Assessing benthic ecological status in coastal area near Changjiang River estuary using AMBI and M-AMBI

The Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary has been subject to a variety of anthropogenic pressures in recent decades. To assess the ecological health of the coastal benthic ecosystem adjacent to the estuary, three surveys were conducted in 2005, 2009, and 2010. The AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index （AMBI） and multivariate-AMBI （M-AMBI） were used to analyse the benthic ecological status of this coast. The AMBI indicate that the ecological status of the coast adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary was only slightly degraded in all 3 years. In contrast, the M-AMBI indicated that the ecological status was seriously degraded, a result that is most likely due to pollution and eutrophication induced by human activities. The assessment of the coast＇s ecological status by the AMBI was not in agreement with that of the M-AMBI at some stations because of lower biodiversity values at those sites. The analysis of the two indices integrated with abiotic parameters showed that the M-AMBI could be used as a suitable bio-indicator index to assess the benthic ecological status of the coast adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary. The reference conditions proposed for the coast of the Changjiang River estuary should be further evaluated in future studies. Designation of local species could also provide an important reference for Chinese waters. To improve the reliability of AMBI and M-AMBI, further research into the ecology of local species is required to understand their arrangement in ecological groups.     

基于深度学习的区域生态安全时空模拟与预测

区域作为人类、自然、社会共同作用和互相影响的复杂系统,对区域进行生态量化建模与模拟仿真,是实现区域可持续发展战略的关键。传统机器学习方法对区域生态系统建模取得了一定的成果,但难以确定学习特征和实现时空模拟。深度学习不需事先确定训练特征,具有优异的特征学习能力,能够提高模型预测精度,因此利用深度学习进行建模具有显著优势。本文使用植被净初级生产力（NPP）、气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）和人口格网数据,充分利用深度学习的优点,采用最优深度神经网络时空模拟,得到了河南省2007-2014年3 km分辨率的生态赤字空间分布图和河南省2015-2020年的生态赤字时间预测结果并进行分析,为区域生态的科学管理和建设供科学依据和参考。     

近20年来济南泉水补给区景观格局及其功能变化分析

本文以济南市泉水补给区为研究对象,利用GIS空间分析方法,在其景观变化分析的基础上,参照中国陆地生态系统的生态服务价值系数,估算了泉水补给区生态服务功能价值变化,重点分析景观变化对研究区生态服务功能的影响,进而为区域可持续发展和城市建设提供理论支持。结果表明:(1)20世纪90年代以来,泉水补给区耕地和草地景观面积呈减少趋势,林地、园地和建设用地景观面积大幅增加,其中,以林地面积增加最大;从景观类型转化看,耕地与其他景观类型相互转化较为密切,特别是与建设用地和园地之间的转化;林地面积的增加主要来源于草地和耕地;(2)泉水补给区生态服务功能价值主要由林地和耕地景观生态服务价值构成,其变化对该研究区生态服务价值变化起决定作用;从生态服务价值构成类型来看,该地区土壤形成与保护服务功能单项价值所占比重最大,约占总服务功能价值的20%;(3)90年代以来,该地区总生态服务价值呈增加趋势;从单项服务价值变化来看,水源涵养、废物处理和食物生产服务功能价值则呈现出减小趋势,其中,以水源涵养减幅最大,为4.01%,主要是由该区建设用地增加,地面硬化面积增多而引起的。研究认为,济南市南部山区作为重要的泉水补给区,其生态服务功能尤为重要,特别是水源涵养功能,因此,研究区水源涵养服务功能价值的降低应在今后南部山区开发过程中得到足够的重视与保护,逐步增加泉水补给区的整体生态效益。     

区域生态环境综合信息图谱的分类与案例分析——以福建省为例

生态环境图谱类型的划分是自然资源合理开发利用和治理及地学信息图谱研究的基础。该文采用系统分析的思路,在总结对比分析前人对土地利用/土地覆被、植被、地貌、景观以及生态环境等的分类研究的基础上,依据地学信息图谱的方法论,借助遥感和地理信息系统等技术,构建生态环境综合信息图谱分类的系统,并以福建省为例,提出福建省生态环境图谱的分类系统。     

Archaeal community structure in sediments from a seamount in the Mariana Volcanic Arc

Seamounts are subsurface mountains in the ocean.Examination of the abundance and distribution of Archaea in seamount ecosystems may provide a better understanding of their ecological functions.Most studies of marine archaeal assemblages in seamount area have focused on hydrothermal vents or ferromanganese crusts.We investigated the archaeal communities from a seamount of the Mariana Volcanic Arc,in the tropical western Pacific Ocean by using high-throughput sequencing.Thaumarchaeota was dominant in the sediments of all sample stations.Community diversity and species richness were greatest at stations near the top of the seamount,and lowest at the deepest station.One sample station on the steep southeast slope that faced the Yap-Mariana trench had a unique composition of Archaea.In summary,depth has an important influence on archaeal community structure,and the geographic properties and sediment characteristics may explain the unique distribution patterns of Archaea in this seamount.This study provides a foundation for future research on Archaea in seamounts.     

基于城市生态空间土地整治的生物群落构建

随着城市生态文明建设步伐加快,城市建设对生态用地的需求日益增加。然而中国城市生态空间土地整治工程建设中存在过度注重美学和视觉效应、盲目引进外来种、植物配置不合理、大面积运用草坪等现象,在城市生态文明建设的同时也引发了很多问题。通过分析生态文明背景下中国城市生态空间规划与建设存在的问题,结合城市土地整治生态空间特点,总结提出了“人+植物”群落城市土地整治生态修复基础理论,并以陕西省渭南市渭东新城综合整治项目为例,重点阐述了城市土地整治过程中生态空间群落构建的方法要点和具体思路。结果表明:在城市土地整治修复和生态空间建设中,重点利用本土植物群落特性,构建复层植物群落;丰富区域生物多样性,打造平衡的生态链;充分考虑人与自然的耦合关系,并以“人+植物”群落为单位与城市设施、人类活动、环境承载力综合考虑设计城市生态景观,最终可以构建优美、可持续的城市生态空间。     

Research progress on evaluation frameworks of regional ecological sustainability

As natural ecosystems provide the material basis and fundamental support for regional sustainable devel-opment,the sustainability of natural ecosystems is an important prerequisite and a viable approach for the achievement of regional sustainable development.It is also the final criteria to assess whether sustainable development paradigm is successful.Along with the increasing impacts of human activities on natural ecosystems,the evaluation of regional ecological sustainability has become one of the key issues for research on macro ecology and sustainable development.Based on different unit of indicators,this study firstly groups the evaluation frameworks of regional ecological sus-tainability into three major types:comprehensive index evaluation with dimensionless unit,monetary valuation,and biophysical quantity measurement.We then discuss and compare these types in terms of basic principles,scope of ap-plications,advantages and shortcomings.Finally,drawn on the discussion about characteristics of ecological sustain-ability,we outline the current trend and future directions of regional ecological sustainability evaluation,for instance,transition from sustainable development evaluation to sustainability science,integration of goal-oriented and problem-solving approaches,combination of spatial pattern analysis and ecological sustainability evaluation,and en-hancement of ecological sustainability evaluation at landscape scale.     

基于SOFM网络的景观功能分类——以北京及周边地区为例

 景观多功能性是景观生态学研究的热点领域,需要一种既能体现景观多功能整体性,又能表征各功能间独立性的表达方法。本文以北京及其周边地区为研究区,以500m栅格为最小评价单元,使用空间化的统计数据表征物质生产功能,使用植被生物量与土壤含碳量之和表征碳汇功能,使用潜在水土流失量与实际水土流失量的差值表征土壤保持功能,使用生态系统服务功能的评估结果表征生境维持功能,使用人口空间化数据表征居住功能。在计算5种景观功能强度后,通过自组织特征映射模型将土地栅格进行聚类分析。研究结果表明:景观功能强度具有空间异质性。景观功能强度可分为以农地为优势景观,以物质生产为主要功能的农业功能区域;以农地和城市用地为优势景观,以居住和碳汇为主要功能的城市功能区域;以林草地为优势景观,以土壤保持和生境维持为主要功能的生态功能区域;以及优势景观不明显,各项功能均衡发展的过渡功能区域4类。该分类方法既可较好地表达多功能景观的功能分异和空间分异,又能为其研究土地利用和生态管理实践提供理论依据。     

EVOLVEMENT AND CONTROL OF VULNERABLE ECOLOGICAL REGION——A Case Study in Ongniud Banner and Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia

The evolvement of a vulnerable ecological region is a dynamic process, which is affected by various factors. During the evolvement process, human activities have a decisive effect. The purpose of studying vulnerable ecological region is to control human economic activities and to develop a negative feedback modulation mechanism.This paper established a model of vulnerable ecological region‘s evolvement by considering four synthetic variables.These synthetic variables are ecological carrying capacity, ecological resilience, economic development intensity, and economic development velocity. Finally, Ongniud Banner and Aohan Banner in North China were taken as study cases to simulate the evolvement processes of vulnerable ecological regions under different conditions of economic development. The results show that human activities have an important influence on the evolvement trend of vulnerable ecological region.     

章丘区北部土壤重金属地球化学特征及潜在生态风险

以山东省济南市章丘区北部表层土壤中As等8种重金属元素为研究对象,利用多元统计进行重金属来源分析,采用污染负荷指数法及潜在生态危害指数法进行污染评价,结果表明:研究区表层土壤重金属元素含量低于济南市土壤背景值,Cd和Hg元素含量为强度变异,在表层土壤产生一定的富集;不同土地利用类型下重金属元素含量具有差异性。土壤中Cr,Cu,Ni和Zn来源于土壤母质,Cd和Pb元素来源于人类活动,As元素来源复杂。土壤综合污染以轻度污染为主,重金属元素污染程度大小为AsNiPbZnCrCuCdHg。综合潜在生态风险以轻微和中度为主,潜在生态风险强弱程度为HgCdAsCuPbNiCrZn,建议防范Hg和Cd元素污染及生态风险。     

内蒙古贫困地区生态安全评价及空间格局分析

在压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response, PSR)模型确立指标体系的基础上,采用灰色关联度分析和熵值赋权相结合的方法,测算出2012年内蒙古贫困地区生态安全综合,压力,状态和响应指数,对研究区生态安全状况进行综合评价;并利用地理空间分析方法和空间分析软件GeoDA对生态安全综合状况进行空间相关性分析,同时结合研究区自然地理特征和社会经济状况,对其生态安全空间格局特征及成因进行诊断性分析.研究发现:(1) 内蒙古贫困地区生态安全水平整体处于一般状态,等级布局具有大聚集,小分散的特点;(2) 生态安全状况分布并非完全随机性,而是表现出空间相似值之间的空间聚集,具有正相关性;(3) 生态安全等级分布状况呈现出区域分异的特点,总体表现为内蒙古西部和东部贫困地区处于一般状态,而中部贫困地区生态安全水平整体处于良好状态,区域内部生态安全水平具有明显的县域差异;(4) 生态安全水平较好的县域和生态安全处于一般水平的县域,压力,状态,响应指标方面差距明显,且影响因素各异.     

Overview on seagrasses and related research in China

Seagrass research in China is still in its infancy. Even though there has been progress recently, there is still a great deal of research needed to gain a better understanding of seagrass. In this article we review and discuss the advances in seagrass research in China from two aspects: (1) seagrass species and their distribution; (2) seagrass research in China, including studies on their taxonomy, ecology, photosynthesis, applications in aquaculture, salt-tolerance mechanisms and other research topics. A total of 18 seagrass species belonging to 8 genera are distributed in nine provinces and regions in China (including Hong Kong and Taiwan), as well as the Xisha and Nansha Archipelagos. They can be divided into two groups: a North China Group and a South China Group. Based on the seagrass distribution, the Chinese mainland coast can be divided into three sections: North China Seagrass Coast, Middle China Seagrass Coast, and South China Seagrass Coast. Ecological studies include research on seagrass communities, nutrient cycling in seagrass ecosystems, genetic diversity, pollution ecology and research in the key regions of Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan. Seagrass species and their locations, community structure, ecological evaluation, epiphytes, ecological functions and threats in the key regions are also summarized. Other studies have focused on remote sensing of seagrass, threatened seagrass species of China, and pollen morphology of Halophila ovalis.     

Microbial ecological associations in the surface sediments of Bohai Strait

Microbial communities play key roles in the marine ecosystem. Despite a few studies on marine microbial communities in deep straits, ecological associations among microbial communities in the sediments of shallow straits have not been fully investigated. The Bohai Strait in northern China(average depth less than 20 m) separates the Bohai Sea from the Yellow Sea and has organic-rich sediments. In this study, in the summer of 2014, six stations across the strait were selected to explore the taxonomic composition of microbial communities and their ecological associations. The four most abundant classes were Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Flavobacteriia. Temperature, total carbon, depth, nitrate, fishery breeding and cold water masses influenced the microbial communities, as suggested by representational dif ference and composition analyses. Network analysis of microbial associations revealed that key families included Flavobacteriaceae, Pirellulaceae and Piscirickettsiaceae. Our findings suggest that the families with high phylogenetic diversity are key populations in the microbial association network that ensure the stability of microbial ecosystems. Our study contributes to a better understanding of microbial ecology in complex hydrological environments.     

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTION IN RURAL CHINA:THEORY AND APPLICATION

1 THE STRATEGY OF ECOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTION1.1 Active Ecological BalanceThe guidelines of current ecology are changing from balance, stability, homogeneity and small scale into imbalance, instability, heterogeneity, multi-scale, and hierarchy characteristics. The so-called ecological balance means that in the relatively stable status of an ecosystem in a specific time period, material and energy input equals to their output. Also by self-adjusting, the ecosystem can rehabilita…     

Spatio-temporal pattern of net primary productivity in Hengduan Mountains area,China: impacts of climate change and human activities

Net primary productivity(NPP), a metric used to define and identify changes in plant communities, is greatly affected by climate change, human activities and other factors. Here, we used the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model to estimate the NPP of plant communities in Hengduan Mountains area of China, and to explore the relationship between NPP and altitude in this region. We examined the mechanisms underlying vegetation growth responses to climate change and quantitatively assessed the effects of ecological protection measures by partitioning the contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP changes. The results demonstrated that: 1) the average total and annual NPP values over the years were 209.15 Tg C and 468.06 g C/(m2·yr), respectively. Their trend increasingly fluctuated, with spatial distribution strongly linked to altitude(i.e., lower and higher NPP in high altitude and low altitude areas, respectively) and 2400 m represented the marginal altitude for vegetation differentiation; 2) areas where climate was the main factor affecting NPP accounted for 18.2% of the total research area, whereas human activities were the primary factor influencing NPP in 81.8% of the total research area, which indicated that human activity was the main force driving changes in NPP. Areas where climatic factors(i.e., temperature and precipitation) were the main driving factors occupied 13.6%(temperature) and 6.0%(precipitation) of the total research area, respectively. Therefore, the effect of temperature on NPP changes was stronger than that of precipitation; and 3) the majority of NPP residuals from 2001 to 2014 were positive, with human activities playing an active role in determining regional vegetation growth, possibly due to the return of farmland back to forest and natural forest protection. However, this positive trend is decreasing. This clearly shows the periodical nature of ecological projects and a lack of long-term effectiveness.     

威海市近海海域表层沉积物环境质量评价

对威海近海海域127站位表层沉积物中的重金属元素进行分析测试,采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法、超标分类法和潜在生态危害法等多种评价方法对研究区环境质量进行评价。认为研究区海底表层沉积物的单因子污染物指数偏低,只有Cu和Cr两种重金属出现一类沉积物质量超标情况;海底表层沉积物环境质量在整体上处于清洁和尚清洁状态,个别站位处于允许状态;污染类型主要以Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类为主,含少量Ⅲ类,Ⅱ类又分为Ⅱ1Cr和Ⅱ2Cu两个污染亚类,Ⅲ类又分为Ⅲ1Cr-Cu和Ⅲ2Cu-Cr两个污染亚类;各种重金属的生态危害程度均低。     

西江流域生态脆弱性时空分异及其驱动机制研究

流域作为人口、资源、资本都相对集中的水文单元,其生态系统结构的稳定性是区域社会经济发展的基础。流域在生态系统演变及人类频繁活动的共同胁迫下,生境敏感性增强,脆弱易损。本文以广西西江流域为例,通过对其生态脆弱性成因机制分析,依循“敏感性-压力度-恢复力”评估框架,选取11个指标构建完成流域生态脆弱性评价指标体系,以GIS技术为支撑,采用空间主成分分析法和差值法对生态脆弱性指数进行计算与分析,探究2000-2010年广西西江流域生态脆弱性时空变化特征。基于地理探测器的因子探测和交互探测模块分析各影响因子对流域生态脆弱性结果的解释力及因子交互作用对流域生境脆弱性变化的驱动机制。结果表明:① 2000-2010年,广西西江流域生态脆弱性指数多年平均值为0.69,整体处于中度脆弱状态。空间上,流域生态脆弱性表现为中部高于四周,由城市核心区往外逐步减弱的格局特征,研究时段内流域生态脆弱性综合指数多年平均值最大的为贵港市（3.40）,最小的为百色市（2.23）;时间上,10年间,流域整体生态脆弱性呈现轻微恶化的趋势,2005年流域中部及东部地区受高温影响,导致2005年流域生态脆弱性指数整体高于其他两年;② 6个因子对流域生态脆弱性的解释力强度为生物丰度指数（0.475）>高温季节温度（0.340）>植被覆盖度（0.211）>NPP（0.183）>降雨侵蚀力（0.098）>汛期降雨量（0.030）,因子交互协同作用后对结果解释力增强。     

珠江三角洲传统村落生态侵蚀时空演变特征

传统村落的保护随着中国第四批保护名录的公布逐渐成为全社会的共识。传统村落是人类与自然环境长期相互作用与有机融合的产物,其周边农田、山林、水塘等自然生态环境使着传统村落生产及生活活动得以延续。1978年改革开放后,快速城市化的背景下,不同背景下的城乡建设使得传统村落周边生态自然环境不断遭受到侵蚀威胁,为其整体保护带来极大的挑战。为开展快速城市化背景下传统村落生态环境的影响研究,本文首先界定了传统村落生态侵蚀的概念,应用侵蚀动力学理论对自我生态侵蚀、外来生态侵蚀、突发性生态侵蚀与生态侵蚀修复4种生态侵蚀方式提出生态侵蚀演变的4种模型,同时以珠江三角洲中国传统村落为研究案例,从时间和空间上对珠江三角洲地区传统村落生态侵蚀情况进行分析,探讨其生态侵蚀演变规律,揭示快速城市化背景下传统村落生态侵蚀的时空演变特征,总结了“城镇建设外侵模式、村落建设扩张模式、道路交通占领模式、综合发展模式”4种传统村落生态侵蚀的用地演化模式,丰富和深化传统村落生态视角的研究,为传统村落的保护和相关规划提供了重要参考。     

Microplastic pollution and enrichment of distinct microbiota in sediment of mangrove in Zhujiang River estuary,China

The microbial communities colonized on microplastics (MPs) have attracted widespread attention. However, few studies focused on the MPs impacts on mangrove ecosystems, particularly on bacterial communities. We investigated the MPs pollution in mangrove of Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary (ZRE). To study the potential risk posed by MPs to the mangrove ecosystems, the differences in bacterial communities, functions, and complexity between MPs and sediment samples were reported for the first time. Microplastics (2 991±1 586 items/kg dry weight (dw)) in sediment were mainly fibers and polyethylene, mostly transparent, and in size less than 0.5 mm. Bacterial communities and functions significantly differed from MPs in mangrove sediment. Compared with sediment, MPs significantly enriched members of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, as well as the bacteria associated with plastic-degrading and human diseases on their surface, suggesting that microbial communities on MPs may promote MPs degradation and the spread of diseases, posing potential risk to mangrove ecosystems and human health. Although bacteria on MPs exhibited a lower diversity, the co-occurrence network analysis indicated that network of bacteria colonized on MPs was bigger and more complex than those of mangrove sediment, illustrating that MPs can act as a distinct habitat in this special ecosystem. This study provides a new perspective for increasing our understanding of microplastic pollution in mangrove ecosystems.

     

武汉市不同站域建成环境与轨道交通站点客流特征关系分析

中国已经成为全世界城市轨道交通建设里程最长、建设速度最快的国家,合理识别城市轨道站点类别与影响不同类别站点客流特征的建成环境因素对轨道交通的建设具有十分重要的作用。因此,本文以武汉市为例,通过轨道交通刷卡数据,运用引入客流特征的EM聚类方法,将轨道交通站点分为职住错位型、居住导向型、就业导向型、居住综合型、就业综合型、综合型6类。并在此基础上,建立无序多分类logistic回归模型,定量分析站点客流吸引范围内建成环境因素对不同类型站点轨道交通客流特征的影响。结果表明：以综合型站点为对照组,路网密度和交叉口密度对所有类型站点的客流特征有显著影响,低路网密度高交叉口密度更有利于职住平衡;公交车站密度与就业导向型站点的客流特征存在负相关;商务用地占比对职住错位型、居住导向型、居住综合型站点有负向关系;服务业设施用地占比与职住错位型、居住导向型和就业综合型站点的客流特征负相关;科研教育用地占比与居住导向型和就业导向型站点客流特征负相关;土地利用混合度与居住导向型和就业综合型站点的客流特征负相关。研究结论将对武汉市轨道交通建设、轨道交通和土地利用协调发展等具有重要意义。