黔东南州近40a水稻安全生长期的变化

利用黔东南16个观测站点1961～2000年的逐日平均气温记录，分析研究了黔东南1961～2000年水稻安全生长期的变化趋势。结果表明，在近40a中，黔东南水稻安全生长期缩短了7．0d，400m以下高度层缩短了10．6d，400～600m高度层缩短了6．4d，600～800m高度层增加了1．4d，800m以上高度层缩短了4．8d。20世纪80年代是黔东南水稻安全生长期缩短最明显的时期，1980年是黔东南1961～2000年中水稻安全生长期最短的年份。从水稻安全生长期变化趋势的不同高度层差异看，黔东南600～800m高度层上有不明显的增加趋势，600m以下和800m以上高度层上有明显的缩短趋势。     

气候变暖背景下我国四季开始时间的变化特征

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的中国599个测站1961～2007年逐日温度资料,分析了我国近47年来四季开始日期的变化趋势。结果表明,四季开始日期在全国范围内主要表现为春季、夏季提早,秋季、冬季推迟的变化趋势,其中以夏季的变化最为明显,且在显著增温的21世纪初最为明显。这种趋势在空间分布上有所差异,北方比南方明显,东部比西部明显。东北最北部、华南最南部以及新疆局部区域春季推迟,青海东部以及内蒙古最北部的小范围地区夏季推迟,华南及西南局部地区冬季提早。此外,全国平均四季开始日期的年代际变化在20世纪并不是很明显,而在21世纪初非常明显。但年代际变化特征存在区域性差异,高原地区20世纪80年代和90年代春季提早,冬季推迟。而在21世纪初春季、冬季均推迟,但冬季的变化比春季明显得多。华南南部地区春季推迟、冬季提早。西南地区在21世纪初春季、夏季明显提早,秋季、冬季推迟,但之前这种趋势并不明显。     

全球气候变暖条件下沈阳若干气候特征的变化

沈阳地处全球气候变化的敏感带,在近百年中,沈阳冬季气温升高约1．7℃。沈阳气温升高引起了当地多种与农事活动有关的气候现象变化：农耕期近50年增加6日左右,作物主要营养生长期冷害减少,但夏季低温变化不大;初霜日期自1980年代起总体明显推迟,终霜日期提前;冬暖使得蔬菜大棚生产规模扩大;同时,春季第一场透雨日期推后,1980年代后春旱的次数明显增多,但大涝年减少。另外,对农田水分蒸发影响很大的春季大风日数明显减少。对农业生产而言,在全球气候变暖背景下,沈阳地区的这些气象要素变化似乎是利大于弊。     

冰冻圈变化及其对中国气候的影响

The cryosphere is a prominent factor in and an indicator of global climate change. It serves one of the most direct and sensitive feedbacks in the climate system, and plays an important role in the earth＇s climate system. Cryospheric research has attracted unprecedented attention in the context of global warming, and is now one of the most active areas in studies of global change, sustainable development, and the climate system. This paper addresses recent and potential future changes in the cryosphere both globally and within China under the background of global warming. Particular attention is paid to progress toward understanding the impacts of the Tibetan Plateau and Eurasian snow cover, Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, and permafrost and glaciers on Chinese climate. The future development of cryospheric research in China is also discussed.     

近40年铁岭气候变暖的主要特点及对农业生产的影响

对本世纪４０ａ铁岭市各季节气候分析,得出铁岭市气候变暖特点：春、秋、冬季增暖明显,夏季增暖缓慢。增暖使农业气候环境发生变化,并对农业生产产生重大影响。分析结果表明,气候变暖对铁岭市农业生产有利。     

黔东南近40年水稻安全生长期的变化

利用贵州省黔东南16个观测站点1961~2000年的逐日平均气温记录,分析了黔东南1961~2000年水稻安全生长期的变化趋势。结果表明,在近40年中,黔东南水稻安全生长期缩短了7.0天,400m以下高度层缩短了10.6天,400~600m高度层缩短了6.4天,600~800m高度层增加了1.4天,800m以上高度层缩短了4.8天。20世纪80年代是黔东南水稻安全生长期缩短最明显的时期,1980年是黔东南1961~2000年中水稻安全生长期最短的年份。从水稻安全生长期变化趋势的不同高度层差异看,黔东南600~800m高度层上有不明显的延长趋势,600m以下和800m以上高度层上有明显的缩短趋势。     

近47年我国四季长度的变化研究

利用我国599个测站1961-2007年逐日温度资料,分析了我国近47年来四季长度的变化趋势.结果表明,四季长度在全国范围内主要表现为春季变短(-0.8 d·(10a)-1),夏季变长(3.2 d·(10a)-1),秋季基本变短(～0.5 d·(10a)-1),冬季变短(-1.6 d·(10a)-1)的变化趋势,但这种...     

全球气候变暖背景下兰州地面平均气温的变化

利用兰州1932-2002年逐月地面月平均温度资料，分析了兰州71年来温度的基本气候特征、年代际变化、突变、异常冷暖和变化趋势等。分析表明：71年来年和四季气温大体都经历了两个暖期和一个冷期．第一暖期的增暖主要在春、夏、秋季。冬季则处在冷期中；第二暖期首先从冬季开始，四季间相隔1～2年后陆续大幅度增暖．第二暖期增暖幅度明显高于第一暖期，持续时间也长于第一暖期。最大的特点是四季同时增暖，冬季增暖幅度最大。1960年代是最冷的10年，以夏季降温最为明显；1990年代是最暖的10年，以冬季增暖最为明显。1990年代发生异常的频次最高，其次是1960年代和1970年代，最少的是1980年代。71年来．兰州年平均气温以1．4℃／100a线性趋势上升，高于北半球和全国水平，近10年冬秋季增温率最大。     

中国汛期降水的印度洋SSTA信号特征分析

用ＥＯＦ和ＣＣＡ方法研究了印度洋洋海表温度距平场与中国汛期降水场的遥相关分布特征，结果表明，印度洋ＳＳＴＡ场与中国汛期降水相关明显，海温场异常分布对中国汛期南北经向雨带的变化及中国西北，西南和长江黄河下游地区汛期旱涝的影响明显，揭示了中国汛期旱涝异常分布的印度洋海温变化的强信号现象，说明特定的印度洋海温分布可以作为中国汛期旱涝预报的强信号因子。     

PROGRESSES AND PROSPECTS IN RESEARCH ON SEASON DIVISION AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN CHINA

Progresses in the research for season division and seasonal changes are reviewed systematically in this paper,which particularly introduces the results of a national natural science foundation project,"the nonlinear identification of seasonal changes and its responses to global warming".The project developed two objective and quantitative methods for season division:the non-linear similarity measure(NSM) method and the regional multi-element optimal dissection(RMOD) method,which differ from traditional ones for season division.Besides,the project further investigated seasonal changes and their responses to global warming,analyzed evolution characteristics of the starting date and length of seasons in history,revealed their relationships with extreme events and precipitation patterns in rainy seasons,and thereby built a research system for seasonal changes in China under the global warming background.Finally,the authors make an outlook on the research for season division and seasonal changes and put forward several issues associated with season and climate changes that need to be further explored.     

PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA

Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–west difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.     

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN THE FIRST RAINING SEASON (APRIL-JUNE) IN SOUTHERN CHINA AND SST OVER OFFSHORE WATERS IN CHINA

Precipitation anomalies in the first raining season of southern China were analyzed, with the suggestion that there are obvious interannual variation of peak values. In the raining season, the general tendency of precipitation is not obvious and the anomalous oscillation is multi-scale. Corresponding to years of more or less precipitation in the raining season, there are sharply opposite distribution across the nation in the simultaneous periods. In addition, by studying the distribution of correlation between anomalous precipitation in southern China in the first raining season and SSTA over offshore waters of China in the preceding period (June ~ August of the previous year), a sensitive zone of waters has been found that has steady effect on the precipitation of southern China in the season. Discussions are also made of the sensitive period, its simultaneous SSTA and subsequent anomalous circulation field in relation to precipitation anomalies and simultaneous circulation field in the first raining season of southern China. In the last part of the work, relationship between the SSTA in the sensitive zone and global SSTA is analyzed. A possible mechanism by which SSTA in offshore Chinese waters affects the precipitation anomalies in the first raining season of southern China is put forward.     

SSTA SIGNAL CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS OVER THE INDIAN OCEAN DURING RAINY SEASON IN CHINA

The teleconnection distribution characteristics of sea surface temperature (SST) over the India Ocean and the precipitation during rainy season in China were studied by using the methods of EOF and CCA. The results indicate that the change of SST field will affect the change of rain belt during rainy seasons in China, and greatly affect the precipitation in northwest and southwest China, the Yangzi and Yellow River downstream basins. Strong signal phenomena of SSTA over India Ocean were revealed that showed the anomalous distribution of drought and flood in China. It shows that the precipitation during rainy seasons in China may be forecast by analyzing SST distribution characteristics over the India Ocean.     

中国近100年来4个年代际的气候变化特征

研究了本世纪中国年平均气温、年总降水量的气候趋势。指出，２０世纪中国西北、东北、华北明显变暖；降水趋势值不大，但以负趋势为主。２０世纪８０年代中国降水、气温的区域特征明显：华北暖干、西南冷干、东北暖略偏湿、长江中下游冷湿。此外，还研究了２０世纪４个年代际的气候变化特征及差异。指出，在数十年尺度的暖背景下，中国的华北、长江下游等大部分地区降水偏少（比冷背景），东北降水偏多。２０世纪７０年代开始的增暖主要发生在西北、东北；黄河以南的增温还达不到４０年代的程度。相应的降水特征：除了黄河以南及江淮流域降水比４０年代多以外，其它大部分地区降水偏少。     

华南前汛期MCS的活动特征及组织发展形式

利用卫星云图Tbb资料、常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,按照Jirak对中尺度对流系统(MCS)的分类方法,将华南MCS分为MCC(中尺度对流复合体)、PECS(线状或长条状MCS)、MβCCS和MβECS(即β尺度的MCC和β尺度的PECS)4种类型,对华南前汛期MCS的时空变化特征、发生发展的组织形式和天气学背景进行了分析。结果表明:PECS是华南地区MCS的主要发展形式。4—6月MCS的发生个数逐月增多。MCS的日变化呈单峰型,主要集中于下午到上半夜形成,傍晚到半夜之间发展成熟。但具体到不同的4种类型,其日变化特征有一定差异。MCS活动分布特征与地形没有明显对应关系,全区都可有PECS发生。MCS主要以东移为主,其次的移动方向4种不同类型分别略有不同。MCS的发生发展有3种主要天气形势:500 hPa槽前西南风场型、850 hPa切变线南侧的西南风场型和地面低槽配合的Ⅰ型;500 hPa西北风场型、850 hPa切变线型和地面低槽配合的Ⅱ型;500 hPa西风槽过境型、850 hPa切变线南侧的西南风场型和地面低槽配合的Ⅲ型。孤立发展和合并增长是华南MCS的主要组织发展形式。     

青藏高原地表温度对华北汛期降水变化的影响

利用1980-2001年青藏高原月平均地表温度、1961～2001年我国160站月降水以及NECP／NCAR再分析月平均高度场资料,分析了华北地区汛期降水与青藏高原地表温度的关系,结果表明华北地区汛期降水与青藏高原5～6月地表温度具有显著的正相关。相关场的正值中心位于高原的东北部和西南部地区。华北地区汛期降水偏少年,青藏高原前期5～6月地温以负距平为主且距平值较小;相反,降水偏多年,青藏高原前期5～6月地温以正距平为主且距平值较大。EOF和SVD分析表明,青藏高原5～6月地温和华北地区汛期降水的第一典型场都表现出大体一致的变化特点。此外,诊断分析得到,青藏高原5～6月地温偏高年,7～8月西太平洋副热带高压的强度偏强,位置偏北;地温偏低年,西太平洋副热带高压的强度偏弱,位置偏南。     

中国近半个世纪最高气温变化特征

本文根据中国164个站1951－1995年极端气温资料分析了中国各地区平均最高气温45年来的多年变化特征,指出中国北方趋势变化并不明显,80年代后期有明显上升,西南地区80年代后期急剧下降,长江流域以南6O年代降温后变化不大,青藏高原变化较小。冬季的多年变化也各不相同,有区域性差异。EOF分析表明中国各地大多数年份有相似变化趋势,也有一些年份长江流域以南与其它各地变化相反。     

1961-2000年西南地区小时降水变化特征

根据西南地区112个站点1961-2000年逐时降水资料,分析了不同季节降水时数、小时雨强、极端强降水时数和极端强降水强度的变化趋势.从降水时数变化来看,夏季西南大部分地区如四川盆地西部、云南、贵州南部等地总降水时数有减少趋势,四川盆地东部和川西高原总降水时数增加;整个区域平均趋势为-0.9%/10a.相应地,极端强降...