微火箭电场仪的原理及其应用

介绍一种新型的雷雨云电场探测仪器---微火箭电场仪 ,由直径为 55mm×760mm农用消雹小火箭改装而成 .它利用导体在电场中感应电荷原理 ,由电场传感器、测量线路、1 680MHz遥测发射机及天线组成 .仪器特点是结构简单、高密集、超小型、快速机动、低功耗、低成本 .此仪器于 1 998年年初试飞成功 .电场探测范围 1- 1 0 0kV/m .探测高度为7 5km左右 .主要用于飞行器升空安全保障 ,以及气象部门对雷电、冰雹的探测和预警     

1991年北京延庆人工引雷实验及分析

简要地叙述了北京１９９１年夏天利用火箭－导线技术两次引雷成功的结果．两次引雷成功均是在地面电场为正（即正电荷当顶）时触发的．触发时地面电场分别为３．１ｋＶ／ｍ和２．５ｋＶ／ｍ，高度在３００－４００ｍ之间．分析表明，两次火箭引雷均系火箭上升到一定高度时激发上行负流光，然后产生连续对地放正电的过程，无回击发生．简单模式分析表明，中和电量小于１０Ｃ，火箭上升过程导线中电晕电流约为４ｍＡ．     

基于双金属球三维电场探空仪的一次雷暴云内电荷结构观测研究

本文自主研制性能稳定的双金属球三维电场探空仪,并结合气象探空仪等构建了雷暴电场-气象综合探空系统,实现了雷暴云内三维电场及温度、湿度的同步测量.2019年夏季对华北平原地区雷暴开展穿云观测,并结合地面大气电场、雷达回波、变分多普勒雷达分析系统(VDRAS)反演的动力场等资料进行综合研究,首次给出该地区雷暴云内的电场和电荷结构分布特征.对2019年8月7日发生的一次中尺度对流系统电场探空发现,在雷暴减弱阶段,其弱回波区内存在5个极性交替的电荷区:4.4~5.6 km之间的上部正电荷区(0℃附近)、3.6~4.4 km之间的中部负电荷区和1.0~3.6 km之间的下部正电荷区,此外在1 km下方有一个负极性电荷区,雷暴云顶附近5.7~6.9 km之间为一个弱负极性屏蔽电荷区.其中,中部负电荷区和下部正电荷区由多个不同强度、不同厚度的电荷层构成.此外,电场探空系统在中部负电荷区高度范围内经历的上升—下沉—再次上升的往返探空数据表明,雷暴云内动力环境复杂,电荷结构分布相似但又有所差异,反映了实际雷暴云内电荷分布的时空不均匀性和复杂性.     

雷暴下地面自然尖端电晕放电离子时空演化的数值模拟

为了对雷暴云下近地面的电特性进行分析，本文建立了模拟自然尖端所产生的电晕离子演化的一维数值模式。以地面电场为基础，考虑到地面电晕离子的演化，成功地计算了从地面至８００ｍ的空中电场及电荷、电流的时空演变，发现地面电晕离子可解释除雷暴云电荷影响外的空中电场和地面电场的差异，空间电场比地面电场更能反应雷暴电荷所产生的电场。空间电荷层可延伸到８００ｍ的高度上，且电荷密度可高达０．２５ｎＣ／ｍ^３，６００ｍ高度上的传导电流密度可达０．１ｎＡ／ｍ^２。     

西影井水位的一次无震异常

前言１９７３年４月打成的西影井位于西安市南郊的西安电影制片厂内,井深２０００．４１ｍ,在井１４１７ｍ处以上用水泥封死,井水温６３．９℃。该井地处西安地热异常带内,由南部秦岭山区的降水自南向北远距离补给。该井的滤水管设在１５２０．０７～１５２５．１７ｍ及１５６２．５８～１６１６．６１ｍ两个层位上。该井用ＳＷ４０－１型水位计自动记录,观测误差小于１ｍｍ,可清晰地记到半日变、半月变固体潮形态,也记到过许多远震波形。该仪器所记静水位的气压系数为５．０～６．７ｍｍ／ｈＰａ。１９９８年３月２８日下午６时多西…     

不同培养条件下多刺裸腹溞的生殖和种群增长参数

于 １９９６年在实验室对多刺探腹溞（Ｍｂｉｎａ　ｍａｃｒｏｃｏｐａ）种群的增长率及相关生态学参数进行了研究．结果表明,３个温度梯度（２４、２８和３２℃）和３个面包酵母（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ　ｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉ－ａｅ）密度（０．２５、２ ５和２５ ｘ １０_６ｃｅｌｌ．ｍＬ~（－１）下,以２８℃时内禀增长力（ｒ_ｍ）最高;２８℃时,面包酵母的投喂密度为２５×１０_６ｃｅｌｌ．ｍＬ_（－１）时,其ｒ_ｍ最大．温度２８℃,面包酵母密度为２５×１０_６ｃｅｌｌ．ｍＬ~（－１）时,该溞的繁殖前期最短,繁殖期和寿命均最长,并且怀卵量（每窝产仔数）最大．该溞的种群密度和瞬时增长率分别在接种后第７ｄ和第３－４ｄ达高峰．该搔批量培养时采收时间以第５ｄ为宜．     

武汉东湖沉积物中轮虫休眠卵的分布

报道了１９９２年８月￣１９９３年７月间武汉东湖营养类型不同的３个湖区沉积物中轮虫休眠的卵数量和分布。不论湖区营养类型如何,沉积物中的休眠卵数量均呈“Ｖ”形垂直分布,表层高,底层低,由表向底数量逐渐递减。在３个湖区中,休眠卵的数量随水体营养水平的增高而增加。营养水平最高的Ⅰ站其休眠卵数量年平均为１．３２个／ｃｍ＾３,营养水平较低的Ⅱ、Ⅲ站分别为０．７４个／ｃｍ＾３、０．７１个／ｃｍ＾３。休眠卵的数量     

土坝自然电场的分布特点

土坝的自然电场中,由均匀和集中渗流产生的过滤电场起主导作用,它是探测土坝渗漏隐患的良好场源.笔者在国内外首先将土坝过滤电场整体上分解为均匀渗流的过滤电场和集中渗流的过滤电场两部分;同时,根据渗流产生的过滤电场的特征,沿土坝横断面将过滤电场分作入渗带、径流带和逸出带三部分;在此基础上,揭示了土坝过滤电场的基本特征,为应用自然电场检测土坝渗漏隐患技术研究提供了理论依据.     

1989年3月特大电离层事件

给出了１９８９年３月罕见的超级太阳活动区（ＮＯＡＡ，ＡＲ５３９５）的多次爆发，在远东地区诱发了一系列强烈的、甚至是首次观测到的电离层扰动事件：（１）重庆站以北地区ＴＥＣ增量达５５×１０^１６ｅｌ／ｍ^２的突增事件；同期武昌、仑坪和知本等站的ＴＥＣ负增量达６５×^１６ｅｌ／ｍ^２的突降事件；（２）兰州以南地区的强ＴＩＤ；（３）持续时间较长的Ｌａｃｕｎａ现象；（４）微粒Ｅ层事件等。作者结合同期远东和巴西地区的电离层扰动，多颗卫星探测结果和全球中低纬区极光的出现，对此次电离层事件的部分异常变化及其形成机制作了初步讨论，并指出东向电场剧增和粒子沉降可能是此次事件的主要因素。     

用全球定位系统（GPS）监测青藏高原地壳形变

通过对拉萨、日喀则地区两条基线的观测结果分析，得到了拉萨地块近南北向地壳形变率为（７．０±２．３）ｍｍ／ａ及近东西向（７．４±２．３）ｍｍ／ａ的形变速率，与震源机制解的结论十分接近。同时监测到相对于拉萨南北向７．３ｃｍ和东西向４．１ｃｍ的震后形变位移，显示出ＧＰＳ在地震监测及与地震相关的地壳形变研究的广阔前景     

空基和地基近直流电场观测数据背景特征的相关性

研究空基和地基电磁观测数据各自的特点和规律,并探索两者之间变化的相关性,对将空基和地基观测资料综合应用于地震监测研究具有重要的科学意义.本文利用法国DEMETER卫星的电场观测数据和我国甘肃天祝前兆科学试验台阵红沙湾地震台的水平地电场和垂直地电场、四川省地震局成都地震台的水平地电场的观测资料,重点对卫星和地面探测的近直流频段信号进行了综合分析.研究结果表明:(1)卫星直接观测记录的ULF电场观测值没有呈现明显的年变化趋势,但日侧和夜侧的E_z向(卫星运行速度的切线方向)观测数据呈现了一种长期的周期性特征,与地电场观测资料无相关性和同步性;(2)去掉卫星运行切割磁力线所造成的附加电场后所得的电离层电场与地面记录的地电场数据数量级相当,均集中在10^-1～10^-2 mV/m左右,两者具有可比性;(3)去掉卫星运行切割磁力线所造成的附加电场后,夜侧E_y(卫星轨道平面的法线方向)和E_z(卫星运行速度的切线方向)向的电离层电场数据均具有比较清晰的季节性变化趋势,呈现出较为稳定的年变周期,这与水平地电场的年变趋势一致.电离层电场和水平地电场在数量级和年变趋势上都呈现出明显的一致性.     

EDI convection measurements at 5–6 RE in the post-midnight region

We present the first triangulation measurements of electric fields with the electron drift instrument (EDI) on Equator-S. We show results from five high-data-rate passes of the satellite through the near-midnight equatorial region, at geocentric distances of approximately 5–6 R_E, during geomagnetically quiet conditions. In a co-rotating frame of reference, the measured electric fields have magnitudes of a few tenths of mV/m, with the E × B drift generally directed sunward but with large variations. Temporal variations of the electric field on time scales of several seconds to minutes are large compared to the average magnitude. Comparisons of the “DC” baseline of the EDI-measured electric fields with the mapped Weimer ionospheric model and the Rowland and Wygant CRRES measurements yield reasonable agreement.     

A numerical determination of the effect of electric fields and charges on the efficiency with which cloud drops and small raindrops collide with aerosol particles

Summary Numerical calculations were carried out to determine the effect of a vertical electric field on the efficiency with which electrically charged or uncharged cloud drops and small raindrops of diameters ranging from 84 m to 1.248 mm collide with electrically charged or uncharged particles of density 2 gm/cm³ and diameters between 1 and 20 m. For this purpose, numerical flow fields about spheres of Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 400 were used to integrate the trajectory of the particle relative to the drop, and the force between two conducting spheres was used to represent the electrostatic force on the particle. The effect of thunderstorm strength electric charges and field on the collision efficiency was found to be highly significant for the smaller collector drops, and declined to insignificance for the largest collector drop.     

Geomagnetic field mapping from a satellite: Spatial power spectra of the geomagnetic field at various satellite altitudes relative to natural noise sources and instrument noise

For a low-level geomagnetic satellite survey, for which the motion of the satellite converts spatial variation into temporal variation, the limit on accuracy may well be background temporal fluctuations. The sources of the temporal fluctuations are current systems external to the Earth and include currents induced in the Earth due to these sources. The internal sources consist primarily of two components, the main geomagnetic field with sources in the Earth's core and a crustal geomagnetic field.Power spectra of the vertical geomagnetic field internal component that would be observed by a spacecraft in circular orbit at various altitudes, due to satellite motion through the spatially varying geomagnetic field, are compared to power spectra of the natural temporal fluctuations of the geomagnetic field vertical component (natural noise) and to the power spectrum for typical fluxgate magnetometer instrument noise. The natural noise is shown to be greater than this typical instrument noise over the entire frequency range for which useful measurements of the geomagnetic field may be made, for all geomagnetic latitudes and all times. Thus there would be little benefit in reducing the instrument noise below the typical value of 10^?4 gamma² Hz^?1 plus a 1/f component of 10 milligamma rms decade^?1.For a given satellite altitude, there is a maximum frequency above which the natural noise is greater than the power spectrum of the crustal geomagnetic field vertical component. Below this maximum frequency, the situation is reversed. This maximum frequency depends on geomagnetic latitude (and to a lesser extent on time of day and season of year), being lower in the auroral zone than at lower latitudes. The maximum frequency is also lower at higher satellite altitudes. The maximum frequency determines the spatial resolution obtainable on a magnetic field map. The spatial resolution (for impulses) obtainable at low latitudes for a 100-km satellite altitude (possibly achievable by tethering a small satellite at this altitude to a space vehicle at a higher altitude) is 60 km, while at the auroral zone the obtainable spatial resolution is 100 km. At the higher satellite altitude of 300 km the obtainable spatial resolution is 230 km at low latitudes and 530 km at the auroral zone. At 500-km satellite altitude, the obtainable spatial resolution is 500 km at low latitudes, while maps cannot be made at all for the auroral zone unless the data are selected for “quiet” days.For the lower satellite altitudes, greater spatial resolution can be obtained than at higher altitudes. Furthermore since the crustal geomagnetic field power spectrum is larger at lower altitudes, the relative error due to the natural noise is less than for higher altitudes.     

Nonlinear model of short-scale electrodynamics in the auroral ionosphere

The optical detection of auroral subarcs a few tens of m wide as well as the direct observation of shears several m/s per m over km to sub km scales by rocket instrumentation both indicate that violent and highly localized electrodynamics can occur at times in the auroral ionosphere over scales 100 m or less in width. These observations as well as the detection of unstable ion-acoustic waves observed by incoherent radars along the geomagnetic field lines has motivated us to develop a detailed time-dependent two-dimensional model of short-scale auroral electrodynamics that uses current continuity, Ohms law, and 8-moment transport equations for the ions and electrons in the presence of large ambient electric fields to describe wide auroral arcs with sharp edges in response to sharp cut-offs in precipitation (even though it may be possible to describe thin arcs and ultra-thin arcs with our model, we have left such a study for future work). We present the essential elements of this new model and illustrate the models usefulness with a sample run for which the ambient electric field is 100 mV/m away from the arc and for which electron precipitation cuts off over a region 100 m wide. The sample run demonstrates that parallel current densities of the order of several hundred A m^-2 can be triggered in these circumstances, together with shears several m/s per m in magnitude and parallel electric fields of the order of 0.1 mV/m around 130 km altitude. It also illustrates that the local ionospheric properties like densities, temperature and composition can strongly be affected by the violent localized electrodynamics and vice-versa.     

Effects of geomagnetic activity on the mesospheric electric fields

The results of three series of rocket measurements of mesospheric electric fields carried out under different geomagnetic conditions at polar and high middle latitudes are analysed. The measurements show a clear dependence of the vertical electric fields on geomagnetic activity at polar and high middle latitudes. The vertical electric fields in the lower mesosphere increase with the increase of geomagnetic indexes K_p and K_p. The simultaneous increase of the vertical electric field strength and ion conductivity was observed in the mesosphere during geomagnetic disturbances. This striking phenomenon was displayed most clearly during the solar proton events of October, 1989 accompanied by very strong geomagnetic storm (K_p = 8+). A possible mechanism of generation of the vertical electric fields in the mesosphere caused by gravitational sedimentation of charged aerosol particles is discussed. Simultaneous existence in the mesosphere of both the negative and positive multiply charged aerosol particles of different sizes is assumed for explanation of the observed V/m vertical electric fields and their behaviour under geomagnetically disturbed conditions.Paper Presented at the Second IAGA/ICMA (IAMAS) Workshop on Solar Activity Forcing of the Middle Atmosphere, Prague, August 1997     

VLF RESISTIVITY MAPPING AND VERTICALIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD1

For over 20 years, powerful VLF transmitters have been used as electromagnetic sources for subsurface investigations in mining exploration. Measurements initially concerned the vertical component of the magnetic field or the inclination of the field and were later extended to measurement of the horizontal electric field in the direction of the transmitter, to determine the resistivity of the terrain. Measurement of the electric field is usually performed with electric lines, grounded or not, with lengths of at least 5 m. This paper presents the concept of a VLF resistivity meter with a very short electric sensor (1 m) and the results obtained with it. This technique improves the measurement of the electric field, which is in principle a point value. It also permits a higher spatial sampling rate and, by closely linking the electric sensor with the magnetic sensor on a lightweight mount, makes it possible for the instrument to be used by a single operator. In addition, transformation of the electric field data, analogous to reduction to the pole in magnetism, is proposed to correct the horizontal deformation of the anomalies created by polarization of the primary field. Comparison with direct current electrical measurements shows highly satisfactory correlations. This transformation, validated for VLF, can be extended to any electrical or electromagnetic method using a uniform primary field, i.e. gradient array in direct current or low-frequency magnetotellurics. We call this verticalization of the electric field. Resistivity measurements and mapping using the VLF frequency range can be applied not only to mining but also to a wide range of shallow geophysical studies (hydrology, civil engineering, etc.) and are not limited to problems concerning the location of conductive targets     

沙尘暴电效应的实验观测研究

利用国内大型风沙物理风洞实验模拟沙尘暴电现象,研究风沙起电机理,结果表 明,不同风速下不同沙粒会产生不同极性的电场强度和电位效应,风沙电随风速增大而增强 ,且随沙粒度增大而减小. 在沙漠区的16m,8m,4m和1m高度上观测到27次不同沙尘暴天气 过程的电场和风速随时间变化. 结果表明, 在晴天4个高度上的电场均为小正电场值,电场 随高度降低而减小,最大电场强度在5kV/m以下,日风速变化对各层电场起伏没有较大影响 . 有沙尘天气,各高度上的电场强度随风速变化而变化. 16m高度上电场均为负值,平均值 为 -20kV/m;中层8m 电场一般为较高正电场值,达到10～40kV/m,与16m高度上电场呈反相 关;下层1m 电场值变化一般很小,在1kV/m以下. 在强沙尘暴天气4个高度上的电场均为负 电值,电场值随高度降低而减小,16m高度上最大平均电场强度达到-200kV/m以上,瞬时值 超过 -2500kV/m,与晴天电场矢量相反.     

Balloon measurement of vertical and horizontal atmospheric electric fields

Summary Twenty-eight balloons have been flown in Canada to measure vertical and horizontal electric fields at balloon altitudes. A horizontal electric field of magnitude typically between 10 and 50 millivolts/meter has been measured at night at high latitudes in association with auroras and magnetic disturbances. Its origin is in the magnetosphere and it maps to balloon alitudes with small attenuation according to Maxwell's equations. The vertical electric field at the balloon displays variations as the horizontal ionospheric field changes in order to maintain . Thus, magnetospheric processes affect both vertical and horizontal atmospheric electric fields and the potential differences induced by these processes may be comparable to weather induced potential differences. Weather processes have also been observed to produce large horizontal electric fields at balloon altitudes. Methods of distinguishing horizontal fields of ionospheric origin from those of weather origin are investigated with the conclusion that a determination of the source of a given event can often if not generally be made.This paper was presented byU. Fahleson