"麦莎"台风过程回顾及地形对台风降水影响

通过对0509号台风“麦莎”造成临安市局部地区特大暴雨的环流形势和云系演变及地形对台风降水影响的综合分析，揭示了特殊地形对降水增幅效应显著。这对今后预报台风暴雨具有指导意义。     

超强台风“罗莎”和“韦帕”大风过程对比分析

摘要利用常规探空和地面、加密自动站资料、FY-2C卫星红外云图资料以及多普勒雷达径向速度资料,对2007年登陆浙南闽北交界的超强台风“罗莎”和“韦帕”大风过程及成因进行了对比分析。结果发现：地面气压场的分布对台风登陆前后大风的出现时间、影响范围以及登陆后大风的持续时间有重要的影响;台风登陆之前FY-2C红外云图对大风的影响范围有一定的指示作用,而台风外围螺旋云带进入东海海域的时间则可以作为预报台风大风开始影响温州的一个参考依据;多普勒雷达最大径向速度对台风极大风速的预测有重要的参考作用。     

台风罗莎引发上海暴雨大风的特点及成因

针对受0716号台风罗莎影响产生的上海大暴雨和大风过程的特点及成因,利用上海地区地面 自动气象站和高空加密观测资料,结合天气图、NCEP再分析资料、卫星和雷达资料进行分析 。结果表明：台风罗莎对上海造成的降水分两阶段：第一阶段是台风外围云系发展成中小尺 度的云团产生的强降水,第二阶段是冷空气与台风结合的稳定降水。冷空气侵入时间与上海 降水开始时间非常吻合。台风北侧副热带高压带减弱,对流层中高层转南风,加之台风本身 蕴涵的丰富水汽,为台风外围强降水的发展和维持提供了深厚的热力和水汽供应;干冷空气 南下和台风外围暖湿气流北上使辐合加强,为激发台风外围中尺度对流云团提供了动力抬升 机制。由于冷空气浅薄,台风中高层的环流结构没有被冷空气破坏,使得底层的冷空气较长 时间维持在上海附近,是上海长时间发生强降水而导致暴雨的主要原因。     

浙东地形对台风“利奇马”极端降水的影响分析

利用自动站实时降水资料、NCEP再分析资料和多普勒雷达资料,结合中尺度数值模式WRF对台风"利奇马"在浙东地区产生的极端降水过程进行分析,重点研究了浙东地形对极端降水的影响。结果表明,"利奇马"影响期间,浙东强降水过程出现2个雨量峰值,依次由台风外层螺旋云带和台风中心附近的多个中尺度对流云团持续影响所造成,浙东地形对这一系列对流云团有明显的加强作用。浙东地区西部山脉对"利奇马"有阻滞和辐合抬升两方面作用,前者通过地形阻挡拖曳,延长强降水时长,后者通过山前显著的动力抬升作用和水汽辐合加强造成降水增幅。根据估算可知,括苍山脉在强降水阶段对暴雨的增幅可达11 mm·h~(-1),接近此时段内总雨量的2.5成。通过敏感性试验降低地形高度后,浙东地区辐合及上升运动减弱,雨量也明显减少,进一步验证了浙东地形是造成此次极端降水事件的重要原因。     

冷空气侵入对台风“罗莎”暴雨增幅的作用

用实况观测资料和NCEP／NCAR分析场资料,提供诊断分析方法对2007年16号台风“罗莎”的降水演变进行分析,重点讨论了台风登陆后和北方冷空气结合,产生的第2次强降水。结果表明：台风“罗莎”登陆后和北方中高纬西风槽结合,低层冷空气与台风的西北象限发生作用,使台风高层辐散,低层辐合加强,结果导致了台风对流加强,在有充足的水汽条件下可引发强降水。     

浙江省地形对0908台风“莫拉克”降水影响的数值试验

应用ARW—wRF／3DVAR（V3．1）中尺度模式对0908号台风“莫拉克”进行模拟试验,结果表明,模式对宁波市135个自动气象站24h降水量预报与实况相关系数达到0．762,对50、100mm降水Ts评分分别达到0．963和0．778,BS接近1,200mm以上降水Ts评分0．320,漏报率明显增大。模式对“莫拉克”台风北抬过程中雷达回波的移动速度和强度把握具有较高的参考性,模拟降水回波主要出现在迎风坡,垂直结构均匀。地形导致浙江省50mm以上的降水增幅带主要位于28。N以北地区,与地形走向基本一致,降水增幅大值中心一般模式地形也相对高,但降水增幅与模式地形高度并不完全呈线性关系。地形作用在浙江省形成明显的地形辐合线,辐合线呈东北一西南走向,并随高度向浙江西南部收缩,浙北地区地形辐合线在600hPa以下层次表现清楚,而海拔相对高的浙西南地区,辐合线可伸展到400hPa。地形辐合线随着台风中心移动而北抬,其附近降水得到了明显增强,10mm／h以上的降水增幅带基本沿着中低层地形辐合线走向且随辐合线移动。地形导致上升气流和下沉气流相间增强,从而激发出次级垂直环流,进一步增强降水的局地性。     

理想地形下不同云微物理方案对登陆台风降水增幅影响的数值研究

利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式,在理想岛屿地形条件下设计了云的微物理冰相过程中水凝物中有霰和无霰的两个对比试验,考察了台风登陆时复杂冰相和简单冰相对台风移动路径、强度和降水增幅的影响。结果表明：1）云微物理过程中有霰的复杂冰相过程时,具有更强烈的云“播撒”效应,因而对台风降水具有明显增幅作用。2）当台风受到理想地形作用时,地形对云“播撒”效应引起的增幅作用具有放大作用,此时台风眼墙非绝热加热量形成明显增强中心,使得台风降水增幅明显。3）当台风登陆时,云微物理冰相过程使得台风越山时存在向西北指向的涡度变化倾向。     

地形对台风“海葵”降水增幅影响的研究

使用NCEP GFS资料和WRF V3.4模式对2012年第11号台风"海葵"(1211)引发的安徽强降水过程进行数值模拟,通过改变模式中安徽省大别山区和皖南山区的地形高度,设计一组敏感性试验,对"海葵"降水的地形增幅效应进行研究。结果表明:(1)WRF模式对台风"海葵"降水过程有较好的模拟能力。(2)大别山区和皖南山区地形对"海葵"移动路径、强度以及降水分布、强度均有不同程度的影响;不同地形高度下模拟的台风路径及降水分布差异较大,且降水中心强度与地形高度相关性较好,地形对暴雨增幅作用明显。(3)山区地形有利于中尺度辐合线和低涡生成、发展,并有强水汽辐合中心与之相对应;有地形时对流层低层上升运动比无地形时明显加强,对安徽中南部强降水增幅作用显著。     

台湾地形对过岛台风的影响

台湾有三分之二陆地是凹凸不平的山地，最高的中央山脉与台湾岛的长轴走向一致（NNE－SSW），长300公里，宽120公里，平均高度2公里，四周环海，对过岛台风造成独特的影响。本文介绍自60年代以来台湾气象学者有关台湾地形对台风的影响研究成果，供作参考。1综合分析研究通过多个个例统计分析研究，台风靠近台湾时，路径北翘，过岛后路径南折，移速加快，强度减弱。台风的环流结构也发生变化，如形成次生低压、地面气压槽脊，迎风坡上降水增强，背风波上出现焚风效应等。HSS（1960）发现弱台风在袭击台湾岛时会填塞消失，往往形成次生低…     

台风Rananim登陆期间地形对其降水和结构影响的数值模拟试验

应用非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5(V3.6),对0414号台风Rananim在登陆期间移动路径和所产生的降水进行了数值模拟研究,模式较好地再现了台风Rananim的移动路径和所产生的降水,但模拟的过程降雨量与实况值还有所偏差。多普勒雷达探测资料表明,台风Rananim登陆期间,强回波带出现在台风移动的右前方,螺旋云带中镶嵌着大量的对流云团;垂直液态水含量的高值区出现在台风中心的西北侧。作者通过在浙江、福建东部沿海一带进行有无地形的数值对比试验,着重讨论了台风登陆期间地形对台风降水、台风结构特征变化的影响。结果表明:（1）台风登陆期间, 地形的影响对台风降雨量有明显的增幅作用。由地形强迫产生的降雨量和地形走向相一致,迎风坡降雨量增加,背风坡降雨量减少,地形影响使浙江东部一带增加的平均降雨量约占该地区模拟平均总降雨量的40%左右。（2）台风登陆期间,地形的强迫作用有利于在低层台风眼的西北侧形成明显的辐合带,高层为明显的辐散区;在中尺度环流场上,地形的影响有利于台风中心西北侧低层中尺度气旋性涡旋系统的发生发展,从而激发中尺度对流云团,形成中尺度雨团,造成了台风中心南北雨区和雨量的不对称分布。（3）地形的强迫作用,可以使台风流场局部发生改变。当地形强迫产生与台风环流同向的中尺度扰动时,将使台风环流局部明显增强;当地形强迫产生与台风环流反向的中尺度扰动时,将使台风环流局部明显减弱。（4）台风登陆期间,地形的影响可以使台风靠近陆地一侧眼壁内的垂直上升速度增大,位涡明显增强,从而造成台风涡旋的增强。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDFALL TYPHOON KROSA

In this study,the super typhoon KROSA(2007)was simulated using a mesoscale numerical model Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System(GRAPES)with a two-moment mixed-phase microphysics scheme.Local rainfall observations,radar and satellite data were also used to analyze the precipitation structure and microphysical features.It was shown that low-level jets and unstable temperature stratification provided this precipitation process with favorable weather condition.Heavy rainfall centers were located in the north and east part of KROSA with the maxima of 6-hourly total rainfall during the simulation more than 100 mm.The quantities of column solid water and column liquid water were generally equivalent,indicating the important role of ice phase in precipitation formation.Results of CloudSat showed that strong convection occurred in the eyewall around the cyclonic center.According to the simulation results,heavy precipitation in the northeast part of the typhoon was mainly triggered by convective clouds,accompanied by the strongest updraft under the melting level.In the southwest part of KROSA,precipitation intensity was rather homogeneous.The ascending center occurred in high-level cold clouds,favoring the formation and growth of ice particles.     

登陆台风“罗莎”中云物理特征的数值模拟研究

选取2007年16号超强台风“罗莎”为个例,利用耦合了双参数混合相云降水物理方案的 GRAPES中尺度模式对其进行模拟,并结合实况雨量、雷达及卫星资料分析了本次台风暴雨的结构及云微物理特征。结果表明,低空急流和不稳定的温度层结为本次降水过程提供了有利的天气条件。强降水中心主要出现在台风云系的北部和东部,在模拟时段内6小时累积降水最大值超过100 mm。积分固态水含量与液态水相当,说明冰相粒子在形成降水的过程中起重要作用。从CloudSat卫星探测结果来看,强对流发生在台风眼周围的云墙中。根据模拟结果分析,台风东北部的强降水属于对流云降水,最强上升气流出现在0 ℃等温线之下的暖区;西南部的降水强度比较均匀,强上升气流出现在高层冷云中,有利于冰粒子的形成和生长。      

青藏高原东侧陡峭地形对一次强降水天气过程的影响

利用高分辨率中尺度模式分析资料,研究了青藏高原东侧陡峭地形对一次暴雨天气发生发展的影响。结果显示,青藏高原地形对大气环流的动力阻挡作用形成了本次暴雨过程的水汽输送通道,青藏高原东侧陡峭地形结构造成了四川西北部和黄河上游的强水汽辐合中心,并使低层高能舌和能量锋区位于海拔较低的四川盆地,在四川盆地对流层低层建立起位势不稳定层结。青藏高原东侧陡峭地形结构引起了低层偏东气流强烈的垂直上升运动,最强的垂直上升运动出现在东西风垂直切变与陡峭地形交汇处,激发不稳定能量释放,促使强对流猛烈发展,暴雨过程中高原东侧还有一个中尺度涡旋的发生发展相伴。青藏高原东侧暴雨区最显著的热力特征是高温高湿区域仅出现在对流层低层,最显著的动力特征是强涡度柱也仅出现在对流层低层。     

台湾岛地形对台风暴雨影响的数值研究

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An Analysis of Typhoon Chanthu in June 2004 with Focus on the Impact on Thailand

In this paper,the influence of Typhoon Chanthu on Thailand during June 2004 was studied.Several major features have been revealed.(1) Chanthu formed and developed in favorable large-scale conditions.A continental high-pressure system covered most of China and merged with the West Pacific Subtropical High to become a west-east oriented high-pressure band,which was responsible for the westward movement of the typhoon.(2) There existed a stationary and active ITCZ,which was the preferred formation area of the ...     

环境场大尺度锋面系统与变性台风结构特征及其暴雨的形成

本文将登陆台风环境大尺度锋面系统动力、热力结构作为台风变性发展的关键影响因子。本文的分析研究揭示了变性台风半冷半暖的热力非对称结构,及其演变过程气压谷型、动能峰型、降水增幅特征形成的环境场影响因子。本文的数值试验表明,台风环境场斜压结构（锋面特征）可以显著地影响台风变性过程,并可导致台风中心气压呈“谷型”、动能“锋型”以及热力非对称结构特征。引起台风变性涡旋加强及其暴雨增幅现象或台风衰减、消亡。本文的数值试验证实了登陆台风变性发展的某些成因,某种程度揭示了中低纬度系统的相互作用的机理问题。     

A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.     

Relation of the Second Type Thermal Helicity to Precipitation of Landfalling Typhoons: A Case Study of Typhoon Talim

This study utilized the MM5 mesoscale model to simulate the landfalling process of Typhoon Talim. The simulated typhoon track, weather patterns, and rainfall process are consistent with the observation. Using the simulation results, the relation of the second type thermal helicity (H ₂) to rainfall caused by the landfalling typhoon Talim was analyzed. The results show that H ₂ could well indicate the heavy inland rainfall but it did not perform as well as the helicity in predicting rainfall during the beginning stage of the typhoon landfall. In particular, H ₂ was highly correlated with rainfall of Talim at 1-h lead time. For 1–5-h lead time, it also had a higher correlation with rainfall than the helicity did, and thus showing a better potential in forecasting rainfall intensification. Further analyses have shown that when Talim was in the beginning stage of landfall, 1) the 850–200-hPa vertical wind shear around the Talim center was quite small (about 5 m s⁻¹); 2) the highest rainfall was to the right of the Talim track and in the area with a 300-km radius around the Talim center, exhibiting no obvious relation to low-level temperature advection, low-level air convergence, and upper-level divergence; 3) the low-level relative vorticity reflected the rainfall change quite well, which was the main reason why helicity had a better performance than H ₂ in this period. However, after Talim moved inland further, 1) it weakened gradually and was increasingly affected by the northern trough; 2) the vertical wind shear was enhanced as well; 3) the left side of the down vertical wind shear lay in the Lushan and Dabieshan mountain area, which could have contributed to triggering a secondary vertical circulation, helping to produce the heavy rainfall over there; hence, H ₂ showed a better capacity to reflect the rainfall change during this stage.     

WRF模式不同地形平滑方案对降水预报的影响

基于重庆市气象局中尺度数值预报业务系统,开展不同地形平滑方案对模式降水预报的影响研究,详细对比WRF模式中不使用地形平滑方案以及使用s-d-s和1-2-1两种平滑方案生成的静态地形高度场的差异,开展不同地形平滑方案批量平行试验并选取典型强降水个例进行对比分析,结果表明:不同地形平滑方案生成的静态地形高度场之间有明显的差异,特别是在地形较为陡峭的高原和山脉等地区,最大绝对偏差可达462.56m;s-d-s和1-2-1两种地形平滑方案主要平滑掉了模式地形中较小尺度的地形特征,且总体而言1-2-1方案的平滑效果比s-d-s方案明显。连续一个月批量平行试验降水预报检验结果表明,进行模式地形平滑对大雨及以上量级降水预报有正面影响,且使用1-2-1平滑方案的预报结果优于使用s-d-s平滑方案的预报结果;降水个例对比分析结果表明:采用不同的地形平滑方案会造成垂直速度和水汽通量散度预报的明显差异,这样的明显差异会进而影响强降水预报的落区和强度。     

特殊地形及地形梯度对西昌发射场暴雨的影响

研究了西昌发射场特殊地形及地形梯度对其暴雨天气的影响。对比分析表明：2004年6月23日暴雨过程属于低涡切变型暴雨,6月27日暴雨过程属于两高辐合型暴雨。利用MM5V3．7进行了多组地形敏感试验,结果表明：场区北侧山脉对场区降水量影响明显,西昌东侧山脉对西昌降水量影响明显。地形梯度分析表明,西昌地区所处的河谷地形和场区所处喇叭口小地形,有利于中小尺度气压扰动的发生、发展和暴雨的产生,当地形梯度减弱时,降水量相应减弱。