基于混合滤波的遥感图像去噪

遥感图像在生成、传输和转化过程中往往受到各种噪声的干扰,影响了图像本身的清晰度,降低了视觉效果,不利于真实信息的提取.研究目的是对高分辨率遥感图像进行预处理,以提高信息识别精度.研究方法是噪声检测结合混合滤波的方法,该方法基于均值滤波和中值滤波的互补性,首先对图像每一个像素点进行噪声检测,把受高斯噪声污染和受椒盐噪声污染的像素点区分开,然后分别对受高斯噪声污染和受椒盐噪声污染的像素点进行处理.与其他滤波算法进行比较的结果表明,噪声检测结合混合滤波方法能够有效去除椒盐噪声和高斯噪声,保留图像的纹理信息,提高图像的清晰度.     

论山区高速公路运营期三坡工后评估及排查工作的必要性

针对目前高速公路建设形成的“三坡”( 路基边坡、桥梁基坑边坡、隧道进出口仰坡)在运营期间发生的各类地质灾害现象,提出了高速公路“三坡”的工后评估与排查,为高速公路正常运营、地质灾害防治措施等方面提出建设性意见。     

某营运高速公路滑坡灾害预测

以某营运高速公路滑坡为例,从地形地貌、工程地质条件、水文气象、人类工程活动等方面,对其滑坡破坏模式及滑坡成因进行分析,提出了相应的防治措施;根据能量守恒原理,对该滑坡进行预测,认为其潜在滑坡将影响高速公路的安全运营。为高速公路管养单位对滑坡的防治提供参考。     

四川省会理县拉拉地区铜矿山开发生态环境影响评价

本文对四川省拉拉铜矿矿区噪声、水质、土壤、大气等各方面的检测数据进行了分析,阐述了矿区的主要环境地质问题：矿区家属区噪声污染较严重,选矿厂附近大气污染集中在,水质污染主要源于尾矿库渗透;并提出了矿区环境保护建议。     

GIS和SDSS在高速公路选线之中的应用

以地理信息系统（GIS）和空间决策支持系统（SDSS）技术为基础，以地理信息系统工具CITYSTAR为平台，以VB为开发工具，在高速公路选线理论的指导下并考虑选线工作中的实际问题，对如何把GIS和SDSS应用到高速公路选线中进行了探讨，并以青岛、黄岛、灵山卫、南岭等环胶州湾地区为研究对象，初步设计出了高速公路选线决策支持系统。     

层析分析法在高速公路生态环境影响评价中的应用

通过介绍层次分析法的基本原理、步骤和计算方法,将层析分析法应用到高速公路生态环境影响评价研究中,以宝(鸡)天(水)高速公路为例,将此方法运用在公路生态环境影响评价的方案比选问题中进行分析.评价结果表明:层次分析法不仅是处理公路建设生态环境影响评价中方案比选问题的有效手段,而且提高了权重定量的理性成分,其评价结果与实际结果具有较好的一致性.最后论述层析分析法在高速公路生态环境评价中的优缺点,以此为今后高速公路生态环境影响评价研究提供参考依据.     

郑州--少林寺高速公路采空区治理对策

郑州—少林寺高速公路穿越两个煤矿采空区,为保证高速公路的安全运营,必须对采空区进行治理。本文分析了采空区特征和采空区对郑州—少林寺高速公路的危害．在此基础上提出采用全充填法对采空区进行治理的对策．并实施了治理工程。经检测,达到了设计所要求的处理效果。     

工程变更管理在高速公路建设中的应用研究

介绍了高速公路建设中的工程变更及变更管理措施及技巧,编制了工程变更管理程序框图,探讨了工程变更对高速公路工程项目进度、投资、质量控制等的影响,分析了高速公路工程变更的主要原因,强调了加强工程变更管理的重要性·     

瑞雷波法勘探原理及其在高速公路路基检测中的应用

瑞雷波法是一种岩土原位测试勘探方法,利用其频散性的传播速度与岩土物理力学性质的相关性可以解决诸多工程地质问题。本文主要讨论了利用瑞雷波勘探方法对高速公路路基的回弹模量、压实度和路基厚度的测试方法和技术,并以京沪高速公路某段路面为例,详述了瑞雷波法勘探技术实施过程,为该段高速公路路基质量作出了合理评价。实践表明,瑞雷波法在高速公路路基的检测中能取得显著的效果。     

5参数高速公路软基处理方案ANN决策模型

首先，介绍了中国高速公路软基处理技术决策问题的研究现状，然后，介绍了决策模型参数的确定。最后，以折学森整理的高速公路的资料为原始数据，以MATLAB-NNT为工具，建立了5参数高速公路软基处理方案的ANN决策模型。对所建立的ANN模型进行训练、回判和预测，得到了满意的结果，证明模型是有效的。     

南京玄武湖水底交通隧道工程与环境效应分析

南京玄武湖隧道,既在城市中心,又在水下,是脆弱环境下典型的地质工程。影响水下隧道施工的不权有环境工程地质条件,还有城市环境约束因素;另外,隧道施工会对城市环境产生不良影响。作者对上述问题作了具体分析,并用系统工程的思想对隧道出口及施工方案的选择进行了初步评价。     

岩溶地区公路路坡重金属污染垂向变化特征研究

随着公路交通业的发展,汽车尾气对周围环境的影响也越来越大,公路边坡污染问题也越来越受重视。对于岩溶区路侧的横向污染变化,在其它文献中已有报到,本文着重研究岩溶地区路坡垂向上汽车尾气的重金属污染。文章以贵新路为例,分析了公路边坡土壤重金属污染物的垂向污染状况和变化规律,得出了路坡重金属污染的富集带约分布在距地面5m处,随着高度的增加污染物含量减少,但到了路坡坡顶又出现小幅增高现象,这有可能与汽车尾气卷扬和淀积效应有关。      

108国道和魏刘河对绵阳魏城土壤重金属积累影响的研究

通过对108国道和潼江支流魏刘河二侧土壤中重金属元素的富集系数（EF）计算研究,总结了该研究区公路（Ro型）和河流（Rv型）二种EF值典型特征,同时指出该研究区河流为污染源的贡献者,而公路通过改变土壤物理结构,造成污染的程度增大。     

Cd,Ni, and Pb distribution and pollution assessment in roadside dust from Baghdad City and Western Iraqi Desert

Roadside dust samples were collected from selected areas near the fuel stations in Karkh District of Baghdad City, the capital of Iraq, as well as both sides of the highway between Ramadi and Rutba. In order to assess the probable pollution level of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, and Pb) in the study areas, they were determined in the roadside dust using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The extent of traffic contribution to roadside dust was assessed by comparing the metal concentrations in roadside dust to those of Upper Continental Crust background considering a Cd background of 0.098 mg/km, Ni background of 44 mg/km, and Pb background of 16 mg/km using geo-accumulation index (I _geo), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI). The roadside dust contains relatively elevated levels of heavy metals. The average concentration of Cd, Ni, and Pb in Baghdad is 0.17, 25.5, and 14.8 mg/kg; in the north of the highway is 0.14, 23.4, and 14.7 mg/kg; and in the south of the highway is 0.2, 27.4, and 15.6 mg/km. The higher averages of these metals were recorded in the south of the highway. The study areas are impacted with considerable quantity of metals. The distribution pattern of the concentrations of metals was essentially affected by exhausted gases emitted from transportation automobile where the direction of the prevailing wind played a major role in the transport of the pollutants, causing an increase in metal concentrations towards the south side of the highway.     

Temporal and spatial evaluation of environmental noise in urban area: a case study in Iran

Environmental noise pollution is a disrupting factor in the urban areas which can lead to adverse health effects, behavior and quality of life. Present study was carried out in Tabriz (Iran) and aimed to achieve a real condition of noise pollution. Thirty-five measurement stations were selected, and noise levels were recorded. The equivalent noise level in (A) frequency weighting network, route-mean-square sound pressure level, minimum sound pressure level, maximum sound pressure level and noise pollution level were computed as applicable indices. Temporal and spatial variability of these noise indices were plotted by Arc GIS. Public awareness about the noise pollution was assessed through interview. Mixed model and pairwise comparisons were used for comparison of noise indices based on stations and times. It was found that noise levels were significantly different and higher than permissible levels at most stations, especially at heavily travelled crossroads and squares. Mean equivalent noise level for morning, noon, afternoon and night was 71.35 ± 7.49, 71.63 ± 4.90, 70.67 ± 4.52 and 68.74 ± 5.22 dB(A), respectively. The noise indices of all stations and measurement times had significant difference (p value = 0.028 and 0.019, respectively). It was observed that in normal traffic, the highest sound levels are produced by buses, trucks and motorbikes due to low-technology engines. Using the horn was the first reflex of the most drivers. A main part of the noise pollution problem of the studied city can be attributed to driving culture and non-compliance with traffic laws.     

Noise pollution and its effects on medical care workers and patients in hospitals

The objectives of this study are to investigate the levels of noise pollution in some hospitals in Taiwan and to study the effects of noise pollution on the physiological and psychological reactions and annoyance response of medical care staff, patients and visitors in these hospitals. An instrument for the measurement of sound level was used and a self-answered survey questionnaire on noise pollution was administered. Results showed that the daily average sound levels measured inside these hospitals during daytime were between 52.6 and 64.6 decibels. These are higher than the current daytime environmental noise limit of 50 decibels in Taiwan. Most nursing staff members expressed that “talking of visitors or patient’s family members” is the major source of noise inside the wards, whereas “talking of visitors or patient’s family members” and “children playing” are the two major noise sources outside the wards. However, most patients or visitors claimed that “doors opening or closing” and “patients moaning or crying” are the two major sources of noise inside the wards. “Footsteps,” “renovation of hospitals,” “talking of visitors or patient’s family members,” “shouting of nursing staff” and “doors opening or closing” are the five major noise sources outside the wards. To conclude, noise pollution inside and outside the wards either directly or indirectly affects, in a simultaneous manner, the subjective perception of noise, emotions, physiology and experience of noise inside and outside the wards of both the medical care staff and the patients and visitors.     

Optimized height of noise barrier for non-urban highway using artificial neural network

This study applies artificial neural network (ANN) for the determination of optimized height of a highway noise barrier. Field measurements were carried out to collect traffic volume, vehicle speed, noise level, and site geometry data. Barrier height was varied from 2 to 5 m in increments of 0.1 m for each measured data set to generate theoretical data for network design. Barrier attenuation was calculated for each height increment using Federal Highway Administration model. For neural network design purpose, classified traffic volume, corresponding traffic speed, and barrier attenuation data have been taken as input parameters, while barrier height was considered as output. ANNs with different architectures were trained, cross validated, and tested using this theoretical data. Results indicate that ANN can be useful to determine the height of noise barrier accurately, which can effectively achieve the desired noise level reduction, for a given set of traffic volume, vehicular speed, highway geometry, and site conditions.     

An approach to studying heavy metal pollution caused by modern city development in Nanjing, China

 Nanjing is currently one of the fastest developing regions in terms of construction and economy in China. Heavy metal pollution is becoming more serious with the expansion of production and life scales. Four environmental units (highway, refinery, rubbish dumps associated with human daily life, and shoal of the Yangtse River) were selected from the region according to the geneses of the pollution to study and evaluate the distribution and mechanism of the contamination, the speciations of the polluting elements, and the geneses of the pollution in the soils and sediments. The purposes of the study are to understand generally the current situation and the cause of the pollution, and to provide a scientific basis to prevent and solve the pollution problem. At the same time, it would be helpful to probe the effective way of studying heavy metal pollution resulting from the development of modern cities and to accumulate data. It is indicated by the study that the heavy metals contained in the soil of the environmental unit of the highway are Pb, Co and Cr; in the soil of the refinery Cr, V, Pb, Ni, and Co; in the soil of the rubbish plot Co, Cu, and Sb; in the sediments of the shoal Pb, Co, Cu, and Ni. Fe-Mn oxide is given the first place to the speciations in polluting heavy metals transmitted by air. Carbonate is more in speciations of polluting heavy metals transmitted by water than in speciations of the metals transmitted by air. In the ten elements studied, Pb is most directly poisonous to the plants in the region; Co and Cu are the next, and Ni is the least. Heavy metal pollution has been occurring in the soils and sediments of the region and the situation will worsen if some effective measures are not taken. Received: 18 October 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998     

澳门噪音污染损害价值的条件估值研究

条件价值评估法（Contingent Valuation Method, CVM）是评估环境污染的经济损失价值的有效方法之一。在CVM研究方法发展的同时,应用范围亦不断扩大。本次调查通过询问人们对环境质量改善的支付意愿(Willingness To Pay, WTP)或忍受环境损失的受偿意愿(Willingness To Accept, WTA),探求澳门噪音污染的损害程度,为政府部门提供决策依据。试验以等距离随机抽样法访问了1 920人,回收样本956个。本研究对研究方法作了一些新的尝试:①对调查的误差进行了统计学分析;②在假设受访者是诚实和有信用的前提下,问卷采用双向投标卡博弈的问卷设计,对受访者同时进行WTA和WTP之引导试验,减少分开调查时可能出现的策略性偏差;③对影响噪音污染意愿调查结果的9项因素进行了统计学分析, 给出了回归方程。研究结果显示, 被访者的月收入、家庭规模和对噪音的关注程度影响其支付意愿和受偿意愿。2003年澳门噪音污染的年经济损失(以WTP方法试验的结果, 得到澳门噪音污染的最小损害)为5.32亿MOP/a(MOP为澳门元, 1美元=8.033MOP); 以WTA方法试验的结果,得到澳门噪音污染的最大损害为10.6亿MOP/a; 如果取CVM之中值,估算出澳门噪音污染的年损害值为7.98亿MOP/a。还对WTP与WTA之间的差异原因进行了讨论。     

Noise pollution

Noise, sometimes referred to as the unseen pollutant, is the most inescapable form of pollution — and one which poses a long list of potential health hazards. As the world becomes more urbanized, the use of machine-technology increases, and levels of development become higher and more complex, human exposure to noise increases. One authority estimates that the average noise level in the American city is increasing by 1 dB annually.Despite the importance and great scale of the problem, geographers generally have ignored the field of noise pollution research, perhaps because specialized equipment is necessary to accumulate the data required for analysis. As a result, most noise pollution research has been performed by traffic engineers, industrial designers and urban planners to solve immediate problems with little regard for more general consideration. This article provides background which may serve as a foundation for future research on this most significant human problem. The emphasis is upon developments in North America, but reference is made at appropriate points, to noise pollution research in Europe, China and elsewhere. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** ABI02038 00003