Sea‐surface conditions in northernmost Baffin Bay during the Holocene: palynological evidence

The analysis of cores collected in northernmost Baffin Bay, from within the area of the North Water Polynya, permits definition of a composite sedimentary sequence ca. 12 m thick spanning the last 10 000 ¹⁴C yr, with only a few discontinuities. Palynological analyses were performed in order to reconstruct changes in surface water conditions and biogenic production. Transfer functions, using dinocyst assemblages, were applied to estimate sea‐surface temperature (SST) and salinity, as well as the seasonal duration of sea ice cover. At the base of the record, prior to 9300 ¹⁴C yr BP, dinocysts and organic linings of benthic foraminifers are sparse, indicating harsh conditions and low productivity. After ca. 9300 ¹⁴C yr BP, the increased concentration of benthic foraminifers (up to 10³ linings cm^?3) and dinocyst fluxes (10²–10³ cysts cm^?2 yr^?1) reveals high biological productivity related to open‐water conditions. The early to middle Holocene, from ca. 9000 to ca. 3600 ¹⁴C yr BP, is marked by relatively high species diversity in dinocyst assemblages and the significant occurrence of autotrophic taxa such as Spiniferites elongatus, Pentapharsodinium dalei and Impagidinium pallidum. This assemblage suggests conditions at least as warm as at present. From ca. 6400 to ca. 3600 ¹⁴C yr BP, transfer functions indicate warmer conditions than at present, with SST in August fluctuating up to 5.5°C. After 3600 ¹⁴C yr BP, the dinocyst record suggests a trend of decreasing temperature toward modern values, marked by recurrent cooling events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渤海湾西岸全新世沉积速率对河流供给的响应

渤海湾西岸由北向南获取了3个钻孔,以全新世海相岩心为研究对象,采用AMS14C(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry14C,加速器质谱14C)测年方法建立年代框架并计算平均沉积速率,结合沉积物粒度组成及沿岸古河流三角洲发育历史,探讨了沉积速率对沿岸河流供给变化的时空响应。结果表明,早全新世—中全新世初期(11~6ka),渤海湾西岸整体沉积速率偏低,仅0.03~0.07cm/a,沉积物粒度较粗;中全新世6.43~4.97ka cal BP期间,NP3孔平均沉积速率为0.60~0.93cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的CH110孔和BT113孔。沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量低,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西北岸对潮白河、永定河及滦河沉积物供给的响应;中全新世晚期3.68~2.67ka cal BP期间,BT113孔沉积速率为0.27~1.4cm/a,高于同期沿岸北部CH110孔和NP3孔,沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量较NP3孔高,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西岸南部对黄河沉积物供给的响应;晚全新世2.29~0.24ka cal BP期间,沿岸中部CH110孔沉积速率为0.55~0.91cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的BT113孔和北部的NP3孔,该高沉积速率为渤海湾西岸中部对黄河和海河供给沉积的先后响应。     

Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait,Cumberland Sound,Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4

Core HU97048‐007PC was recovered from the continental Labrador Sea slope at a water depth of 945 m, 250 km seaward from the mouth of Cumberland Sound, and 400 km north of Hudson Strait. Cumberland Sound is a structural trough partly floored by Cretaceous mudstones and Paleozoic carbonates. The record extends from ～10 to 58 ka. On‐board logging revealed a complex series of lithofacies, including buff‐colored detrital carbonate‐rich sediments [Heinrich (H)‐events] frequently bracketed by black facies. We investigate the provenance of these facies using quantitative X‐ray diffraction on drill‐core samples from Paleozoic and Cretaceous bedrock from the SE Baffin Island Shelf, and on the < 2‐mm sediment fraction in a transect of five cores from Cumberland Sound to the NW Labrador Sea. A sediment unmixing program was used to discriminate between sediment sources, which included dolomite‐rich sediments from Baffin Bay, calcite‐rich sediments from Hudson Strait and discrete sources from Cumberland Sound. Results indicated that the bulk of the sediment was derived from Cumberland Sound, but Baffin Bay contributed to sediments coeval with H‐0 (Younger Dryas), whereas Hudson Strait was the source during H‐events 1–4. Contributions from the Cretaceous outcrops within Cumberland Sound bracket H‐events, thus both leading and lagging Hudson Strait‐sourced H‐events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渤海湾牡蛎礁平原中部兴坨剖面全新世地质环境变迁

渤海湾牡蛎礁平原中部兴坨剖面的有孔虫组合划分为5种沉积环境7个带(亚环境)，从下向上依次为晚更新世陆相(Ⅶ带)、早全新世海陆过渡相(Ⅵ带：沿海低地与潮间带)、中晚全新世海相(Ⅴ带：潮下带-浅海，Ⅳ带：低潮线附近)、晚全新世海陆过渡相(Ⅲ带：开放潮间带，Ⅱ带：渴湖)和河流泛滥相(Ⅰ带：古土壤及洪积层)。^14C确定了全新世底泥炭始于9486 cal BP，Ⅳ带始于约4696 cal BP。Ⅱ带所处的渴湖环境，从约4000 cal BP直至隋唐温暖期之前，历时约2700年。隋唐暖期古土壤发育向南东减弱至逐渐消失，说明在比兴坨更靠近渤海湾的地方，潟湖持续的时间更长。广泛存在的潟湖，是牡蛎礁平原晚全新世的重要地貌景观。     

Holocene sediment properties of the East Greenland and Iceland continental shelves bordering Denmark Strait (64–68°N), North Atlantic

The oceanographic Polar Front separates the East Greenland and Iceland margins. Surface water temperatures across Denmark Strait vary by 8–12 °C and represent one of the steepest oceanographic gradients on earth. The East Greenland margin is a polar environment, with extensive sea‐ice cover and calving glacier margins; in contrast, the Iceland shelf is much more temperate, and freshwater run‐off is a key component in land–ocean sediment transfers. Average sediment properties from these two contrasting climate and oceanographic continental shelf environments are compared in the spatial domain at 13 sites; the data represent the last 10 000 radiocarbon years of `normal' marine sedimentation for the two regions. The two regions have similar average rates of sediment accumulation (around 43·5 cm kyr<sup>?1</sup>), so that this key variable is factored out in explaining any differences in sediment properties. Dry sediment density, moisture content, hygroscopic moisture, total organic carbon and carbonate contents, mass magnetic susceptibility and the percentages of sand and silt are compared focusing on: (1) median values for sediment properties; and (2) downcore variability, measured by the coefficient of variation (CV). There are significant differences in all but one (hygroscopic moisture) of the sediment properties between Iceland and East Greenland; in four cases, the sense of the differences was not as predicted. In terms of downcore variation (CV), no difference was found between the two regions, nor between the 13 sites, whereas there are some significant differences between the variables. Carbonate and mass magnetic susceptibility have the largest spreads, and moisture content and dry sediment density are the least variable. Protocols are developed to identify the `type core' in a regional series of sites. The results indicate a need to develop a regional perspective on sediment properties, both as inputs to models of sedimentary processes in different polar/arctic environments, and as an indication of which sediment properties might be best suited for palaeoenvironmental downcore time series.     

Holocene environmental change in the West African Sahel: sedimentological and mineral‐magnetic analyses of lake sediments from Jikariya Lake,northeastern Nigeria

Previous studies have demonstrated long‐term changes in effective moisture in sub‐Saharan Africa. Here, we reconstruct Holocene environments using a ～7 m lake‐sediment sequence recovered from the northeastern Nigerian Sahel and attempt to distinguish basin‐specific changes from regional climatic variations. The sequence was analysed for sedimentological properties, mineral magnetism and pollen, and dated by ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb excess and ¹⁴C. Extremely arid conditions of the terminal Pleistocene ended ca. 11 500 cal. BP (calendar years) when climate ameliorated and a lake developed until the occurrence of an arid event leading to lake desiccation at ～11 200 cal. BP. Following this, climate ameliorated and a water body re‐emerged. Very wet conditions predominated 11 200–5600 cal. BP, followed by drought between 5600 and 5500 cal. BP and a return to moderate humidity from 5500 to 4000 cal. BP. After 4000 cal. BP, a marked deterioration occurred, culminating in lake desiccation at ca. 800 cal. BP. After this time the climate remained generally dry and the re‐emerging lake was shallow. Comparison of these results with other well‐dated sequences in the region demonstrates the importance of basin‐specific influences on the palaeolimnological records in addition to regional climatic controls. Disentangling these different controls, as well as the reconstruction of Holocene climate, therefore requires a multiple‐basin approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渤海湾西北部CH19孔全新统硅藻组合、年代学与古环境

对渤海湾西北部浅海区CH19孔岩心全新世沉积硅藻进行了系统研究,发现硅藻17属36种。与沉积学、年代学(OSL和AMS14C)研究相结合,将该孔自下而上划分为Ⅰ—Ⅶ7个硅藻带,显示研究区全新世以来经历了从陆到海的演化过程:约11kacalBP时,进入全新世潮上带湖沼环境(硅藻Ⅰ带);约10kacalBP时开始了潮间带(硅藻Ⅱ带)至浅海(Ⅲ—Ⅶ带)的长期海水影响。其中,约10~7kacalBP为潮间带环境;6.77~3.47kacalBP的中全新世硅藻Ⅲ带,是受到风暴事件影响的、1.7m厚的贝壳碎屑与泥砂混杂堆积层;硅藻Ⅳ带复归正常浅海环境;Ⅴ带再次动荡;Ⅵ带水体盐度略有降低;Ⅶ带则反映了渤海湾西北部浅海区现代硅藻组合的状况。     

The impact of climate changes during the Holocene on vegetation in northern French Guiana

The impact of climatic changes that occurred during the last glacial maximum and the Holocene on vegetation changes in the Amazon Basin and the Guiana Shield are still widely debated. The aim of our study was to investigate whether major changes in vegetation (i.e. transitions between rainforests and C₄ savannas) occurred in northern French Guiana during the Holocene. We measured variations in the δ¹³C of soil organic matter at eight sites now occupied by forest or savannah. The forest sites were selected to cover two regions (forest refugia and peneplains) which are thought to have experienced different intensities of disturbance during the latest Pleistocene and the Holocene. We found that none of the forest sites underwent major disturbances during the Holocene, i.e. they were not replaced by C₄ savannahs or C₄ forest savannahs for long periods. Our results thus suggest that tropical rainforests in northern French Guiana were resilient to drier climatic conditions during the Holocene. Nevertheless, geographical and vertical variations in the ¹³C of SOM were compatible with minor changes in vegetation, variations in soil processes or in soil physical properties.     

Climate variability in the Aral Sea basin (Central Asia) during the late Holocene based on vegetation changes

High-resolution pollen analyses ( 50 yr) from sediment cores retrieved at Chernyshov Bay in the NW Large Aral Sea record shifts in vegetational development from subdesertic to steppe vegetation in the Aral Sea basin during the late Holocene. Using pollen data to quantify climatic parameters, we reconstruct and date for the first time significant changes in moisture conditions in Central Asia during the past 2000 yr. Cold and arid conditions prevailed between ca. AD 0 and 400, AD 900 and 1150, and AD 1500 and 1650 with the extension of xeric vegetation dominated by steppe elements. These intervals are characterized by low winter and summer mean temperatures and low mean annual precipitation (P_mm < 250 mm/yr). Conversely, the most suitable climate conditions occurred between ca. AD 400 and 900, and AD 1150 and 1450, when steppe vegetation was enriched by plants requiring moister conditions (P_mm  250–500 mm/yr) and some trees developed. Our results are fairly consistent with other late Holocene records from the eastern Mediterranean region and the Middle East, showing that regional rainfall in Central Asia is predominantly controlled by the eastern Mediterranean cyclonic system when the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is in a negative phase.     

Late Holocene δC and pollen records of paleosalinity from tidal marshes in the San Francisco Bay estuary, California

Records of stable carbon isotopes (δ¹³C) are presented from cores collected from four San Francisco Bay marshes and used as a proxy for changes in estuary salinity. The δ¹³C value of organic marsh sediments are a reflection of the relative proportion of C₃ vs. C₄ plants occupying the surface, and can thus be used as a proxy for vegetation change on the marsh surface. The four marshes included in this study are located along a natural salinity gradient that exists in the San Francisco Bay, and records of vegetation change at all four sites can be used to infer changes in overall estuary paleosalinity. The δ¹³C values complement pollen data from the same marsh sites producing a paleoclimate record for the late Holocene period in the San Francisco Bay estuary. The data indicate that there have been periods of higher-than-average salinity in the Bay estuary (reduced fresh water inflow), including 1600-1300 cal yr B.P., 1000-800 cal yr B.P., 300-200 cal yr B.P., and ca. A.D. 1950 to the present. Periods of lower-than-average salinity (increased fresh water inflow) occurred before 2000 cal yr B.P., from 1300 to 1200 cal yr B.P. and ca. 150 cal yr B.P. to A.D. 1950. A comparison of the timing of these events with records from the California coast, watershed, and beyond the larger drainage of the Bay reveals that the paleosalinity variations reflected regional precipitation.     

全新世以来腾格里沙漠风沙活动地质记录与模拟数据综合研究

自晚更新世以来,地处干旱与半干旱过渡区的腾格里沙漠,在亚洲季风的作用下,经历了几度流沙出现、扩大和固定、半固定乃至弱成壤的沙漠正、逆交替变化过程。东亚季风在时空尺度上的强弱变化通常被解释为驱动腾格里沙漠环境变化的主要原因。用于重建古环境和风沙活动的变化多依赖于腾格里沙漠边缘区域的黄土、湖泊、孢粉和冲洪积物,然而涉及到沙漠腹地的古环境记录较少,并且不同地点的沉积剖面所记录的地质信息具有区域局限性。本研究在腾格里沙漠西南边缘至腹地采取4个典型风沙沉积序列,共采集97个沉积样品和11个风沙沉积物光释光年代数据,并收集整理了约14 ka以来已发表的69个风沙沉积物光释光年龄数据以及137个古土壤、湖相沉积物和钙质根管的¹⁴C年龄数据;另外,为了减少沉积序列在解读和重建沙漠环境演变的或然性,运用TraCE-21 ka古气候模拟数据分别计算了14 ka以来腾格里沙漠地区地表有效湿度和沙丘活化指数的变化趋势,以及春冬和夏秋季节沙丘活化指数对全年平均值的贡献量,综合探讨了全新世以来腾格里沙漠近地表风沙活动历史以及驱动因素。结果表明：1）早全新世时期（11.7~8.0 ka）,较粗的平均粒径和偏多的风沙年代数据表明该时期风沙活动较强;模拟数据结果显示该时期风沙活动呈现减弱趋势,这主要是由于减弱的东亚冬季风引起的近地表风速下降所导致的,从而发生大量的风沙堆积;2）中全新世时期（8~3 ka）,较高的低频磁化率和较多的¹⁴C年代数据指示该时期古土壤发育,地表湿润条件转好,风沙活动较弱。模拟数据结果表明该时期地表有效湿度较高,风沙活动处于较低水平,这主要是由于增强的东亚夏季风带来了大量的降水,促使地表有效湿度较高,沙丘逐渐被植被固定;3）晚全新世以来（3~0 ka）,较粗的平均粒径和风沙年代数据增多表明风沙活动再次活跃。模拟数据结果显示该时期风沙活动呈现增加趋势,表明东亚夏季风减弱和腾格里沙漠的气候干旱导致沙漠地表有效湿度逐渐下降,植被退化,固定沙丘再度活化。

     

福建近岸罗源湾沉积环境及表层沉积物物质来源探讨

东亚大陆边缘近岸泥质物源研究对于认识地球表生过程、物质循环以及气候变化等问题十分关键,但目前对沿岸半封闭型海湾的物质来源研究还尚不深入。本研究以东亚大陆边缘浙闽泥质区罗源湾为研究区,通过对罗源湾表层沉积物粒度组成的分析发现,罗源湾表层沉积物粒度组成以粉砂为主,各粒度参数分区明显,湾内西北部近岸潮滩颗粒较细,湾内顶部、东部潮汐通道附近和东南部大部分区域颗粒较粗。粒度参数也表明罗源湾大部分区域沉积环境较稳定,湾内顶部、潮流通道与东部潮滩连接处水动力较强。对罗源湾与闽江、起步溪以及长江表层沉积物的稀土元素特征参数、配分模式进行对比发现,罗源湾表层沉积物δEu、UCC配分模式与闽江和起步溪相差甚远,而与长江表层沉积物更为接近。结合判别函数（DF）、微量元素比值判别图以及La/Yb-REE关系图解分析结果表明,罗源湾表层沉积物主要来自浙闽沿岸流携带的包括长江沉积物、长江口杭州湾沉积物在内的泥质沉积物,以及波浪和潮汐对周边基岩的剥蚀产生的碎屑物质。此外,罗源湾顶部入港溪流在洪水期产生的洪冲积物对湾的顶部也有一部分的物质贡献。

     

Palaeoecological evidence of changes in vegetation and climate during the Holocene in the pre‐Polar Urals,northeast European Russia

This study investigated Holocene tree‐line history and climatic change in the pre‐Polar Urals, northeast European Russia. A sediment core from Mezhgornoe Lake situated at the present‐day alpine tree‐line was studied for pollen, plant macrofossils, Cladocera and diatoms. A peat section from Vangyr Mire in the nearby mixed mountain taiga zone was analysed for pollen. The results suggest that the study area experienced a climatic optimum in the early Holocene and that summer temperatures were at least 2°C warmer than today. Tree birch immigrated to the Mezhgornoe Lake area at the onset of the Holocene. Mixed spruce forests followed at ca. 9500–9000 ¹⁴C yr BP. Climate was moist and the water level of Mezhgornoe Lake rose rapidly. The hypsithermal phase lasted until ca. 5500–4500 ¹⁴C yr BP, after which the mixed forest withdrew from the Mezhgornoe catchment as a result of the climate cooling. The gradual altitudinal downward shift of vegetation zones resulted in the present situation, with larch forming the tree‐line. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全新世大暖期蒙古高原东部先民定居化现象及其成因的探讨

考古证据揭示在8500~7000 cal.a B.P.左右的全新世大暖期,蒙古高原东部的呼伦贝尔、西辽河上游、阴山东北麓地区曾一度出现过定居化的生活迹象。各地区依托适应于本土环境的经济基础,发展出定居化程度有所差别的社会生活模式。本研究综合分析3个地区代表性遗址的聚落、房址形态、陶器、石器工具组合、动、植物遗存,对其所展现的定居模式、定居程度和定居经济基础进行分析与对比,研究表明呼伦比尔地区定居化生活的经济基础侧重于对多重生态区域内的中小型动物资源的利用,其中水生资源占有较大比重;而西辽河上游和阴山东北麓则采取狩猎采集与原始农业相结合的生业经济,动植物资源利用并重。西辽河上游和阴山东北麓发展出有一定社群规模的村落式定居社会,其中西辽河流域先民的定居化程度高于阴山东北麓和呼伦贝尔地区。全新世大暖期的气候变化,改善了高原地区的水热条件,增强了草原地带的生态多样性,为先民集约化利用栖居地周围的多种动植物资源并在气候条件许可的地带发展农业生产提供了有利契机,对多样性资源的集约利用,奠定了定居化生活的经济基础。但定居化的发展趋势伴随着大暖期的结束而终止,体现出草原地带的史前先民在环境变迁背景下灵活弹性的适应策略。

     

Millennial‐scale precipitation changes over Central Africa during the late Quaternary and Holocene: evidence in sediments from the Gulf of Guinea

We combine environmental magnetism, geochemical measurements and colour reflectance to study two late Quaternary sediment cores: GeoB 4905‐4 at 2° 30′ N off Cameroon and GeoB 4906‐3 at 0° 44′ N off Gabon. This area is suitable for investigating precipitation changes over Central and West Africa because of its potential to record input of aeolian and fluvial sediments. Three magnetozones representing low and high degree of alteration of the primary rock magnetic signals were identified. The magnetic signature is dominated by fine‐grained magnetite, while residual haematite prevails in the reduced intervals, showing increase in concentration and fine grain size at wet intervals. Our records also show millennial‐scale changes in climate during the last glacial and interglacial cycles. At the northern location, the past 5.5 ka are marked by high‐frequency oscillations of Ti and colour reflectance, which suggests aeolian input and hence aridity. The southern location remains under the influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and thus did not register aeolian signals. The millennial‐scale climatic signals indicate that drier and/or colder conditions persisted during the late Holocene and are synchronous with the 900 a climatic cycles observed in Northern Hemisphere ice core records. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渤海湾西岸南大港、北大港中晚全新世潟湖底板虚拟重建

约400km^2的1：5万白水头-歧口镇幅是渤海湾西岸南大港与北大港古湖的组成部分。以1：5万白水头-歧口镇幅175个区域地质调查点的多维数据——点的坐标、点的地表与所揭露的潟湖底板的高程和区域性年代学框架——为基础，对南、北大港古潟湖其余约880km^2未实测区域布设控制贝壳堤和潟湖底板高程的虚拟三维地质点275个(虚拟点的坐标、贝壳堤顶部与湖底板的高程)。应用C-Tech公司EVS Pro软件的三维技术处理实测与虚拟的450个地质点，获得了约5000年以来、面积约1280km^2的南、北大港古潟湖底板与贝壳堤的模拟形态。     

天山北麓晚全新世环境演变及其人类活动的影响

在天山北麓(坡)不同海拔、不同植被带、不同沉积相选取剖面, 进行14C测年和沉积相、孢粉、粒度、磁化率及烧失量分析, 探讨晚全新世的环境演变. 通过对比艾比湖、大西沟、东道海子、桦树窝子和四厂湖等剖面反映的环境信息, 结果表明: 晚全新世以来, 气候有冷暖干湿波动, 但干旱的总面貌未发生根本变化. 反映在植被上, 山区森林、低山丘陵区草原-荒漠草原、平原区荒漠-荒漠草原的植被景观无根本变化, 但是在森林的上下界限、平原河谷林的发育程度、平原低地草甸的面积上, 随气候的变化而发生波动.平原湖泊受环境变化的影响十分明显. 晚全新世以来, 平原湖泊水面变化频繁, 3.1～2.4 ka BP, 1.7～1.3 ka BP和1.27～0.3 ka BP时期是高湖面阶段.1.7～0.6 ka BP的中世纪, 气候比较湿润, 温暖, 平原湖泊处于高水位期, 1.7～1.3 ka BP期间天山的云杉林带下限下移, 林带加宽, 自然环境处于最好阶段.人为活动只是在近代对环境产生较大影响, 主要表现在对平原地区水系和自然绿洲的影响上, 河流流量减少、流程缩短、尾闾湖消亡、扇缘溢出带北移、地下水位降低, 泉水流量减少等成为普遍现象.人工绿洲取代自然绿洲, 自然绿洲大面积减少, 尾闾湖滨绿洲大面积消亡, 平原河谷绿洲面积减少, 扇缘溢出带绿洲和大河三角洲绿洲为人工绿洲取代.     

Paleogeography of the Laptev Sea eastern shelf in the first half of Holocene based on faunal and palynological evidence

The Holocene paleogeography of the Laptev Sea eastern shelf is reconstructed based on mollusks, foraminifers, ostracodes, spores and pollen found for the first time. Environmental changes in the course of the postglacial (Holocene) transgression are detectable from quantitative analysis of three ostracod assemblages. Three phases of the transgression are established based on ostracode assemblages from the AMS ¹⁴C-dated core from the ancient valley of Yana River, central part of the Laptev Sea eastern shelf. After the first phase of coastal brackish-water environment (11.3–11.1 ka), shallow-water marine taxa appeared in the transitional phase (11.1–10.3 ka), and the third phase of modern sea conditions commenced 10.3 ka ago. Spore and pollen assemblages from the core indicate that the early Holocene land vegetation was dominated by tundra plant communities adapted to climatic conditions not warmer than at present. In the interval of 9.3–8.0 ka, climate was increasingly humid and warm, and forest-tundra vegetation occupied more favorable zones of the region.