饱水过程中松散土体渗透性变化研究

针对三峡库区广泛存在的紫红色岩(土)的工程地质特征,考虑库区水位的变化,以黄腊石滑坡群的石榴树包滑坡表层原状松散土体为研究对象,设计一定流速条件下的饱水试验,探索在流动的水溶液饱和条件下紫红色松散土体渗透性随时间的变化规律,并分析变化原因。研究发现:饱水过程中,紫红色松散土体的渗透性有很强的时间效应,随着饱水时间的积累,渗透系数呈现显著的线性增大后减小并最终趋于稳定的规律。对比饱水前后土样微观结构以及化学成分分析结果,发现水流对松散土体颗粒的物理运移以及水对土体的化学溶蚀作用、水土之间的离子交换吸附作用影响土体的结构,从而影响了紫红色土体的渗透性。     

松散砂粒孔隙结构、孔隙分形特征及渗透率研究

多孔介质孔隙结构特征是决定流体微观运移机制的重要方面。文章用环氧树脂固结松散石英砂磨制出二维多孔介质薄片,并用孔隙结构图像处理方法提取出孔隙结构参数信息;根据孔隙结构参数,建立描述孔隙结构的分形几何模型,分析松散地层孔隙结构的分形特征;进行多孔介质渗透率的实验测量和分形计算。结果表明:多孔介质的孔隙率和孔径与粒径之间存在线性相关性,拟合度分别达到-0.976 5和0.996 6;在方格边长ε和含有孔隙的格子总数N(ε)的双对数坐标系中,lnε-lnN(ε)数据点近似成直线,且不同样品的孔隙分布分维数值比较接近;而在孔径r与大于该孔径的孔隙总数N(r)的双对数坐标系中,lnr-lnN(r)的数据点必须进行分段回归分析,以便能更好地反映孔隙结构的实际情况;孔隙分布分维数和孔径分维数与粒径也存在较高的对应关系;中砂渗透率的实验测得值是5.19×10-5mm2,孔径分维数分段回归法计算的大孔隙多孔介质渗透率为5.75×10-5mm2,测量值与计算值较为接近,孔径分维数可以计算多孔介质的渗透率。     

高水力梯度条件下颗粒堆积型多孔介质渗流规律试验研究

煤矿开采面临的水文地质条件越来越复杂,尤其是遭遇承压含水层的水压力越来越大,突水灾害发生时必然会带来高水力梯度引起的破碎岩体突水通道内高速非线性渗流问题。据此,研制高水力梯度（最大600）条件下堆积型多孔介质中高速非线性渗流试验装置,采用堆积型钢球模拟破碎岩体,对粒径为1、2、3、4、5、6 mm共6种光滑钢球分别开展了一维均质圆柱渗流试验。试验结果表明：对于由1～6 mm钢球堆积而成的孔隙率为0.44～0.45的多孔介质,当水力梯度大于145时,通过分析水力梯度-平均流速（J-v）曲线和水力梯度-雷诺数（J-Re）关系曲线,将流动状态划分为3个模式：线性层流、非线性层流、紊流,并获得了从线性层流过渡到非线性层流的临界流速为0.23～0.78 cm/s、临界水力梯度为3～8;从层流到紊流转捩的临界流速为1.6～4.8 cm/s、临界水力梯度为90～145。从小粒径多孔介质到大粒径多孔介质的渗流过程中,临界流速越来越大,而临界水力梯度逐渐减小。 渗透率与粒径的平方、非达西流影响系数与粒径的倒数均呈线性正相关,非达西流影响系数随着渗透率的增加呈指数减小。该研究对多孔介质非线性渗流的理论研究以及实际工程中高承压含水层突涌水问题有重要借鉴意义。     

Research advances in non-Darcy flow in low permeability media

More and more experimental results show that Darcy’s law is not fully applicable in low permeability media,and non-Darcy flow has been identified.In this paper we reviewed the research of non-Darcy flow experiments in low-permeability media in recent decades,discuss the existence of non-Darcy flow,and summarize its constitutive equations.The reasons for the threshold gradient were also discussed and summarized for the criterion of the critical point of non-Darcy flow.On this basis,the future development of non-Darcy flow experiments in the rock and clay media were discussed,in order to provide a certain reference for subsequent research on seepage laws in low permeability media.     

孔隙介质的渗透特性初探

孔隙的存在是岩土类介质材料结构的本质特征,它不但改变了岩土体的力学特性,而且严重影响着岩土体的渗透特性。大多数经典的渗流理论中,多孔介质模型都假定孔隙率和渗透系数是与时间无关的材料常数。实际上由于淘涮、侵蚀、冲刷等原因,它们是随时间和坐标变化的,同时又与孔隙中的压力、流速等因素有关。基于孔隙率和损伤变量之间的定量关系,从连续损伤力学的角度对多孔介质岩土材料的渗流力学特性进行了研究。首先,对传统的达西定律形式进行修正,提出了孔隙介质完备有效的达西定律（模型）;然后,对该模型中渗透参数的特性进行了讨论和分析,得出了一些有益的结论。     

Pore scale study of permeability and tortuosity for flow through particulate media using Lattice Boltzmann method

In this paper, Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been used to study the effects of permeability and tortuosity on flow through saturated particulate media and identify the relationships between permeability and tortuosity with other parameters such as particles diameter, grain specific surface, and porosity. LBM is a simple kinematic model that can incorporate the essential physics of microscopic and mesoscopic processes involved in flow through granular soils. The obtained results indicate that the 2D LB model, due to its inherent theoretical advantages, is capable of demonstrating that the porosity and specific surface are the most influential parameters in determining the intrinsic permeability of granular media. The obtained results show that particles' size diameter has a two‐fold effect on the coefficient of permeability: one is through specific surface and the other is by tortuosity factor. Numerical study also reveals that tortuosity of granular soils decreases almost linearly with increasing the porosity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松散承压含水层渗透系数变化规律与估算模型研究

我国华北隐伏型煤田的煤系普遍被第四系松散层覆盖,其中的松散承压含水层在煤矿生产中常带来矿井突水、地表沉降、井筒变形破坏等水文地质灾害,造成巨大经济损失和人员伤亡。渗透系数是反映松散承压含水层土体介质渗透能力的重要参数,其数值的合理估算,对该类煤矿水文地质灾害的防治具有重要指导意义。目前,华北隐伏型煤田松散承压含水层渗透系数往往仅通过现场抽水试验确定,基于地质勘探钻孔信息与数据估算松散承压含水层渗透系数的模型研究较少。通过收集淮北煤田祁东煤矿松散承压含水层已有抽水试验的钻孔信息与数据,选取承压含水层厚度、泥层砂层比、最厚砂层占比、有效应力与底砾层厚比作为影响指标,分别与渗透系数进行相关性分析。最终确定底砾层厚比、有效应力、泥层砂层比为关键影响指标,并分析其对渗透系数的影响规律。结果表明,松散承压含水层渗透系数随底砾层厚比的增加而增大,随有效应力和泥层砂层比的增加而减小。在此基础上,采用多元线性回归分析,提出了基于底砾层厚比、有效应力、泥层砂层比的渗透系数估算模型。并将该估算模型应用于淮北煤田祁南、朱仙庄、青东煤矿松散承压含水层的渗透系数估算,结果显示估算结果与试验值一致。     

非均质孔隙介质中两相流的光透法应用研究

地下水中非水相液体(Non-aqueous Phase Liquid,NAPL)的流动及其曝气修复技术是典型的两相流问题。基于实际地下水含水介质的普遍非均质性,本文应用光透法对非均质孔隙介质中两相流进行了定量试验研究,设计了两组砂箱实验,研究气体和重非水相液体(DNAPL)在非均质孔隙介质中的迁移规律,应用了水/气两相和水/NAPL两相饱和度计算模型。实验结果表明:气体主要由不规则通道向上运动,遇到低渗透性透镜体时在其下方堆积,并开始横向运动,绕过透镜体后继续向上运动,最终在砂箱顶部形成连续气体分布,注气速度越大,气体运移范围越宽;DNAPL在自身重力作用下克服毛管压力向下迁移至低渗透性透镜体,DNAPL无法克服该介质的毛管压力,停止垂向入渗,并在其表面堆积,开始横向运移,绕过透镜体后继续向下运动,最终在砂箱底部形成连续DNAPL污染池。均质介质中建立的计算流体饱和度的水/气模型及水/NAPL模型与实验结果较吻合,可用于非均质多孔介质中水/气相和水/NAPL相饱和度的计算。     

The surface dilational viscosity of polypropylene glycol solutions and its influence on water flow and foam behavior

The non-equilibrium interfacial properties of a homologous series of aqueous polypropylene glycol solutions (400–2000 g/mol) were investigated as a function of concentration to understand their role in determining foam behavior. The overflowing cylinder technique was used to generate a continually expanding surface. Static and dynamic surface tensions, as well as the surface velocity of the expanding surface, were characterized. The surface dilational viscosity was compared to water flow rate and foam retention time of the polypropylene glycol solutions reported in the literature. This study suggests that the surface dilational viscosity is a key parameter in the Marangoni effect which retards water drainage, resulting in wetter foam and increased water recovery across flowing foams.     

高静水压力压实作用下疏松砂岩渗透特性演化及其机制

以江汉盆地水热型地热田疏松砂岩为研究对象,施加静水压力至实测地层应力(12.5MPa),待试样变形稳定后,在恒定渗透流量下研究了疏松砂岩在高静水压力压实作用下渗透特性演化及其机制,为水热型地热田现场尾水回灌过程设备参数的选择提供一些建议。研究结果表明:在高静水压力压实作用下渗透流量(0.5～3.0 mL/min)影响试样达到稳定渗透率的时间,但对最终的稳定渗透率不产生影响,趋于常数4.0×10-3mm²;试样两端压差呈非线性增加,且非线性程度随渗透流速的增加而逐渐增大,但最终趋于稳定。此外,疏松砂岩试样沿渗流方向形成管状潜蚀通道,延伸至试样的约2/3处;基于颗粒运移停止时间及管状潜蚀通道在渗流方向的扩展、延伸长度,定义了不同渗透流速下颗粒平均运移速度,发现颗粒运移速度随渗透流速的增加呈指数形式增大,而且单位时间内通过管状潜蚀通道运移的可移动微小颗粒(小于0.075mm)量随渗透流速的增加而逐渐增多;试样两端压差超过静水压力约1/2时,试样发生潜蚀破坏,上游出现径缩现象。     

A study of the modelling error in two operator splitting algorithms for porous media flow

Operator splitting methods are often used to solve convection–diffusion problems of convection dominated nature. However, it is well known that such methods can produce significant (splitting) errors in regions containing self sharpening fronts. To amend this shortcoming, corrected operator splitting methods have been developed. These approaches use the wave structure from the convection step to identify the splitting error. This error is then compensated for in the diffusion step. The main purpose of the present work is to illustrate the importance of the correction step in the context of an inverse problem. The inverse problem will consist of estimating the fractional flow function in a onedimensional saturation equation.     

JHomogenizer: a computational tool for upscaling permeability for flow in heterogeneous porous media

This paper presents an object-oriented programming approach for the design of numerical homogenization programs, called JHomogenizer. It currently includes five functional modules to compute effective permeability and simple codes for computing solutions for flow in porous media. Examples with graphical output are shown to illustrate some functionalities of the program. A series of numerical examples demonstrates the effectiveness of the methodology for two-phase flow in heterogeneous reservoirs. The software is freely available, and the open architecture of the program facilitates further development and can adapt to suit specific needs easily and quickly.     

非均匀多孔介质等效渗透率的普适表达式

多孔介质渗流是普遍的物理过程,涉及地下工程、地热开采、环境工程等各行各业,尤其是工程建设,常面临防渗问题。由于地质条件的复杂性,工程区域地层受到成岩、压实、风化、生物作用等各种影响,故渗流性质复杂,常需要对建设区域的渗流状况进行数值模拟,从而为工程的设计施工提供决策依据。数值仿真结果依赖于对地层介质关键参数的选取,但目前工程多将其视为均匀介质处理,对于介质的非均匀特性考虑较少。文章旨在研究非均质多孔介质渗透率空间分布与等效渗透率的关系。基于连续介质假定、达西定律以及非均匀多孔介质渗透率空间分布函数,建立一维到三维的达西渗流问题模型,通过求解偏微分方程和理论推导,得到基于渗透率空间分布函数的等效渗透率理论表达式,并与有限元计算的数值解进行对比分析,结果表明理论值和数值解误差很小,证明等效渗透率的表达式的合理性。利用该成果可通过多点局部渗透率的测定构建渗透率空间分布函数,从而对整体渗流区域的渗透性质进行快速计算和评估,从而简化异常复杂的工程地质模型以减少计算量需求,对于工程仿真的快速计算和结果评估有重要意义。     

Predicting water flow in fully and partially saturated porous media: a new fractal-based permeability model

Hydrogeology Journal - Predicting the permeability of porous media in saturated and partially saturated conditions is of crucial importance in many geo-engineering areas, from water resources to...     

多孔介质水油两相系统相对渗透率与饱和度关系试验研究

相对渗透率和饱和度定量关系是多孔介质多相流动系统中重要的动力学参数关系。使用设计的试验装置及试验方法测定了一维砂柱中油水两相动态流动系统的相对渗透率及饱和度数据,由试验结果分析表明:所测得的相对渗透率与实际情况吻合较好;细砂的强亲水性对不同先湿条件下的油、水相相对渗透率及饱和度有较大影响,并造成了不同先湿条件下流体间驱替机制的差异;相饱和度是影响相对渗透率的主要因素,孔隙空间中两种流体的分布方式和流体的饱和历史也影响各相相对渗透率。对试验结果用VGM模型(Parker-Lenhard模型)进行拟合所得结果较好;在水先湿条件下,将van公式拟合毛细压力-饱和度数据所得拟合参数用于VGM模型预测相对渗透率-饱和度曲线,所得结果与VGM模型直接拟合所得结果有差异,但两者所得结果均较好。     

大同盆地孔隙地下水化学场的分带规律性研究

本文通过对大同盆地2004年孔隙地下水水化学资料的分析发现,盆地内孔隙地下水的水化学特征在水平方向上具有以盆地中部为中心,呈环状分布的特点,且与盆地水动力分区具有很好的一致性。由山前冲洪积倾斜平原到中部冲湖积平原,地下水依次经历了补给区、径流区和排泄区,相应的主要水化学类型分别为HCO3型、HCO3.SO4型和HCO3.SO4.Cl型。与中深层孔隙水相比,浅层孔隙水由于水位埋深浅,蒸发浓缩强烈,易受人类活动的影响,各组分的含量较高,变化幅度较大,水化学类型也相对复杂。浅层地下水的水质呈好转趋势,深层地下水水质基本保持稳定。     

Modeling permeability in imperfectly layered porous media. II. A two-dimensional application of block-scale permeability

In the previous paper (Zijl and Stam, 1992), a theory has been developed to calculate the nine components of the three-dimensional intrinsic permeability tensor on the scale of a grid-block from a local-scale, predominantly layered subsurface. The resulting block-scale expressions can be written as a perturbation series of which the first term, or zeroth-order solution, coincides with the conventionally applied arithmetic and harmonic averages over the layers of the subsurface. The derived expressions permit the calculation of the diagonal and off-diagonal terms of the permeability tensor. In the present paper, these expressions will be applied in some numerical examples. Two basic two-dimensional hypothetical permeability distributions are adopted, and the various terms of the theoretical expressions are calculated. The results will be used to derive guidelines to discern the situations where higher order solutions can be neglected, and where conventional harmonic and arithmetic averages give a good estimate of the permeability on grid-block scale.     

应力-温度对低渗透介质渗透率影响研究

在石油/天然气地下储存、核废料地下处置等工程中,低渗透介质的渗透率测试及其随着应力、温度的变化是工程稳定性和环境评价的基础。通过研制的低渗透介质温度-渗流-应力耦合三轴仪（T-M-PTS）,对不同静水压力、不同温度条件下锦屏大理岩的渗透率进行了渗透特性测试,并通过微裂隙模型从理论方面对致密岩石渗透率演化进行了研究。研究结果表明：（1）致密岩石中气体渗透的Klinkenberg效应显著,不能忽略;（2）基于统计理论和逾渗理论的圆盘裂隙模型可以较好地模拟致密岩石扩容和压密过程中渗透率演化特征;（3）静水压力增大,渗透率降低,其降低趋势是开始压缩阶段降低速率较快,随后降低速率越来越小;（4）温度升高,岩石弹性模量降低,岩石被压缩得更加致密,渗透率降低较为明显,从15℃升高至40℃即会降低一个量级,低至3.9×10-21 m2。     

疏松砂岩油藏大孔道流体-砂粒两相运移的机理分析

油藏中大孔道的存在不仅导致套损和井壁失稳等,而且大大降低了油田注水和注化学剂的驱油效率。因此,研究大孔道形成及大孔道内流体-砂粒两相运移机理十分重要。根据多相流体力学的理论,考虑流体-砂粒之间的相互作用关系以及砂粒的沉降等,建立了大孔道内流体-砂粒两相运移的数学模型,并根据有限元方法探讨了数值求解的方法。从而为疏松砂岩油藏大孔道形成预测提供理论参考。