鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区中侏罗统延安组延9油层组河流沉积及演化

据新的地层划分方案及大量钻井、露头和岩心资料,详细研究了鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区延安组延9油层组（Y9）沉积体系特征及演化,认为延9油层组主要为河流沉积,是延10油层组的继承与发展,发育有辫状河、辫状型曲流河和网状河3种类型的河流。Y39油层是辫状河发育的油层,Y29油层在继承Y39油层河流的基础上发育辫状型曲流河,Y19油层则是在前两期逐渐填平补齐之后,在准平原条件下发育的网状河沉积。华池地区延9油层组发育辫状河-辫状型曲流河和网状河两种河流沉积模式。     

Holocene flooding history of the Lower Tagus Valley (Portugal)

The present paper aims to reconstruct the Lower Tagus Valley flooding history for the last ca. 6500 a, to explore the suitability of pollen‐based local vegetation development in supporting the reconstruction of flooding history, and to explain fluvial activity changes in terms of allogenic (climate, human impact) and autogenic (system intrinsic) processes. The flooding history has been determined by cored sedimentary records located ～18 km apart in distal, low‐energy backswamps on both sides of the Tagus channel. In these low‐energy backswamps, fine‐grained sediment layers deposited from suspended load of overbank flood water reflect periods with multiple overbank floods. By means of a multi‐proxy approach (sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility, grain size, loss‐on‐ignition, carbonate content and pollen), sedimentary and environmental changes were identified. At both sites, synchronous lithological intervals accumulated, suggesting a common origin for the changes in fluvial activity since ca. 6500 cal. a BP. Based on lithological changes, three phases of high fluvial activity (6500–5500, 4900–3500 and 1000–0 cal. a BP) and two phases of low fluvial activity (5500–4900 and 3500–1000 cal. a BP) were identified. Two periods with dominant allogenic controls on fluvial activity in the Lower Tagus Valley were identified: relative sea level (6500–5500 cal. a BP) and human impact (1000–0 cal. a BP). During the intermediate period, changes in fluvial activity may have been caused by climate (5500–1000 cal. BP), but unambiguous correlations are difficult to make. This is due to the way allogenic controls are translated through the fluvial system, the geomorphological differences between upstream and downstream studies and autogenic processes. The comparison of local vegetation development and flooding phases as reconstructed using sedimentology shows a limited added value of using local palynology as a proxy for fluvial activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东油田北坡馆陶组河流相砂岩沉积微相研究

本文以济阳坳陷埕东油田北坡馆陶组河流相砂岩为例,详细阐述了河流相砂体的沉积微相研究方法,将研究区内的河流相砂体划分为曲流河、网状河和辫状河三种沉积相,并进一步划分为七类主要的沉积微相。通过单井剖面和井间剖面对比分析,结合地震资料的精细解释,编制了研究区内不同砂层组沉积时期沉积微相平面展布图。     

基于能量耗散关系的黄河内蒙段河床形态调整分析

从河流能量耗散角度研究河床形态调整规律,引入河流功与纵、横向能坡等指标,对50年实测资料进行了研究。黄河内蒙河段受上游水库影响,出现如漫滩洪水减小等水沙过程变化,导致河床宽深比增大,平面活动性增强。在河床形态调整过程中,受水库运用影响的来沙系数与河相系数之间、主槽摆动速率与水沙特征值之间均存在密切联系。分析该河段断面形态变化、平面摆动特性与能量耗散的关系表明:反映河流功的径流量及其过程对河槽过流面积的塑造有直接影响;径流因子与河床形态因子间的相关性受河流能量耗散结构的制约;在研究河段,与来沙系数S/Q有关的河流总功率跟与河段平面摆动速率、月径流离差系数有关的能量分配耗散组合,在不同时期总保持近似制衡关系。     

中国河流沉积学研究20年

从河型及其分类研究、现代河流沉积调查、河流沉积相与相模式研究、河流相地层的层序地层学研究、河流沉积砂体建筑结构精细解剖、河流沉积模拟研究等六个方面回顾了自《沉积学报》创刊以来20年中国河流沉积学研究的主要进展,指出我国的河流沉积学取得了许多富有特色的研究成果,主要表现在网状河概念的引入与普及、建筑结构要素分析法的推广、界面层次的划分和及其概念的扩张、岩石相类型和岩石相组合概念的应用、河流砂体露头调查的方法与技术、沉积构造的沉积动力学解释、层序地层学在河流沉积研究中的应用、河流沉积过程的模拟实验、河流相储层的建模技术等方面。但是20年来,中国河流沉积学研究并没有出现国际公认的理论首创,应当加强河流沉积学的研究组织,吸收地理地貌和水利学的研究成果,结合社会经济建设需要不断扩大河流沉积学的研究领域,积极进行国际学术交流,使我国的河流沉积学研究走在国际河流沉积学研究的前列。     

相控建模技术在羊二庄油田的应用

羊二庄油田的明馆储层非均质性严重,高含水、高开发后期的剩余油分布比较复杂,第一次油藏描述中应用传统的确定性建模方法已经不能满足剩余油挖潜的需要.采用RMS相控建模软件,通过构造建模、沉积微相建模、储层物性建模,建立羊二庄油田三维可视化相控地质模型,并实现了与数模软件的无缝接口.     

河流沉积学研究热点与进展--第11届国际河流沉积学大会综述

第11届国际河流沉积学大会于2017年7月17日-21日在加拿大卡尔加里大学举行,每四年举行一次的国际河流沉积学学术会议,吸引了当今北美、欧洲、澳洲及亚洲从事河流沉积学及相关学科研究的众多知名学者参会,研究成果充分体现了当前国际河流沉积学研究取得的重要进展和发展方向。重要进展有:1）河流动力学及其变化过程研究。其中包括将今论古法论现代河流沉积过程与古老地层对比,河道-洪泛平原体系的越岸复合沉积动力学,河流动力学与变化过程研究展望,恢复河道迁移过程:新一代平面图演化模式的讨论,冲积河流和基岩河流的湍流、颗粒间作用和沉积作用;2）陆缘河流。包括河流入海处的地貌动力学与沉积学,河流补给边缘的沉积物搬运、地貌和地层特征,干旱地区河流、冲积扇体系与风的相互作用,植被生长前、无植物生长、或是植被发育区河流的沉积过程研究;3）河流沉积地层及其地下资源。包括源-汇系统,"河流相模式"是否有用的讨论,辫状河、网状河、曲流河概念的厘定等;4）河流地貌变化。包括气候改变、泥泞植被洪泛平原等对河流沉积物通量、河流模式等产生影响,河道中冲积岛屿的演化和稳定河流的蛇曲化,河流环境中沉积物生物作用等。基于上述资料分析,认为河流演化过程从定性向定量化研究,物理模拟与数值模拟技术是河流沉积学研究不可或缺的手段,应用定量建模、数学计算等方法进行精准研究,碎屑锆石U-Pb定年技术是新一代从源到汇研究的重要工具等诸多方面,是我国学者应该重视并开展研究的方向。     

The sedimentology of an ephemeral fluvial–aeolian succession

Ephemeral fluvial systems are commonly associated with arid to semi-arid climates. Although their complex sedimentology and depositional settings have been described in much detail, depositional models depicting detailed lateral and vertical relationships, and interactions with coeval depositional environments, are lacking compared to well-recognized meandering and braided fluvial systems. This study critically evaluates the applicability of current models for ephemeral fluvial systems to an ancient arid fluvial example of the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of the Colorado Plateau, USA. The study employs detailed sedimentary logging, palaeocurrent analysis and photogrammetric panels across the regional extent of the Kayenta. A generic model that accounts for the detailed sedimentology of a sandy arid ephemeral fluvial system (drawing upon both ancient and geomorphological studies) is developed, along with analysis of the spatial and temporal interactions with the aeolian setting. Results show that the ephemeral system is dominated by laterally and vertically amalgamated, poorly channelized to sheet-like elements, with abundant upper flow regime flat beds and high sediment load structures formed between periods of lower flow regime conditions. Through interaction with a coeval aeolian system, most of the fluvial deposits are dominated by sand-grade sediment, unlike many modern ephemeral fluvial systems that contain a high proportion of conglomeratic and/or finer grained mudstone and siltstone deposits. During dominantly fluvial deposition, high width to thickness ratios are observed for channelized and sheet-like elements. However, with increasing aridity, the aeolian environment becomes dominant and fluvial deposition is restricted to interdune corridors, resulting in lower width to thickness ratio channels dominated by flash-flood and debris-flow facies. The data presented here, coupled with modern examples of ephemeral systems and flood regimes, suggest that ephemeral flow produces and preserves distinctive sedimentological traits that can not only be recognized in outcrops, but also within core.     

从端点走向连续:河流沉积模式研究进展述评

从河道类型的划分、河床演变与河型转换、河道沉积与河流砂体的建筑结构要素、河漫滩沉积、季节性河流与分支河流体系、河流沉积相模式、河流沉积学研究技术与方法等方面对国内外河流沉积模式的研究进展进行了综述,认为近十年来河流沉积学的理论和方法都发生了重要的变化。地貌学家、沉积学家和工程师认识到河道形态是连续可变的,而不是只有4~40多个端点类型。河床的演变受河床比降、流量变幅、河岸沉积物粒度构成、气候、植被以及构造沉降速率等多方面的影响。垂向剖面分析法难以对古河流类型做出正确的判断,运用建筑结构要素分析法重建河道内大型底形的地貌形态是河型判别和河流相模式重建的正确方法。河漫滩是河流沉积事件记录最为齐全的部位,对河漫滩、天然堤和泛滥平原沉积层序的研究能够揭示更多古河流沉积过程以及古环境、古气候和古生物方面的信息。对季节性河流、受季风强烈影响地区的河流、以及不同气候带河流所发育的独特沉积构造和建筑结构要素的研究不断增加。分支河流体系的概念得到越来越多的应用,但也得到不少质疑。我国学者应当注重对现代河流地貌形态和沉积过程的观察,把河床演变学的定量方法与沉积学的观点、理论和资料相结合,利用露头、三维地震资料和探地雷达技术建立河流砂体内部建筑结构信息数据库,加强对古河流河漫滩和泛滥平原的沉积过程、特征及其控制因素的研究,加强对不同构造和气候条件下河流沉积的差异性研究,不断发展河流沉积学研究技术,加强河流沉积学实验室建设和研究队伍建设,加强国际交流与合作,使我国河流沉积学为国家经济社会发展提供更加有力和有效的支撑,为推动国际河流沉积学发展做出中国人自己的贡献。     

冲断带构造作用控制下的分支河流体系特征及其成因分析

构造运动是控制分支河流体系发育的重要因素之一,其对沉积体系的控制作用一直是研究的热点与难点。前人对挤压、拉张、走滑等类型的盆地均有研究,但在挤压盆地边缘的冲断带中,冲断带对于沉积体系的控制作用研究较少,特别是对冲断带中常发育的分支河流体系（冲积扇）。为研究逆冲作用对分支河流体系的控制作用,通过Google Earth提供的全球地貌影像结合数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）等数据对塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪地区发育的分支河流体系（Distributive Fluvial System,DFS）进行测量研究与沉积学解析,探究盆地边缘逆冲断裂带的DFS几何形态发育特征及影响因素。在研究区内识别DFS共256个。柯坪地区发育的分支河流体系延伸长度范围为0.26~24.58 km,DFS面积范围为0.044~221.987 km2,物源区面积变化范围为0.1~290 km2,DFS坡度范围为0.011~0.182。柯坪地区分支河流体系上发育的河道主要是辫状河,河道下切程度有明显差异。决定柯坪地区分支河流体系发育的主要影响因素有物源供给,气候水文以及构造背景。物源区大小与DFS规模呈正相关;气候通过降雨量与蒸发量来影响DFS发育特征;水文则通过流域分布来影响DFS发育,分布在研究区内柯坪河流域的DFS,发育规模远大于流域外的;构造作用控制沉积区分布、可容空间的大小、坡度等,影响着DFS的分布与发育。研究结果表明:构造作用作为主要因素影响着柯坪地区DFS的分布与发育。在柯坪逆冲带,构造作用通过控制推覆体逆冲高低来影响DFS的大小与坡度。物源区大小也受地层抬升程度控制,地层出露越多,物源区一般越大。将柯坪地区以构造特征分为三个区,每个构造区的DFS具有明显差异。逆冲山前区的物源区域大,DFS规模最大,以扇形为主,坡度低,下切程度低;逆冲前缘区的物源区域较小,DFS规模变小,以长条形为主,坡度增加,下切程度增加;走滑断层区受断层影响,物源区与DFS规模明显变小,以扇形为主,平均坡度最大,平均延伸距离最小,下切程度显著。     

河湾形态演变的自组织及其稳定性

运用自组织理论和方法建立河湾的演化方程.结合Fokker-Planck方程解析解的性质与Langevin方程的动力学特征,推断河湾演变的基本规律如对称破缺、形态转变、演变趋势及速度等.然后根据数学模型与理论分析结果,研究长江洲湾,下荆江尺八口、上车湾、碾子湾等实际河湾演变的自组织规律及其稳定性特征.理论推导结果与实际观测资料基本一致     

济阳坳陷馆陶组河流相砂体储集性及控制因素研究

河流相砂体是含油气盆地中重要的储油层系。本文以济阳坳陷东北坡馆陶组河流相砂岩为例,详细总结河流相砂岩的储集空间类型,对研究区不同砂层组内河流相沉积砂体及不同沉积微相内砂体储层物性参数的变化进行统计分析,确立了河流相沉积中不同策相内的砂体储集性,并探讨沉积岩岩性,沉积微相及成岩作用等因素对河流相砂岩储层发育的控制作用。     

河南西峡-内乡琥珀矿床的初步研究

河南西峡-内乡琥珀矿床是我国琥珀市场上原料的重要产地。通过对该矿床的地层、岩相、古地理以及水动力条件等因素的分析研究，以及对琥珀矿体地质特征、琥珀物理性质及化学组成特征的研究，认为该琥珀矿床属于晚白垩世河流冲、洪积沉积矿床。     

饶阳凹陷留北地区新近系河流相沉积模式

为了深入认识河流相储层分布规律,通过地层对比、沉积相、主控断裂特征等分析对饶阳凹陷留北地区新近系河流相砂体展布特征及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:饶阳凹陷新近系各超短期旋回的砂体在平面上呈带状展布,砂体主要延伸方向与边部控洼断层大致平行.留北地区的NE向及NEE向主控断裂在新近纪仍表现为继承性生长的特征,受NE及NEE向近平行于盆地轴向的盆缘继承性主控断裂的影响,在下降盘形成大致平行于其轴向的河谷洼地、斜坡或山脊复合古地貌体系,断层上盘发育的沉降中心沿轴向延伸,地层厚度呈NE向展布.盆缘断层附近发育高梯度扇体或河流沉积,以沉积物的横向搬运体系为主.远离物源区,在主控断层下降盘,来自短轴物源的横向河流或冲积扇的影响变弱,河流向着轴向倾斜下端方向(最大斜坡方向)改道,汇聚形成轴向搬运沉积体系,平行于主要断层边界走向的方向延伸.     

Basin‐scale predictive models of alluvial architecture: Constraints from the Palaeocene–Eocene,Bighorn Basin,Wyoming, USA

Basin‐scale models are required to interpret ancient continental sedimentary successions, and reduce uncertainty in assessing geological resources in basins. Recently, modern studies show distributive fluvial systems to comprise a substantial proportion of modern sedimentary basins, but their role in ancient basin fills has yet to be quantitatively documented at the basin scale. This study analysed key fluvial characteristics to construct a detailed basin‐wide model of the Palaeogene Fort Union and Willwood formations (Bighorn Basin, Wyoming), using observations from modern studies, and ancient system scale studies of distributive fluvial systems, to guide interpretations. Mapping showed these formations to be highly heterogeneous with channel‐body proportion (from 12 to 81%) and geometry types (large amalgamated bodies to isolated channels), grain size (silt to conglomerate), average channel‐body thickness (4 to 20 m) and average storey thickness (3 to 10 m) varying significantly across the basin. Distributive fluvial systems in the form of alluvial and fluvial fans in transverse configurations were recognized as well as a wide axial system, with heterogeneity in the formations being closely aligned to these interpretations. Furthermore, numerous individual depositional systems were identified within the formations (Beartooth Absaroka, Washakie, Owl Creek and axial). Predicted downstream distributive fluvial system trends (i.e. downstream decrease in channel proportion, size and grain size) were identified in the Beartooth, Absaroka and Owl Creek systems. However, predicted trends were not identified in the Washakie system where intrabasinal thrusting disturbed the sequence. Importantly, a wide axial fluvial system was identified, where reverse downstream distributive fluvial system trends were present, interpreted to be the result of the input of transverse systems of variable size. This study provides a new level of detail in the application of basin‐scale models, demonstrating their usefulness in trying to understand and predict alluvial architecture distribution and heterogeneity, with important implications for economic resources and palaeogeographic reconstructions.     

河流层序地层学研究现状与存在的问题

河流层序地层学为河流沉积学研究注入了活力,但已有的河流层序地层模式还存在不少问题.在回顾已有河流层序地层模式的基础上,从河流层序的主控因素、层序内部的等时对比和体系域特征的描述3个方面分析了已有模式中存在的问题,并提出从河流阶地的成因入手分析河流层序的主控因素,基于河流形成过程划分体系域和进行等时对比,并从砂泥比、砂地...     

网状河流和分汊河流的河型归属讨论

河流的河道平面形态分类有多种方案 ,其中Rust的分类因为分出了网状河流而得到沉积学家的更多关注。中国地貌学界和水利学界则更关注钱宁的分类 ,其中包括分汊河流。目前 ,许多研究人员把网状河流和分汊河流当作同一类型的河流。文中从河型的定义、河道平面形态、地下沉积物特征、水动力、新河道形成机理和发育的地貌部位等方面对分汊河流和网状河流进行对比 ,根据对比结果认为它们是不同的河型。为了便于沉积学家、水利学家以及地貌学家之间相互交流各自有关河流的研究成果 ,需要提出一个更符合实际的冲积河流分类方案。     

断陷盆地拗陷期河流层序样式及其地貌响应:以渤海湾盆地沙垒田凸起区新近系明化镇组下段为例*

对于断陷盆地拗陷期远离滨岸的河流而言,其层序划分是层序地层学研究的难点。本研究在已有钻测井、岩心及地震资料分析基础上,以渤海湾盆地沙垒田凸起区新近系明化镇组下段(简称“明下段”)作为研究对象,将其划分为1个完整的三级层序、4个四级层序(即SQm1-SQm4)。沉积间断面、宽浅下切谷及复合连片砂体是该地区河流层序界面重要的识别标志。每个四级层序均由低可容空间和高可容空间体系域组成。地震地貌学定量分析表明,低可容空间体系有利于低弯度河流(辫状河、低弯度曲流河)发育,高可容空间体系域有利于中高弯度河流发育。新增可容空间和沉积物供给速率的变化对于河流不同体系域的砂体样式具有重要控制作用。     

河流辫-曲转换特点与废弃河道模式

通过总结河流变迁规律,明确了辫-曲转换特征,建立了辫-曲过渡型河流的沉积序列;通过分析弯曲度与废弃河道沉积特征的相互关系,提出不同类型河流中存在分叉分流、串沟取直及颈项截直三类废弃河道,并提出三类废弃河道的分类依据,进而建立了相应的沉积模式。通过解剖北京西山军庄二叠系河流相野外露头,分析了辫状河、以曲流河及其过渡型河流的沉积特征与演变特点,识别出该露头中发育的废弃河道,进而明确该露头中产生辫-曲转换的地质因素是不同气候条件下,由于沉积供源的差异导致河道类型的变化。     

Fluvial sequence pattern and its response of geomorphy in depression phase of rift basin: A case study of the Lower Member of Neogene Minghuazhen Formation in Shaleitian Uplift area,Bohai Bay Basin

The sequence classification is a difficulty of sequence stratigraphic study on rivers that are distal to coast area during the depression phase of rift basin. Based on the integrated analysis of logging,cores and seismic data,the case study shows that the Lower Member of Neogene Minghuazhen Formation in the Shaleitian Uplift area in the western Bohai Sea region corresponds to one complete third-order sequence which can be divided into four fourth-order sequences(i.e. SQm1-SQm4). Sedimentary hiatus,wide and shallow incised valley and amalgamated channel sand bodies are the main recognition of sequence boundaries in fluvial sequence stratigraphy of the study area. Each fourth-order sequence comprises low and high accommodation systems tracts. According to seismic sedimentological and quantitative geomorphological analysis,low-sinuosity rivers including braided river and low-sinuosity meandering river are well developed in the low accommodation systems tract,whereas the medium- to high-sinuosity meandering rivers are well preserved in the high accommodation systems tract. The change in the new creation of accommodation and the sediment supply exert a significant control on the stacked pattern within different systems tracts.