GRACE卫星非差简化动力学定轨研究

本文基于卫星精密定轨的基本理论,研究了GRACE卫星非差简化动力学定轨的方法;并用自行研制的定轨软件CASMORD对实测的星载GPS数据进行非差数据的简化动力学定轨,通过比较GRACE卫星解算的轨道与JPL事后轨道及SLR测距信息,结果表明:利用非差观测值进行CRACE卫星的简化动力学定轨,三维位置精度(3D-RMS)...     

Precise orbit determination for the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite mission using GPS

The joint Taiwan–US mission FORMOSAT-3/ COSMIC (COSMIC) was launched on April 17, 2006. Each of the six satellites is equipped with two POD antennas. The orbits of the six satellites are determined from GPS data using zero-difference carrier-phase measurements by the reduced dynamic and kinematic methods. The effects of satellite center of mass (COM) variation, satellite attitude, GPS antenna phase center variation (PCV), and cable delay difference on the COSMIC orbit determination are studied. Nominal attitudes estimated from satellite state vectors deliver a better orbit accuracy when compared to observed attitude. Numerical tests show that the COSMIC COM must be precisely calibrated in order not to corrupt orbit determination. Based on the analyses of the 5 and 6-h orbit overlaps of two 30-h arcs, orbit accuracies from the reduced dynamic and kinematic solutions are nearly identical and are at the 2–3 cm level. The mean RMS difference between the orbits from this paper and those from UCAR (near real-time) and WHU (post-processed) is about 10 cm, which is largely due to different uses of GPS ephemerides, high-rate GPS clocks and force models. The kinematic orbits of COSMIC are expected to be used for recovery of temporal variations in the gravity field.     

Precise GRACE baseline determination using GPS

Precision relative navigation is an essential aspect of spacecraft formation flying missions, both from an operational and a scientific point of view. When using GPS as a relative distance sensor, dual-frequency receivers are required for high accuracy at large inter-satellite separations. This allows for a correction of the relative ionospheric path delay and enables double difference integer ambiguity resolution. Although kinematic relative positioning techniques demonstrate promising results for hardware-in-the-loop simulations, they were found to lack an adequate robustness in real-world applications. To overcome this limitation, an extended Kalman Filter modeling the relative spacecraft dynamics has been developed. The filter processes single difference GPS pseudorange and carrier phase observations to estimate the relative position and velocity along with empirical accelerations and carrier phase ambiguities. In parallel, double difference carrier phase ambiguities are resolved on both frequencies using the least square ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (LAMBDA) method in order to fully exploit the inherent measurement accuracy. The combination of reduced dynamic filtering with the LAMBDA method results in smooth relative position estimates as well as fast and reliable ambiguity resolution. The proposed method has been validated with data from the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) mission. For an 11-day data arc, the resulting solution matches the GRACE K-Band Ranging System measurements with an accuracy of 1 mm, whereby 83% of the double difference ambiguities are resolved.     

利用SLR检核GPS35卫星精密轨道

论述了利用SLR检核IGS提供的GPS卫星精密轨道的方法。采用2005年9月1日到30日的SLR观测数据对IGS提供的GPS35卫星精密轨道进行了检核实验,实验结果表明,SLR观测站存在一定的系统偏差,IGS提供的精密轨道没有明显的系统偏差,其精度优于2 cm。     

Bernese高精度GPS数据处理软件介绍及其应用实例

介绍了Bernese高精度GPS数据处理软件最新版本的主要功能、技术特点,及其GPS数据处理的基本流程。并通过实际算例分析得出了一些有益的结论。     

GPS卫星定轨中的摄动力影响分析

分析了地球重力场、海洋潮汐、行星摄动、地极潮汐、相对论加速度等对GPS轨道拟合及轨道外推造成的影响,认为在GPS定轨中除了顾及地球重力场及海洋潮汐对卫星轨道影响之外,还应注意地球重力场模型及海洋潮汐模型的选用问题;此外,在短弧定轨可以不考虑行星摄动、地极潮汐以及相对论加速度的影响,但长弧定轨中需考虑它们的影响。     

Pseudo-Stochastic Orbit Modeling Techniques for Low-Earth Orbiters

The Earth’s non-spherical mass distribution and atmospheric drag cause the strongest perturbations on very low-Earth orbiting satellites (LEOs). Models of gravitational and non-gravitational accelerations are utilized in dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) with GPS data, but it is also possible to derive LEO positions based on GPS precise point positioning without dynamical information. We use the reduced-dynamic technique for LEO POD, which combines the geometric strength of the GPS observations with the force models, and investigate the performance of different pseudo-stochastic orbit parametrizations, such as instantaneous velocity changes (pulses), piecewise constant accelerations, and continuous piecewise linear accelerations. The estimation of such empirical orbit parameters in a standard least-squares adjustment process of GPS observations, together with other relevant parameters, strives for the highest precision in the computation of LEO trajectories. We used the procedures for the CHAMP satellite and found that the orbits may be validated by means of independent SLR measurements at the level of 3.2 cm RMS. Validations with independent accelerometer data revealed correlations at the level of 95% in the along-track direction. As expected, the empirical parameters compensate to a certain extent for deficiencies in the dynamic models. We analyzed the capability of pseudo-stochastic parameters for deriving information about the mismodeled part of the force field and found evidence that the resulting orbits may be used to recover force field parameters, if the number of pseudo-stochastic parameters is large enough. Results based on simulations showed a significantly better performance of acceleration-based orbits for gravity field recovery than for pulse-based orbits, with a quality comparable to a direct estimation if unconstrained accelerations are set up every 30 s.     

利用星载GPS观测数据确定海洋2A卫星cm级精密轨道

海洋二号B星（Haiyang-2 B,HY2B）是中国海洋动力环境监测的首颗组网卫星,主要用于探测海面高度、海面风场、重力场等多种海洋动力环境参数,高精度卫星轨道是完成上述任务的前提与关键。选取HY2B卫星2021年1月的星载GPS观测数据,从数据完整性与多路径效应两个方面分析了观测质量,采用简化动力学定轨方法进行了精密定轨研究。结果显示,相比海洋二号A星（Haiyang-2 A,HY2A）,搭载同一型号接收机的HY2B卫星伪距多路径误差有所下降;基于国产星载双频GPS接收机可以实现HY2B卫星径向2 cm、三维优于3 cm的定轨精度;同时,验证了相位中心变化（phase center variation,PCV）模型对精密定轨的改进作用。目前的星载GPS数据与定轨方法可以满足高精度海洋测高任务的需求。

     

北斗混合星座分层约束下的精密定轨方法

针对北斗导航卫星系统首创的GEO+IGSO+MEO混合星座设计,本文研究了根据不同星座,采取不同约束条件和数据处理策略的北斗卫星精密定轨方法,提出了一种针对北斗系统混合星座的分层约束精密定轨方案.该方案首先将北斗卫星分为非GEO(IGSO/MEO)和GEO两部分进行解算,利用GPS解算的公共参数对北斗IGSO/MEO精...     

GPS-based precise orbit determination of the very low Earth-orbiting gravity mission GOCE

 A prerequisite for the success of future gravity missions like the European Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) is a precise orbit determination (POD). A detailed simulation study has been carried out to assess the achievable orbit accuracy based on satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) by the US global positioning system (GPS) and in conjunction the implications for gravity field determination. An orbit accuracy at the few centimeter level seems possible, sufficient to support the GOCE gravity mission and in particular its gravity gradiometer. Received: 21 January 2000 / Accepted: 4 July 2000     

HY2A卫星的GPS/DORIS/SLR数据精密定轨

采用HY2A卫星2013年2月的实测数据,研究了GPS、星载多谱勒无线电定轨定位系统(DORIS)及卫星激光测距(SLR)三种观测数据的单独和联合定轨问题。通过与法国CNES的精密轨道数据比较发现:分别采用GPS、DORIS和SLR数据进行单独定轨,GPS数据确定轨道的径向平均精度为1.3cm,三维位置约为6.2cm;DORIS定轨的径向平均精度为1.6cm,比GPS结果略差;SLR确定轨道的径向平均精度为2.3cm。用GPS、DORIS和SLR三种数据联合定轨,确定轨道的径向平均精度为1.2cm,三维位置约为6.5cm。与星载GPS定轨结果比较,三种观测数据的联合定轨在提高卫星轨道确定精度上不明显,但联合定轨有利于保持计算轨道精度相对稳定。用站星间高度角大于60°的SLR数据检验GPS/DORIS联合确定的轨道,两者在测距方向的均方差为2.5cm,可见基于HY2A的观测数据可以实现cm级的定轨需求。     

用SLR资料精密确定GPS35卫星轨道

GPS35卫星是全球定位系统卫星星座中的一颗卫星，它的对地一侧安装了激光后向反射器，可实施激光测距观测。用全球SLR资料精密确定了GPS35卫星1995年10月22日——26日和1999年8月1日——6日共2个5天的轨道，求得观测值与计算值的RMS小于3cm。     

资源三号卫星激光测距定轨精度分析

基于卫星激光测距定轨是目前遥感卫星在轨位置测量的重要手段之一,其测量精度关系到遥感卫星的应用水平。为了分析我国首颗民用立体测绘卫星——资源三号携带的国产激光角反射器在轨运行情况,该文利用全球激光联测期间卫星激光测距数据与GPS事后联合定轨结果,从遥感影像几何定位和轨道预报两个方面定量分析和评价卫星激光测距参与的定轨精度。试验表明,基于卫星激光测距与GPS定轨结果,影像几何定位无控精度较实时定轨精度提升1~2m,有效提升了卫星影像几何处理精度;轨道预报1d星下点位置较实际过境轨迹偏差优于250m,2d优于500m,1d预报侧摆精度达到0.035°,满足检校外业和成像计划精度需求。     

Rapid orbit determination of LEO satellites using IGS clock and ephemeris products

Different types of GPS clock and orbit data provided by the International GPS Service (IGS) have been used to assess the accuracy of rapid orbit determination for satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) using spaceborne GPS measurements. To avoid the need for reference measurements from ground-based reference receivers, the analysis is based on an undifferenced processing of GPS code and carrier-phase measurements. Special attention is therefore given to the quality of GPS clock data that directly affects the resulting orbit determination accuracy. Interpolation of clock data from the available 15 min grid points is identified as a limiting factor in the use of IGS ultra-rapid ephemerides. Despite this restriction, a 10-cm orbit determination accuracy can be obtained with these products data as demonstrated for the GRACE-B spacecraft during selected data arcs between 2002 and 2004. This performance may be compared with a 5-cm orbit determination accuracy achievable with IGS rapid and final products using 5 min clock samples. For improved accuracy, high-rate (30 s) clock solutions are recommended that are presently only available from individual IGS centers. Likewise, a reduced latency and more frequent updates of IGS ultra-rapid ephemerides are desirable to meet the requirements of upcoming satellite missions for near real-time and precise orbit determination.     

GPS卫星精密定轨中的摄动力分析

在介绍各种摄动模型的基础上,将IGS提供的SP3精密星历作为几何轨道,应用不同的摄动模型进行几何轨道平滑,求得卫星轨道的动力学参数,再用动力学参数积分求定卫星的轨道,将其与IGS提供的SP3精密星历进行比较,从而详细分析每一种摄动力对GPS轨道影响的量级,而且说明建立的GPS卫星轨道的摄动模型是比较准确的。     

星地跟踪网的导航卫星精密轨道确定及预报

针对区域跟踪网不能覆盖导航卫星全弧段从而导致卫星定轨精度低的问题,简述了导航卫星和低轨卫星联合定轨模型,然后利用星地跟踪网观测数据同时确定了低轨卫星和导航卫星精密轨道,并根据实验结果详细分析了低轨卫星在联合定轨中所起到的作用。计算结果表明,引入低轨卫星之后,全球网和区域网定轨精度分别平均提高了20.0%和44.3%,区域网6h和24h的轨道预报精度分别优于10cm、13cm,利用星地跟踪网观测数据联合定轨方案是一种提高定轨精度并削弱对地面站依赖性的有效方法。     

GRACE卫星非差精密定轨精度分析

随着星载GPS接收机性能和精密轨道、钟差产品精度的提高,星载GPS观测技术已成为确定CHAMP、GRACE和GOCE等低轨卫星精密轨道的重要手段。文章以GRACE卫星为例,分别利用非差弱动力法和非差运动学方法精密确定其轨道,并将结果和美国喷气动力实验室(JPL)事后精密轨道对比。结果表明:GRACE卫星非差弱动力法和非差运动学定轨精度均可达到厘米级;在使用相同的星历、钟差等产品时,弱动力法定轨精度略微优于运动学方法。此外,本文采用超快预报精密星历实时确定GRACE卫星轨道时精度也优于10cm。     

Precise ERS-2 orbit determination using SLR, PRARE, and RA observations

The second European Remote Sensing satellite ERS-2, launched in 1995, is supported by satellite laser ranging (SLR), the German precise range and range-rate equipment (PRARE) microwave tracking system, and radar altimetry (RA). SLR, PRARE and crossover RA observations (XO/RA) from May, June, and July 1996 have been analyzed using the GEOSAT software developed at Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI, The Norwegian defence research establishment). Orbits computed with the JGM3 gravity model and the more recent EGM96 gravity model have been compared with orbits from other analysis centers. Based on these comparisons in addition to the post-fit observation residuals, and results from internal orbital overlaps, we conclude that the radial component of the ERS-2 orbit can be determined with a precision of 6 cm. Received: 30 June 1997 / Accepted: 4 February 1998     

GPS卫星精密定轨中的地球引力加速度研究

影响GPS精密定轨的因素除卫星轨道初值外还取决于力模型的精度,而地球引力加速度是GPS卫星精密定轨力模型中最为重要的部分。为满足精密定轨需要,该文针对目前各IGS中心所采用的简化动力法,深入研究了GPS卫星精密定轨中的地球引力加速度,详细推导了相关公式并编写程序,先后选取7颗GPS卫星及1颗卫星进行计算验证,结果表明:该文所采用的算法得到的地球引力加速度的计算精度优于10E-11ms~(-2),并且当引力位模型阶数为8~12阶时,引力加速度无明显差异。     

Integrated adjustment of CHAMP, GRACE, and GPS data

Various types of observations, such as space-borne Global positioning system (GPS) code and phase data, accelerometer data, K-band range and range-rate data, and ground-based satellite laser ranging data of the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and GRAvity Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite missions, are used together with ground-based GPS code and phase data in a rigorous adjustment to eventually solve for the ephemerides of the CHAMP, GRACE, and GPS satellites, geocenter variations, and low-degree gravity field parameters. It turns out that this integrated adjustment considerably improves the accuracy of the ephemerides for the high and low satellites, geocenter variations, and gravity field parameters, compared to the case when the adjustment is carried out stepwise or in individual satellite solutions.Acknowledgments. This study has been supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research through the Geotechnologies Programme grants 03F0333A/CHAMP and 03F0326A/GRACE.