况,提出相应的防御超强台风风暴潮的工程和非工程措施.     

广东汕尾沿岸海岛海域1970—2009年最高潮位变化分析

根据汕尾验潮站1970-2009年共40年的潮汐资料,分析潮位的变化规律,全球气候变暖对平均海平面和年最高潮位的影响,并统计各重现期最高潮位理论值和台风的影响,认为汕尾站年平均潮位随时间推移总体呈上升的趋势,但年最高潮位总体上升或下降趋势不明显.另外,温度上升会带来年平均潮位的升高,而对年最高潮位没有明显的影响.这些结果可为汕尾市的经济发展、海岛利用等工程项目及以后进一步的科学研究提供理论依据.     

变化环境下的钱塘江河口潮位特性及其影响因素

利用钱塘江河口沿程的闸口、七堡、仓前、盐官、澉浦和乍浦等7个潮位站的实测资料,分析了1953～2007年各站年最高潮位、年平均高潮位、年平均低潮位的不同变化特性,并对主要的影响因素进行了分析。线性拟合结果表明,自20世纪50年代以来,钱塘江河口沿程各潮位站年最高潮位抬升幅度达0.57～1.05m,其中七堡站年最高潮位抬升值最大;年最高潮位显著抬升的时间主要发生在20世纪90年代后,该时段年最高潮位抬升值占年最高潮位总抬升值的70.5%～92.6%,极值潮位出现频率显著增加。分析表明,1990年后钱塘江围垦面积仅占总围垦面积的21.6%,因此河口围垦不是造成年最高潮位抬升的唯一因素,而影响浙江的台风频次增多及围垦造成的潮波反射加剧是造成高潮位抬升的主要原因。钱塘江河口年平均高潮位的沿程变化出现趋势性的抬升现象,各站年平均高潮位抬高幅度接近,为0.43～0.49m,但不同潮位站因与围垦河段的相对位置不同,年平均高潮位抬升的历史过程存在明显差异。河口下游段的澉浦、乍浦站年平均高潮位呈现单一的抬升趋势,且与河口逐年累计围垦面积存在很好的相关关系(相关系数大于0.95);而河口上游段的闸口—盐官河段则以1970年为界,年平均高潮位明显有两次抬升过程,受围涂进程影响的机制比较复杂。钱塘江河口年平均低潮位多年来维持在一个相对稳定的水平上,但沿程年际间平均低潮位的变化却不相同。河口上游段的潮位站受径流丰枯及其引起的江道冲淤影响,年平均低潮位年代际呈现出波动的特性;澉浦以下的潮位站年平均低潮位受潮汐控制为主,年代际变化幅度甚微。钱塘江河口不同河段因受径流、潮流、治江围垦等因素的影响程度不同,其潮位特征值沿程的变化特点也不同,需要在河口工程设计、防洪减灾与河口治理等方面引起重视。     

基于ADCIRC+SWAN耦合模型的风暴潮数值模拟研究——以深圳西部海域为例

本文采用ADCIRC和SWAN模式建立了基于非结构网格的深圳海域高分辨率天文潮-风暴潮-海浪耦合数值模型。基于历史统计资料,以1604号台风"妮妲"作为基础路径、以1319号超强台风"天兔"作为设计强度设计了超强台风,计算了超强台风影响下深圳西部海域的最高潮位,结果显示宝安机场、赤湾和深圳湾顶的最高潮位为5.71 m、4.67 m和5.06 m,分别超过当地红色警戒潮位2.69 m、1.65 m和2.98 m。为验证波浪增水作用设计了敏感性实验,结果显示波浪对风暴潮增水的贡献量值约0.1 m。     

南沙永暑海区潮汐特征分析

文中对永暑礁海域1988—2011年逐时潮位、风速、气压等观测资料进行统计分析,讨论该海区的潮汐特征。结果表明,南沙海区全日分潮大于半日潮,属不规则日潮,9月平均海平面最高,1月最低,该海区年平均海平面具有上升趋势,上升率为0.16 cm/a,月平均海平面与气压具有显著相关性,月平均潮差与风速具有显著相关性,平均海平面具有1 a的季节变化周期。采用M-K检验法分析该海域年平均海平面的突变特征,突变点为2001年和2008年。功率谱方法得出月平均海平面变化的显著周期为1 a,表明海平面的季节变化是该海域潮汐的主要特征。此外,利用潮位频率分布得到海区设计高水位为75 cm,设计低水位为-85 cm,同时第一型极值分布曲线较好地拟合了南沙海区年最高水位的分布,50 a一遇高水位为120 cm,低水位为-152 cm,给海洋工程设计提供了可参考的设计参数。     

9615号（Sally）台风引起的阳江市沿海异常高潮位重现期估算

受９６１５号台风影响，阳江市沿海９月９日早上出现超警戒水位高潮位。根据两个验潮站的实测年最高潮位历史资料和１９８８年中国交通部《港口工程技术规范》规定的线型分布和计算方法，分析近数十的校同潮痊的频率分布和重现期值，得出９６１５号台风引起的阳江市沿海高潮位约为２５年一遇，在漠阳江口防潮堤围达标的前提下，现用的北津站警戒水位应提高２０ｃｍ。     

警戒潮位核定中建立年极值水位序列的方法研究

文章以山东省警戒潮位核定为基础,对其沿岸验潮站的实测数据情况进行分类;根据不同类别,分别采用相关分析、数值模拟等方法补充实测数据,获得年极值水位序列,并采用极值Ⅰ型方法计算重现期高潮位。在警戒潮位核定中建立年极值水位序列所使用方法的顺序是,有实测数据优先采用实测数据、没有实测数据利用相关关系、没有相关关系再使用数值模拟和调和分析的方法进行。值得注意的是,在使用相关关系建立年极值水位序列中,计算重现期高潮位时一定要满足潮汐性质相同、所受风暴潮过程相似等条件;在使用数值模拟建立年极值水位序列中,须与其全年天文潮最大值进行对比。     

基于模糊集理论的海塘稳定可靠度研究

针对海塘边坡稳定性分析中因忽略参数空间变化等因素产生的分析结果偏于不安全的倾向,提出了一种计算模糊随机可靠度的简化方法.首次引入"正态模糊数"来描述所选重要参数的计算区间,采用简化Bishop法与"模糊顶点法"相结合的方法计算边坡稳定的安全系数密度函数,然后根据大量边坡实例统计结果的构造函数得到安全系数的戒下型隶属函数,最终计算获得边坡稳定的模糊随机可靠度评价.结果分析表明,传统可靠度分析结果偏于不安全,而利用模糊随机可靠度来评价边坡稳定状况更趋于合理性.     

赤湾验潮站搬迁前后潮位变化特征及其订正

赤湾海洋站是国家海洋局在深圳西部海域唯一的潮汐观测站点,至今已观测30多年。由于地理位置特殊,2008年起该站被选为《中国海平面公报》反映珠江口海平面变化的代表站。2012年10月该站搬至新验潮站,受此影响,其潮位观测序列产生了差异性和不连续性。本文通过计算机编程实现了对海洋站水文气象数据的质量控制。同时,采用赤湾站与邻近验潮站进行对比的方法得出新旧站的潮位差值,初步探讨了搬站前后潮位观测结果的订正方案,并研究其建站以来的历史海平面变化特征。这对确保该站潮位资料的准确性及代表性具有重要意义,同时也为珠江口海域防灾减灾、涉海工程、风暴潮预报等提供了数据支撑。     

1970-2019年黄浦江上游年最高潮位变化及驱动因子

黄浦江年最高潮位变化关系到上海市的防洪安全。本文基于米市渡站1970-2019年年最高潮位及太湖流域降水量等数据,研究了近50年来黄浦江上游年最高潮位的变化趋势、变异特性、发生频率变化和潮位变化的驱动因子。结果表明：年最高潮位在1970-2019年总体呈显著上升趋势,上升幅度为81 cm,年均上升1.62 cm。1995年之后出现跳跃式的波动上升,1996-2002年相对1995年之前出现较大幅度上升,2003-2011年相比1996-2002年出现较明显下降,之后又较大幅度上升。随着潮位升高,各频率对应的最高潮位均大幅度增加,升高幅度均达0.9 m以上,五十年一遇、百年一遇、千年一遇高潮位分别由1970年条件下的3.77 m、3.81 m、3.94 m升高到2019年条件下的4.71 m、4.75 m、4.92 m。与此同时,相同潮位下的重现期急剧减小,高潮位发生频率大幅度增加。分析认为,黄浦江上游年最高潮位升高受气候变化和人类活动的综合影响,1970-1995年主要受降水量变化等气候因素的影响,1996-2019年主要受水利工程、台风频率增加等因素的影响,尤其是太湖流域太浦河等工程...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.