腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘表面气流与坡面形态的关系

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格状沙丘主、副梁和新月形沙丘断面风速的野外观测结果表明,迎风坡风速放大率、背风坡气流的方向和强度随区域气流、坡面形态而不同。迎风坡风速放大率对沙丘形态的作用在于增加丘顶区域的输沙率和活动性;背风坡气流不仅影响沙丘形态而且控制沙丘动力学过程。在横向气流条件下,风速放大率使沙丘迎风坡随区域气流强度的增加变长变缓,背风坡受分离流控制使沙丘迁移;在双向－斜向气流条件下,沙丘丘顶处于侵蚀亚环境而两坡变陡变短,背风坡受附着偏向流控制使沙丘纵向延伸。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘迎风坡风速变化的初步研究

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格状沙丘表面气流的观测结果表明,迎风坡风速的增加程度因坡成形态和原始气流的方向,强度而不同。迎风坡风速放大率介于１．０６～１．９１之间,且在格状沙丘主梁,主要与坡形系数和高度有关;在副梁随原始风入射角,坡形系数而变化,风速放大率对沙丘形态的影响主一要增加丘顶区域的输沙率和活动性,且因区域气流的方向和强度而不同,在横向气流条件下,其迎风坡随区域气流强度和增加而变缓,变长,在双向（斜     

腾格里沙漠东南缘格状沙丘粒度特征与成因探讨*

腾格里沙漠南缘格状沙丘表面沉积物的系统采样分析结果表明,粒径与分选参数在沙丘断面具有规律变化是形态-气流相互作用的结果.文中根据沙丘形态和气流状况,对格状沙丘成因及类型归属等问题作了探讨.认为格状沙丘发育在双向低风能环境,其中主梁为主风(西北风)作用下形成的横向沙丘,副梁则发育在主梁基础上并受制于主风和次主风(东北风)交替作用,在形态,沉积和动力学方面具有纵向要素特征.因此,该区格状沙丘属纵向要素叠置于横向沙丘之上的一种复杂型沙丘.     

横向沙丘背风侧气流重附风洞模拟

二次流在沙丘形成和形态维持过程中扮演着重要角色。沙丘迎风坡气流加速和背风侧气流分离是最常见的二次流形式。沙丘背风侧的二次流,尤其是气流分离形成的分离涡和气流重附对沙丘背风坡的塑造、沙丘间距和排列模式都具有重要的控制作用。因此,设计了一系列具有不同迎风坡坡度的横向沙丘模型,采用粒子图像测速技术,通过风洞实验模拟了沙丘背风侧的气流分离和重新附着。实验结果表明,当来流风速垂直于沙丘脊线时,沙丘背风侧的气流重附距离介于4\^8 H~10\^8 H之间(H为沙丘高度),最大重附距离出现在迎风坡坡度为15°的沙丘背风侧;沙丘迎风坡坡度是控制背风侧气流重附距离的主要因素,而自由风速对气流重附距离的控制作用较小。根据实验结果,还讨论了气流分离与重附对沙粒运移和沙丘形态维持的沉积学意义。     

横向沙丘背风侧沙粒风蚀起动的风洞模拟

通过风洞实验,探讨了横向沙丘背风侧“二次流”的沉积学和形态-动力学意义。在不同迎风坡坡度的横向沙丘模型背风侧,我们观测了不同位置沙粒的起动风速以及在临界状态下沙粒的运动特征。结果表明,沙丘背风侧的颗粒起动风速不仅与其距沙丘顶部的距离有关,也与沙丘迎风坡坡度有密切关系。根据沙丘背风侧颗粒运动特征,可以将其划分为向后运动区域、晃动或摆动区域以及向前运动区域,产生这一现象的原因是在沙丘背风坡气流分离、反向涡和气流重新辐合共同作用的结果。在所有的观测结果中,迎风坡坡度为15°的沙丘具有最大的沙粒起动风速和最远的气流重新辐合距离,其原因尚需进一步研究。     

沙丘背风侧气流的变化特征及其意义

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格沙丘主、副梁和新月形形沙丘表面气流的野外发现分离流、附着未偏向流和附着偏向流等３种背风坡次生气流。前者以弱的反向流为特征，多发生在横向气流条件下，坡度较陡的背风坡上；后二者具有相对高的风速，多发生在坡度缓和的背风坡上，其方向在横向气流条件下保持原来的方向，在斜向气流作用下发生偏转，且其强度为原始风入射角的余统函数，根据３种次生气流强度，方向等特征，阐述了其相应的风成沉积过程和可能产生的层理类型，并对利用风成交错层理恢复古气流环境中的有关问题作了初步探讨。     

腾格里沙漠南部格状沙丘的形态演变及移动特征

沙丘的形态变化与移动蕴含区域风沙环境和地貌演化的关键信息,是风沙地貌研究的重要内容。以腾格里沙漠南缘的长格状和方格状沙丘为研究对象,利用风况资料和Google Earth卫星影像,监测2009—2020年两种格状沙丘的形态变化并分析其移动特征。结果表明：(1)腾格里沙漠西南缘和东南缘的主风向均为西北风,长格状沙丘分布区的次风向为东南风,方格状沙丘分布区次风向为东风和东南风,都属于低风能环境、中变率风况。西南部风能环境大于东南部,研究区近10年风动力呈衰减趋势。(2)格状沙丘的主副梁长度和间距在增加,其中,长格状沙丘高度增加,方格状沙丘高度在降低。沙丘主梁向东偏移,副梁向南偏移,形态整体保持稳定。(3)长格状沙丘平均移动速率为1.57～1.71 m·a^-1,方格状沙丘平均移动速率为1.63～2.01 m·a^-1,沙丘平均移动方向与合成输沙方向基本一致,沙丘的体积是造成移动速率差异的主因。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合沙垄的流场和上覆沙丘组合及动态特征

复合沙垄是最大的沙丘地貌类型之一，表现为简单沙丘类型的垂直叠加和水平连接，在沙垄的高大地形影响下，沙垄不同部位形成不同的风沙环境特征。以塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地/复合沙垄为例，通过野外实地观测研究其流场和上覆沙丘组合特征。研究结果表明，复合沙垄的流场可分为沙垄迎风坡气流加速区、沙垄背风坡气流转向减速区、垄间粗沙平地气流风速风向恢复区和气流风速稳定区。受沙垄流场和地形的控制，沙垄上覆新月形沙丘链，垄间地分有简单新月形沙丘、沙堆、沙片、侵蚀地、简单线形沙丘。上覆沙丘分布特征表现为：垄间地上覆新月形沙丘疏密度较小，沙垄迎风坡和沙垄背风坡上覆新月形沙丘疏密度较大，而且超过1，说明沙垄迎背风坡上覆沙丘有叠置现象。沙垄上覆沙丘高度自沙垄迎风坡底部到顶部增高，背风坡上覆沙丘高度自沙垄顶部到背风坡底部减小，上覆沙丘在自身形态、地形和流场的共同影响下，存在相对运动，表现为分布进一步集中，因此沙垄有增高的趋势。     

横向沙丘表面气流湍流特征野外观测

沙丘形态动力学特征是风沙地貌的重要研究内容之一,受观测技术等的限制,现有的关于沙丘形态动力学特征的研究成果还不能满足沙丘形成与演化过程研究的需要。利用三维超声风速仪对腾格里沙漠的横向沙丘表面气流特征进行野外观测,结果表明,沙丘脊线和迎风坡中部的气流均为未偏向流,而沙丘背风坡不同高度的气流包括反向流,偏向流和未偏向流。湍流强度、雷诺应力和气流丰富度随气流方向变化而变化,其在沙丘脊线和中部的变化趋势比较简单且有大致相似的规律,而其在沙丘背风坡不同高度比较复杂。     

毛乌素沙地新月形和抛物线形沙丘表层沉积物粒度特征北大核心CSCD

沙丘的粒度组成主要由风况、沙源、沙丘形态与气流之间的相互作用等决定,粒度组成可以反映沙丘的形成过程。对毛乌素沙地20个新月形沙丘及沙丘链,25个抛物线形沙丘的迎风坡脚、丘顶、背风坡脚表层0~5 cm进行了采样,并对其粒度组成进行了分析测试,来探讨其粒度特征。结果表明:(1)相比新月形沙丘,抛物线形沙丘分选性更差,悬移组分更高;抛物线形沙丘迎风坡相比新月形沙丘分选性更差,粗沙含量更高。(2)沙丘的粒度分布模式统计中,新月形沙丘出现最多的是迎风坡最细的类型,占比65%,而抛物线形沙丘则倾向于背风坡最细类型,占比56%。(3)植被、新月形沙丘和抛物线形沙丘相反的形态以及形态与气流的相互作用是导致两种沙丘粒度差异的主要因素。     

Elongation and migration of sand dunes

Two distinct processes are known to act on dynamic dunes, the process of migration by erosion on the windward side and deposition on the lee side, typical for transverse dunes, and the process of elongation typical for linear dunes. These two processes are determined by wind direction relative to the dune alignment. This article reviews the assertion that linear dunes experience lateral displacement in addition to elongation. Fieldwork on vegetated linear dunes (VLDs) and GIS work on seif dunes indicates no lateral migration for these dunes. Linear dunes can shift laterally only when a slip face, formed on the lee side, reaches the plinth of the dune. The winds from both sides of the seif dune are never symmetric; usually winds from one direction are more dominant and effective. The outcome is the formation of peaks and saddles along the dune. The strongest winds create a slip face on the lee side of the peak segments of the dune, oblique to the dune alignment, which reaches the base of the dune and displaces the peak downwind along the dune alignment. The internal structure of the seif dune is formed mostly by this dominant wind direction and gives the impression that the dune has shifted laterally. On the other hand, there are cases in which the wind directions relative to dune alignment fall between those of transverse and seif dunes. In such cases, both processes act on the dune, which subsequently experiences migration as well as elongation.     

新月形沙丘维持相对稳定的两种过程

新月形沙丘顶部稳定性是风沙地貌学尚未解决的科学问题。研究新月形沙丘的顶部稳定性,对于绿洲边缘风沙运动规律揭示、防沙工程建设和沙区生态环境保护等具有重要的现实意义。选择民勤沙区新月形沙丘,通过测定沙丘各部位风速、风蚀风积和粒度等,分析了新月形沙丘顶部稳定机理。主风向（NW）作用是新月形沙丘最高点与沙脊线重合、沙丘前移和高度降低的过程;反向风（SE）作用是沙丘最高点与沙脊线分离、沙丘背风坡风蚀与沙丘增高的过程。由于研究区以NW风为主,新月形沙丘沿NW-SE方向前移,SE风只能风蚀减缓沙丘背风坡的坡度。人为干预将会阻止或减少从迎风坡向沙丘顶部输送沙量,使得新月形沙丘背风坡尤其是背风坡上部风蚀过程增强,新月形沙丘逐渐过渡为抛物线形沙丘。     

Dynamic processes of a simple linear dune—a study in the Taklimakan Sand Sea, China

Samples of dune sands, surveys of the morphology and field measurements of wind velocity and direction of a simple linear dune in Taklimakan Sand Sea show that the airflow and sand flux vary with the change of wind direction on the dune surface. Decrease of the airflow stress on the lee flank does not result in much decrease of the sand flux because of the low threshold shear velocities and the airflow conditions. There are no significant relations between the sand flux on the lee flank and the angle of incidence of the airflow. The low threshold shear velocities and the maintenance of the sand flux at the lee flank are the main mechanisms keeping the linear shape of the dunes. Measurements of the sand flux shows that it reaches a maximum on the crest of the dune. The grain size of the transported sands has some differences compared to that of the dune surface. The sands transported are finer than that on the dune surface, but better sorted under the influence of the medium to low wind activity. The field experiment results exhibit that it is possible for the dunes to be shaped as linear dunes during the processes of accumulation and elongation.     

A wind tunnel simulation of the dynamic processes involved in sand dune formation on the western coast of Hainan Island

The western coast of Hainan Island exhibits a savanna landscape. Many types of sand dunes, including transverse dune ridges, longitudinal dune ridges, elliptical dunes, coppice dunes, and climbing dunes, are widely distributed in the coastal zone. In winter, high-frequency and high-energy NE winds (dominant winds) are prevalent, with a resultant drift direction (RDD) of S35.6°W. In spring, low-frequency and low-energy SW secondary winds prevail, with a RDD of N25.1°E. Wind tunnel simulations revealed that the airflow over the dune surface is the main factor controlling the erosion and deposition patterns of dune surfaces and the morphological development of dunes. In the region's bidirectional wind en-vironment, with two seasonally distinct energy levels, the airflow over the surface of elliptical dunes, barchan dunes, and transverse dune ridges will exhibit a transverse pattern, whereas the airflow over longitudinal dunes ridges exhibits a lateral pattern and that over climbing dunes exhibits a climbing-circumfluent pattern. These patterns represent different dynamic processes. The coastal dunes on the western coast of Hainan Island are influenced by factors such as onshore winds, sand sources, coastal slopes, rivers, and forest shelter belts. The source of the sand that supplements these dunes particularly influences the development pattern: when there is more sand, the pattern shows positive equilibrium deposition between dune ridges and dunes; otherwise, it shows negative equilibrium deposition. The presence or absence of forest shelter belts also influences deposition and dune development patterns and transformation of dune forms. Coastal dunes and inland desert dunes experience similar dynamic processes, but the former have more diversified shapes and more complex forma-tion mechanisms.     

海南岛西海岸沙丘形成动力过程的风洞模拟试验

The western coast of Hainan Island exhibits a savanna landscape. Many types of sand dunes, including transverse dune ridges, longitudinal dune ridges, elliptical dunes, coppice dunes, and climbing dunes, are widely distributed in the coastal zone. In winter, high-frequency and high-energy NE winds (dominant winds) are prevalent, with a resultant drift direction (RDD) of S35.6°W. In spring, low-frequency and low-energy SW secondary winds prevail, with a RDD of N25.1°E. Wind tunnel simulations revealed that the airflow over the dune surface is the main factor controlling the erosion and deposition patterns of dune surfaces and the morphological development of dunes. In the region’s bidirectional wind en- vironment, with two seasonally distinct energy levels, the airflow over the surface of elliptical dunes, barchan dunes, and transverse dune ridges will exhibit a transverse pattern, whereas the airflow over longitudinal dunes ridges exhibits a lateral pattern and that over climbing dunes exhibits a climbing-circumfluent pattern. These patterns represent different dynamic processes. The coastal dunes on the western coast of Hainan Island are influenced by factors such as onshore winds, sand sources, coastal slopes, rivers, and forest shelter belts. The source of the sand that supplements these dunes particularly influences the development pattern: when there is more sand, the pattern shows positive equilibrium deposition between dune ridges and dunes; otherwise, it shows negative equilibrium deposition. The presence or absence of forest shelter belts also influences deposition and dune development patterns and transformation of dune forms. Coastal dunes and inland desert dunes experience similar dynamic processes, but the former have more diversified shapes and more complex formation mechanisms.     

新月形沙丘迎风坡气流加速模拟

迎风坡气流加速是决定新月形沙丘发育和形态的动力因子，研究这一加速过程的定量关系有利于认识沙丘的发育、沙丘的形态、沙丘的运动等。通过大量的野外实测数据和前人的理论分析，得出沙丘迎风坡气流加速量主要和沙丘坡度、迎风坡前来流风速以及沙丘高度有关，并建立了新月形沙丘迎风坡气流加速和沙丘形态特征的定量关系。根据这一关系得了在风力较强的风沙环境中，沙丘坡度较小；在风力较弱的风沙环境中，沙丘坡度较陡。地表粗糙度越大，迎风坡坡度越陡。沙丘地貌发育高度存在一上限，这一上限与边界层厚度有关。