U.K.-U.S. WORKSHOP ON INTERFACING MICRO- AND MACRO-MODELS OF SPATIAL BEHAVIOR

Five semiarid Montana ghost towns abandoned for more than 45 years were studied to understand better the nature of soil and vegetation recovery following severe human impacts. Discriminant analysis was used to interpret and classify variation among land-use intensity groups. Recovery at the five towns was strongly linked to the degree of the initial soil disturbance, vegetation type, and precipitation. Recovery of the vegetation to ambient conditions was far from complete in all but one town.     

南澳岛退化草坡的植被恢复研究

在南澳岛建立次生草坡对照及草坡种植试验样地,观测群落植物多样性、土壤肥力及生物量变化,以探讨海岛退化草坡的植被恢复过程。结果显示,海岛迎风面上修建公路、风能发电场或开垦后的弃耕祼地在自然状况下很难恢复其植被,植物种类和数量甚至有所减少,植被覆盖度下降,需要进行人工植被恢复;在迎风面恶劣的环境下,次生草坡可能是一种偏途顶极,短时间内植物多样性变化不大。退化草坡的土壤肥力较低,开垦后若不及时恢复适当植被,情况会恶化。该岛草坡的生物量均较低,远低于该岛一般人工林或次生林的水平。海岛本身存在水分、土壤、生物条件等方面的脆弱性,在工程建设过程中应尽量避免对地形地貌和植被造成破坏,一旦破坏要尽快进行适生的人工植被恢复。     

Changes in soil and vegetation on moving sand dunes after exclosure in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

In the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land of northern China, land desertification is the main causation in vegetation degradation and formation of moving dunes. A study was conducted from 1996 to 2005 to monitor the changes of vegetation characteristics and soil properties after moving dunes were fenced. The changes were compared between moving sand dunes with exclosure and without exclosure to evaluate the effectiveness of vegetation and soil restoration after exclosure establishment. The results show that exlosure establishment facilitated the colonization and development of plant species by ameliorating stressful environmental conditions. Species diversity, average coverage, and plant density significantly increased after exclosure of moving sand dunes along sequence compared with sand dunes without exclosure. Vegetation recovery on moving sand dunes accelerated by exclosure resulted in significant changes in soil properties including increased silt and clay contents, organic C and total N and decreased sand content, especially at the 0-5 cm depth. The results implied that moving sand dunes can be rapidly fixed by construction of exclosure.     

固沙植被区土壤质地与土壤微生物数量的关系

土壤微生物是荒漠生态系统的重要组分,参与成土过程与生物地球化学循环,其数量反映土壤质量,是判别退化生态系统恢复程度的重要指标。选取沙坡头固沙植被区土壤中的真菌、细菌、放线菌数量进行研究,分析了其时空分布、恢复特征及影响因子。结果表明：土壤微生物数量随固沙年限增加而增加,随土层深度增加而减少,夏秋季显著大于冬春季。三大类群微生物数量恢复曲线均呈现S型,在固沙植被建立18~24 a后恢复速率达到峰值,24~36 a后数量能够达到天然植被区的31.6%~83.7%。土壤微生物数量恢复过程主要受土壤细物质含量的影响,土壤pH是限制因子。土壤微生物对土壤状况与覆被变化敏感,能较早且敏感地指示生态系统功能的变化。     

青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线高寒植被、土壤特性与人工植被恢复研究

 对青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线不同海拔梯度下高寒植被与土壤特征进行研究。沿线高寒植被的主要分布种有91个,主要建群种为:紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc)、藏异燕麦(Helictotrichon tibeticum)、黄芪(Astragalus)、棘豆(Oxytropis)、粗壮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)、矮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)等。高寒植被物种数、平均盖度、地下生物量和总生物量与海拔呈正相关性,而平均高度和地上生物量与海拔呈负相关性。沿线高寒植物群落主要可划分为海拔小于4 000 m的高寒荒漠植被、海拔4 000~4 500 m的高寒河谷灌丛植被、海拔4 500~4 700 m的高寒草原植被、海拔4 700~4 800 m的高寒垫状植被、海拔4 800~4 900 m的高寒草甸植被和海拔5 000 m左右的高寒沼泽和高寒流石坡植被。土壤全氮和有机质含量都与海拔高度呈正相关性,但全磷、全钾及pH值则在高海拔地区达到最低。沿线土壤颗粒组成主要以中、细沙(d＜0.4 mm)为主,占到了总含量的85%以上,因此,中、细沙是构成沿线土壤的最主要颗粒。沿线植被恢复比较有效的方法是选择紫花针茅、垂穗披碱草、燕麦、棘豆、黄芪、蒿草、梭罗草等当地草种,采取原生植物种子异地繁殖,再经沿线播种或栽培抚育,从而达到植被恢复的目的。该研究对青藏铁路沿线的植被恢复与植物防沙工程具有一定的指导意义。     

羊啃食动力学模拟与内蒙古西部气候变化适应

将定性分析、民主参与式评估和定量数值模拟方法结合起来,对阿拉善气候变化适应问题进行了简要评估并重点分析了土地退化、放牧和草原管理策略之间的关系。阿拉善主要的适应政策是禁牧和生态移民。禁牧后荒漠草原植被得到恢复,但移民增加了绿洲压力,过度开垦又造成周边土地沙化;过度抽取地下水致使水位下降并伴随咸水入侵和地表盐碱化。禁牧的另一个副作用是造成草原鼠害加重及火灾风险增加,生物多样性也呈现先升后降趋势。一些灌木因缺乏啃食出现退化迹象等,说明一定程度的啃食有利于维持草原生态平衡。因此,动物是草原生态系统不可或缺的成员之一。我们用一个包含动物啃食等的森林生态动力模式模拟了啃食动力学,结果表明,有限的放牧有利于草场更新并能充分利用草原资源;过度放牧导致草场退化并伴随羊群死亡。因此,需要将圈养和限制性放牧结合起来,制定可持续性适应政策。     

中国干旱沙区的生态重建与恢复:沙坡头站60年重要研究进展综述

中国科学院沙坡头沙漠研究试验站建站60年来,服务于国家需求,推动了沙漠科学的发展。在沙害治理、沙漠生态重建与恢复、荒漠生态系统长期生态学、沙地生态水文学\,人工植被稳定性及干旱胁迫生理生态学方面取得了重要进展\.解决了在降水量小于200 mm的干旱沙漠地区植被建设的关键技术,证实了通过人为促进生态恢复是可行的,创造了人类活动(治理和利用)与沙漠自然和谐持续发展的模式;探讨了干旱沙区土壤水循环的植被调控机理,提出了生态恢复的关键技术及其应用模式;理论上探明了人工植被稳定性维持的生态学机理,提出了荒漠系统生态恢复的理论模型;揭示了荒漠生态系统碳、氮循环及其对环境因子的响应;引领了生物土壤结皮的生理生态功能及其水文学研究;拓展了干旱逆境生理生态学的研究。沙坡头站已成为国际沙漠科学与荒漠长期生态学研究的重要平台。     

Recovery of topsoil physicochemical properties in revegetated sites in the sand-burial ecosystems of the Tengger Desert, northern China

Recovery in soil properties and processes after sand burial in the Tengger Desert, northern China, was documented at five different-aged revegetated sites (1956, 1964, 1973, 1982, and 1991) and at a reference site with native vegetation, which had never been damaged by sand burial and was enclosed for grazing. The proportions of silt and clay, depth of topsoil and biological soil crusts, and concentrations of soil organic C, K, total N and total P increased with years since revegetation. Most characteristics of topsoil (0–5 cm) characteristics had recovered to 60% of those measured at the reference site by 50 years after sand-binding vegetation had been established. Exceptions were electrical conductivity and contents of sand, silt, CaCO₃ and organic C, which recovered to 20–40% of the values at the reference site. The difference in annual recovery rates of soil properties between the two most recently revegetated sites (0–14 years) was greater than the difference between the two oldest revegetated sites (43–50 years). Best-fit asymptote models showed that the estimated times for the soil properties in the 50-year-old site to reach the same levels as in the reference site (i.e. an undisturbed, native steppified desert ecosystem) would be between 23 and 245 years, but for some properties even maximum recovery after > 50 years still fell significantly short of the level at the reference site. These results suggest that soil recovery is a slow process in an extremely arid desert environment, and therefore the conservation of soil habitat is a crucial issue for land managers.     

流沙地恢复过程中土壤特性演变研究

以毛乌素沙地西南缘的盐池县沙边子及位于腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙坡头地区为例,研究了该地区不同程度沙漠化土地恢复过程中土壤机械组成及土壤养分的动态变化。结果表明:不同地区或同一地区不同区域的沙漠化土地中,随着植被盖度的增加及恢复程度的增强,土壤中的粉粒、粘粒含量都有显著增加（P<0.05）,土壤质地向着壤质化和细粒化方向发展;土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷含量也有显著增加（P<0.05）;速效氮、速效磷含量也有相应的增加。土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的含量与土壤粉粒、粘粒含量呈显著正相关,且前三者之间也呈极显著正相关;但是土壤粉粒和粘粒含量与速效氮、速效磷和速效钾之间的关系则因区域和土地利用的不同表现出明显的差异。     

黄土丘陵区坡面尺度上不同植被格局下植物群落和土壤性质研究

通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域坡面上退耕还林还草后形成的林地(单一种植刺槐人工林)、草地(单一的撂荒草地)、草地-林地-草地(上坡位和下坡位撂荒草地,中坡位种植刺槐人工林)及林地-草地-林地(上坡位和下坡位种植刺槐人工林,中坡位为撂荒草地)四种不同的植被格局下植物物种多样性及土壤理化性质变化的研究,旨在揭示植被恢复过程中,坡面上植被不同的空间配置模式对植物物种的组成及土壤环境变化的影响.研究发现,4种植被格局下植物物种的多样性以单一的撂荒草地坡面最高,人工林的种植一定程度上影响了林下植物物种多样性的恢复,但整个灌木和草本的群落结构4种植被格局之间均未达到极不相似水平.土壤有机碳及总氮含量均以坡面上草地-林地-草地的空间配置格局最高且有机碳存在显著差异,而撂荒草地则在土壤水分的保持及改善土壤pH值上优于其他3种植被格局.     

Changes of Soil Erosion and Possible Impacts from Ecosystem Recovery in the Three-River Headwaters Region,Qinghai, China from 2000 to 2015

Soil erosion poses a great threat to the sustainability of the ecological environment and the harmonious development of human well-being. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was used to quantify soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters region (TRH), Qinghai, China from 2000 to 2015. The possible effects of an ecosystem restoration project on soil erosion were explored against the background of climatic changes in the study area. The model was validated with on-ground observations and showed a satisfactory performance, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.62 from the linear regression between the estimations and observations. The soil erosion modulus in 2010-2015 increased 6.2%, but decreased 1.2% compared with those in the periods of 2000-2005 and 2005-2010, respectively. Based on the method of overlay analysis, the interannual change of the estimated soil erosion was dominated by climate (about 64%), specifically by precipitation, rather than by vegetation coverage (about 34%). Despite some uncertainties in the model and data, this study quantified the relative contribution of ecological restoration under global climatic change; meanwhile the complexity, labor-intensiveness and long-range character of ecological restoration projects have to be recognized. On-ground observations over the long-term, further parameterization, and data inputs with higher quality are necessary and essential for decreasing the uncertainties in the estimations.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区人工植被深层土壤干化效应

科学评估不同植被恢复模式的土壤干化效应是目前黄土高原生态恢复一个亟需解决的关键问题。本文以半干旱黄土丘陵区14种典型人工植被为例,通过构建土壤水分相对亏缺指数CSWDI和样地土壤水分相对亏缺指数PCSWDI,定量评估了不同植被深层土壤干化效应。研究发现:除农地和撂荒草地外,各植被深层土壤水分均随土层深度的增加而升高,深层土壤水分含量同土层深度之间呈一元线性关系。不同人工植被深层土壤相对干化程度存在差异,以油松林地最高,杨树侧柏混交林地最低。不同植被类型受其自身蒸腾耗水、根系特征和耕作等影响,土壤干化的程度在剖面上存在差异,但总体趋势为随深度增加而降低。针阔叶植被配置模式土壤水分状况要稍好于阔叶纯林的配置模式。     

沙坡头固定沙丘结皮层的微生物区系动态

对中科院沙坡头沙漠研究试验站的人工植被固定沙丘、红卫自然植被固定沙丘的结皮层和流动沙丘表层(0~ 05cm)中的微生物类群数量的研究结果表明:①好气性细菌数量影响着微生物总数量的变化趋势;②微生物总数量分布依次排列为:自然植被固定沙丘>1956年栽植区>1964年栽植区>自然半固定沙丘>1982年栽植区>流动沙丘;③土壤微生物类群数量与结皮层的形成、植物覆盖度和土壤含水率等因子有密切的关系;④结皮层中的微生物类群数量与流动沙丘的固定程度呈正向关系。     

城市绿地土壤呼吸与土壤温度土壤水分的关系研究

采用LICOR-6400便携式光合作用仪连接6400-09土壤叶室,对山西大学校园内的三种绿地(黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨)的土壤呼吸进行了一年的测定.结果表明:土壤呼吸速率具有较明显的季节变化,冬春季较低,盛夏秋初较高,最大值出现在8月,最低值出现在12月.土壤呼吸速率与0～10 cm深度的土壤温度关系显著,黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨土壤温度变化分别解释土壤呼吸季节变化的57.3%、65.4%、46.6%(线性函数)和60.6%、71.3%、50.7%(指数函数);黑麦草地土壤呼吸与土壤水分的关系均为极显著(p<0.01);用土壤温度和土壤水分的复合方程可以解释土壤呼吸变化的52%～84%.黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨的年土壤呼吸总量分别为1.246 kg C·m-2、1.822 kg C·m-2、1.806 kg C·m-2.     

不同植被类型对厚层黄土剖面水分含量的影响

为了研究不同植被类型土壤水分差异和土壤水分的年际变化特征, 对陕西省绥德县境 内的农地、天然草地、人工柠条林、人工侧柏林、人工油松林、人工油松侧柏混交林地0~10 m 土壤剖面的土壤水分含量进行了测定与分析。农地土壤约在3 m 以上、其他植被类型约在 2 m 以上土层的土壤含水量随年降雨量的大小存在年际变化, 且农地土壤含水量显著高于其 他植被类型, 其他植被类型间无显著性差异。0~2 m 土层农地土壤水分在不同测定年份始终在易效水以上, 但其他植被类型的土壤水分随降雨量的不同变化于难效- 无效水与易效水之间。农地3 m、其他植被类型约2 m 以下的土壤含水量无显著性年际变化。农地与天然草地 土壤含水量显著高于其他人工林植被, 但二者含水量之间无显著差异, 土壤水分都属易效水 范围。人工柠条灌木林土壤水分显著低于其他植被类型, 人工侧柏林、人工油松林和人工油 松侧柏混交林之间土壤含水量无显著性差异。人工柠条林土壤水分属于难效-无效水范围, 人工乔木林接近难效-无效水范围。     

Changes in intensity of wind erosion at different stages of degradation development in grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China

Overgrazing by increasing numbers of livestock in the Horqin Sandy Land of Inner Mongolia, China, has led to extensive degradation of the region's sandy steppes. Degraded grasslands are generally classified into four main types: fixed (least degradation), semi-fixed (light degradation), semi-shifting (moderate degradation) and shifting (severe degradation) sandy lands, representing four stages of degradation development. An experiment was conducted in the Horqin Sandy Land to investigate changes in intensity of wind erosion at different stages of degradation development in sandy grasslands and determine the extent to which surface wind erosion was affected by surface-related soil and vegetation factors through their effects on surface roughness length and wind regimes. Daily wind erosion rate was monitored at four sites of degraded grassland over an erosive period from 1 April to 10 June in 2001. Soil and vegetation properties for these sites were also measured twice: one in mid-April prior to the establishment of vegetation and again in mid-June after the establishment of vegetation. Relationships between surface roughness length and soil and vegetation variables were examined at each of the two stages of vegetation development. This study shows striking differences in the intensity of surface wind erosion among sites. The daily wind erosion rate in the fixed sandy land was, on average, only about 1/5 of the rate in the semi-fixed sandy land, 1/14 of the rate in the semi-shifting sandy land and 1/47 of the rate in the shifting sandy land suggesting a much higher resistance of the fixed sandy land to wind erosion compared to other sites. Differences in rate of wind erosion between sites were attributed to between-site differences in soil and vegetation properties that exerted significant effects on wind regimes by altering surface roughness length. At the pre-establishment stage of vegetation, surface roughness length was determined by a combination of litter amount on the ground, soil surface hardness and soil moisture content, with litter amount explaining the greatest proportion of the variation. At the post-establishment stage of vegetation, the development of the surface roughness effects was mainly governed by vegetation characteristics (vegetation cover in particular), while the effects of soil surface hardness and soil moisture on surface roughness length are likely to be masked by vegetation effects. The findings suggest that better management practices of restoring vegetation in degraded grasslands are required to reduce soil erosion losses and achieve a sustainable livestock production in the Horqin Sandy Land, an ecologically fragile sandy land ecosystem.     

金沙江干热河谷植被恢复的思考

金沙江下游沿岸海1300m（阴坡）－1600m阳坡）为干热河谷,根据其环境特点、人工造林成功率低的事实例,分析指出金沙江干热河谷的自然植被恢复应以稀树灌草为主体,因地制宜提出了植被恢复的四个主要途径;（1）建立水土保持人工生态经济林,提高经济和生态效益;（2）封山育草,防治坡面侵蚀;（3）加强沟谷灌草建设,防治沟谷侵蚀;（4）城镇工矿人工生态林草建设,提高环境质量。     

基于改进植被指数土壤水分遥感反演

以渭-库绿洲为例,基于Landsat8 OLI遥感数据,考虑到短波红外特征与土壤水分有很好的关联,将短波红外波段引入可见光-近红外波段构成的传统植被指数中,旨在建立新的植被指数监测土壤水分。基于改进前后共8种植被指数,通过灰色关联分析（GRA）筛选出3种高关联度植被指数,再用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）进行建模,然后用该模型对研究区土壤水分反演,并对其空间分布格局进一步分析。结果显示：（1）在传统植被指数的基础上引入信息量较大的短波红外,可大幅度降低植被指数间的VIF,消除其多重共线性。（2）通过GRA分析可知,改进后的植被指数与土壤水分之间的关联度均要高于传统植被指数。（3）通过GRA分析筛选出3种高关联度植被指数建立得到精度较高,稳定性较好的PLSR模型,并反演研究区土壤水分分布状况,土壤水分总体上至西向东,由北到南降低,然而土壤水分最小值主要分布在绿洲—荒漠交错带,使得交错带成为“生态裂谷”。研究表明：将短波红外波段引入到可见光-近红外植被指数中,建立的新植被指数可获得较好的土壤水分空间分布反演结果。     

甘肃土地资源管理的经济地理学思考

从甘肃土地资源利用现状出发，在对土地资源管理存在问题分析和解决途径的探讨中，把各特殊区域的特殊问题综合化，从经济地理学的高度进行了思考并作了结论。     

黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带固沙植被根区土壤含水量

土壤水分在很大程度上决定着荒漠固沙植被的生长状况和分布格局,不同植被对土壤水分的需求也不相同,研究植被根区土壤含水量的分布特征,可为合理调控固沙植被空间分布格局提供理论依据。以黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带上的固沙植被泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarp）、沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）为对象,于2014—2018年每年5月上旬（雨季前）和10月中旬（雨季后）钻取植被根区不同深度的土壤样品,研究不同植被根区垂直方向和水平方向上土壤含水量的分布特征及其变异性。结果表明：（1）土层越深,固沙植被根区土壤含水量越高;（2）除2017年外,其余年份两种固沙植被根区的土壤含水量均是雨季后大于雨季前;（3）水平方向上距离植被根区越远,土壤含水量越高;（4）两种植被根区土壤含水量的变异性在垂直方向上浅层大于深层,且垂直方向的变异性大于水平方向。