无机改性膨润土防渗层性能研究

通过实验室实验确定2mol/L氯化镁、0.5mol/L硫酸和450℃高温为天然钠基膨润土盐改性、酸改性和高温改性的最佳条件。采用上述3种无机改性方式填装防渗层,就其对垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物去除的有效性和控制垃圾渗滤液渗透的可行性进行研究。实验结果显示:3种无机改性膨润土的吸附能力和容量有所提高;渗透系数可达到1×10-7cm/s以下,可以作为"反应型"防渗层材料;在相同渗透量下,高温改性膨润土对垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物的去除效果最好,其次是酸改性膨润土,盐改性膨润土最差。     

水化后GCL中膨润土的微观结构研究

近年来土工织物膨润土垫（GCL）被越来越多地应用到各种防渗工程之中,而水化后GCL中膨润土的微观结构会对GCL的长期防渗性能和力学性能产生影响。采用压汞试验,对水化后GCL中膨润土的微观结构进行定量分析,研究了液体对微观结构的影响,并通过化学分析来揭示液体产生影响的机制。结果表明,(1) 采用垃圾渗滤液水化后的膨润土孔隙体积密度最大,大孔径孔隙所占比例最高;(2) 出现上述规律的原因可以归结为两个方面,一是由于渗滤液中阳离子浓度最高而使得蒙脱石表面双电层厚度最小,二是更加频繁的离子交换作用使得蒙脱石表面大直径离子比例最高。     

液体对土工织物膨润土垫膨胀性和渗透性的影响

近年来土工织物膨润土垫（GCL）被越来越多地应用到各种防渗工程中,它的膨胀性和渗透性也成为了设计人员和研究人员所关注的焦点。通过水化膨胀试验、自由膨胀试验和渗透试验,研究了液体对GCL膨胀性能和渗透性能的影响以及膨胀性和渗透性之间存在的相关关系。试验结果表明, 水化液和渗透液的种类对GCL的膨胀性和渗透性有很大影响,其影响分别为：(1) 水化液相同时,渗透液的种类对GCL的渗透系数有影响,而渗透液相同时,水化液的种类对GCL的渗透系数也有影响;(2) GCL的水化膨胀量和渗透系数之间存在相关关系,水化膨胀量越大,渗透系数就越低;(3) GCL中膨润土的自由膨胀量和GCL的渗透系数之间也存在相关关系,自由膨胀量越大,GCL的渗透系数就越低。     

矿物法组合处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液的研究

垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质复杂,危害性大,对其无害化处理尚未得到很好解决。研究发现,垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物可标识划分为亲水性和疏水性两大类物质。实验针对性采用亲水的天然膨润土处理亲水性有机物,疏水的有机膨润土处理疏水性有机物,再结合鸟粪石结晶法去除氨氮,从而获得一套处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液的经济高效的矿物法组合处理技术。采用GC-MS技术鉴定经矿物法处理后的垃圾渗滤液,亲水性和疏水性有机污染物的种类和含量都明显降低。检测进水与出水的COD、氨氮及重金属浓度这三项关键指标,垃圾渗滤液原液COD为2566 mg/L,氨氮3859 mg/L,重金属Hg为0.305 mg/L。矿物法组合处理后出水的COD为245mg/L,氨氮48 mg/L,重金属Hg未检出。矿物组合法为垃圾渗滤液的无害化处理提供了一条新的思路。     

赤泥吸附垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮的实验研究

在不同的环境条件下,以北京昌平小汤山的阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,以COD、氨氮为评价指标,进行了赤泥吸附垃圾渗滤液中有害物质的实验,研究了赤泥的COD、氨氮吸附效果与其用量、渗滤液pH、温度、振荡时间的关系.实验表明,赤泥对氨氮有一定的吸附能力.     

不同有效应力下矿山渗滤液对土工合成黏土衬垫渗透特性影响的试验研究

以模拟矿山渗滤液作为渗透溶液,使用柔性壁渗透仪,在不同有效应力条件下测定土工合成黏土衬垫(geosynthetic clay liner,GCL)的渗透系数。试验结果表明:矿山渗滤液作用下GCL渗透系数升高的幅度与其所受有效应力的大小紧密相关;当有效应力为24 kPa时,矿山渗滤液的渗透使GCL的渗透系数升高至1.52810-′m/s,比控制样(自来水渗透)的渗透系数高340倍,不能满足《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制规范》对防渗层渗透系数的要求(k≤1.0910-′m/s)。而当有效应力为93、162、231和438 kPa时,矿山渗滤液的持续作用使GCL的渗透系数只分别升高了26、21、14和10倍,且全部满足规范要求。研究结果表明,在对矿山废弃物处置场中GCL的防渗性能进行评估时,必须考虑GCL试样在场地中的受力状态。     

溶液和温度作用下膨润土防水毯的渗透性能

以颗粒状和粉末状膨润土防水毯(GCLs)为对象,运用GDS (global digital systems)全自动渗透仪开展渗透试验,研究CaCl_2溶液作用下GCLs渗透性能的温度效应,初步探讨其机理。试验表明:当水化液为0.05mol/L的CaCl_2溶液时,两种GCLs渗透系数随温度升高呈现增大趋势;当水化液为去离子水时,颗粒状GCL渗透系数随温度升高而减小,粉末状GCL渗透系数随温度升高而增大。去离子水情况下,膨润土吸附结合水量随温度升高而减小;CaCl_2溶液作用下,吸附结合水量较去离子水情况大幅降低。当CaCl_2溶液浓度一定时,膨润土膨胀指数随温度升高而略有增大;当温度一定时,膨润土膨胀指数随CaCl_2溶液浓度升高而显著减小。以去离子水进行试验时:颗粒状和粉末状GCLs渗透系数随温度的变化主要影响因素为凝胶态蒙脱石数量,其次为流体黏滞系数和吸附结合水量;颗粒状GCLs膨润土孔隙结构越不均匀,凝胶态蒙脱石数量的影响就越显著,导致渗透系数随温度升高而减小、固有渗透率随温度升高显著降低。以CaCl_2溶液进行试验时,两种GCLs渗透系数随温度变化的主要受流体黏滞系数和吸附结合水量的影响,而受凝胶态蒙脱石数量的影响较小。孔隙溶液性质、温度和膨润土类型均对GCLs的防渗性能具有重要影响。     

GCL与CCL复合衬垫的等效性分析

土工合成材料粘土衬垫(GCL)与土工膜(GM)形成的复合衬垫在垃圾填埋场中的应用日益广泛。我国规范中允许在特殊情况下用GCL代替压实粘土(CCL)做垃圾填埋场的衬垫,但是对于“特殊情况”没有明确说明。本文采用数值方法对复合衬垫中无机污染物的对流和扩散进行了计算,从衬垫底部污染物通量和累积量两个角度对GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫阻滞污染物运移的效果进行了比较,分析两种复合衬垫的等效性,并研究了GCL复合衬垫的适用范围。结果表明,当渗滤液水头较高时,GCL复合衬垫体现出其优势。     

有机膨润土制备条件对其吸附有机污染物性能的影响

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵为改性剂，对天然钙基膨润土进行有机化改性，系统地研究了改性剂用量以及钠化，热活化和酸活化对有机膨润土吸附苯酚、苯胺、苯、甲苯和二甲苯的影响，并初步探讨了有机膨润土与有机物间的作用机理。实验结果表明，改进剂用量是影响有机膨润土对有机物吸附性能的主要因素；改性剂用量相同时，钠化土的吸附效果明显好于直接改性的6.0%土，而热活化和酸活化对于有机膨润土吸附不同的有机物时影响程度也不同。应用有机膨润土建造垃圾填埋场防渗衬层具有一定的可行性。     

不同龄期垃圾渗滤液对浅层地下水污染的实验研究

为了深入了解垃圾渗滤液对浅层地下水污染的机理,揭示不同龄期垃圾渗滤液在浅层地下水中多组分运移规律,文章以阜新市垃圾填埋场为研究对象,通过室内土柱对比实验,研究了不同龄期垃圾渗滤液在浅层地下水中多组分运移的机理和规律。结果表明不同龄期垃圾渗滤液在入渗过程中都会引起地下水不同程度的污染,且新鲜垃圾渗滤液较老龄垃圾渗滤液更易污染地下水,其污染机理主要为吸附、解析、溶解、沉淀和离子交换等水岩作用。研究结果为今后垃圾填埋场的治理和地下水的修复提供理论依据。     

The Role of Fracture Structure in Leachate Pollution at Landfills: A Case Study of a Landfill in Chongqing City

This paper studies a landfill where there are three faults running through. As serious pollution has occurred to the geological environment, the landfill is to be closed up and renovated. The paper aims to explore the role of fracture structure in leachate pollution at the landfill. The research was carried out in several stages. First, mathematical models of the pre-renovation landfill with three faults running through and the landfill after renovation were established. And then, the boundary conditions and parameters of the two mathematical models were determined. The groundwater level of the landfills was simulated in order to modify the two mathematical models. As a result, a feasible mathematical model was achieved. Based on this model, a comparison was made of the COD concentration variations in the inside leachate and outside leachate between the two landfills. Accordingly, the impacts of the fracture structure on the pollution of leachate at the landfills could be identified. The study results show that while faults contribute to the migration of ieachate, they also serve as a confluence of leachate, thus further deteriorating the environment. The COD concentrations of the inside leachate and the outside leachate of the pre-renovation landfill are respectively 800 mg/L and 220 mg/L higher than those of the post-renovation landfill. Therefore, measures must be taken to handle the ieachate seepage in areas where there are faults as well as the neighboring areas so as to get the environmental pollution under control.     

The Role of Fracture Structure in Leachate Pollution at Landfills： A Case Study of a Landfill in Chongqing City

This paper studies a landfill where there are three faults running through.As serious pollution has occurred to the geological environment,the landfill is to be closed up and renovated.The paper aims to explore the role of fracture structure in leachate pollution at the landfill.The research was carried out in several stages.First,mathematical models of the pre-renovation landfill with three faults running through and the landfill after renovation were established.And then,the boundary conditions and parameters of the two mathematical models were determined.The groundwater level of the landfills was simulated in order to modify the two mathematical models.As a result,a feasible mathematical model was achieved.Based on this model,a comparison was made of the COD concentration variations in the inside leachate and outside leachate between the two landfills. Accordingly,the impacts of the fracture structure on the pollution of leachate at the landfills could be identified.The study results show that while faults contribute to the migration of leachate,they also serve as a confluence of leachate,thus further deteriorating the environment.The COD concentrations of the inside leachate and the outside leacbate of the pre-renovation landfill are respectively 800 mg/L and 220 mg/L higher than those of the post.renovation landfill.Therefore,measures must be taken to handle the leachate seepage in areas where there are faults as well as the neighboring areas so as to get the environmental pollution under control.     

不同条件对蒸发法处理垃圾渗滤液效果的影响

利用蒸发法对中老龄垃圾渗滤液进行处理,通过定时分批对蒸发后的渗滤液进行取样测定,研究在不同蒸发温度、不同风速条件下渗滤液在蒸发过程中pH 值、有机物及氨氮含量的变化规律。结果表明: 蒸发浓缩液中pH 值变化幅度不大; 渗滤液中有机污染物在不同的蒸发条件下总量在减少,但减少量不大; 在蒸发温度为25℃,风速为1. 5 m/s 的条件下氨氮的去除效率为37%。     

垃圾填埋场污泥灰改性黏土衬垫的强度特性及微观结构

为评价污泥灰改性黏土作为填埋场衬垫防渗材料的可行性,分析污泥灰改性黏土强度特性及孔隙结构,针对受垃圾渗沥液腐蚀的纯黏土与污泥灰掺量为1%～5%的改性黏土,采用直接剪切试验分析其抗剪强度变化规律,采用低温氮气吸附试验分析剪切变形后试样的孔隙结构组成。结果表明,改性黏土属于VI型等温线,并存在H3型滞后环,且2～6 nm介孔的数量占比较大。受垃圾渗沥液腐蚀后,黏土抗剪强度大幅下降,黏聚力与内摩擦角分别下降60.12%和19.17%;黏土的最大氮气吸附量降低16.19%,且孔隙分布双肩峰发育不完全;随污泥灰添加量的增加,改性黏土抗剪强度增大,且孔隙分布逐渐恢复双肩峰形式,总孔容增大。     

Analysis on contaminant migration through vertical barrier walls in a landfill in China

Vertical barrier walls are often constructed to prevent contamination of ground water and soils by landfill leachate. The leachate water levels in landfills in southern China are generally high. Contaminants in such landfills may migrate through the vertical barrier walls and give rise to environmental problems. Qizishan landfill in Suzhou, China was taken as an example to investigate contaminant migration through the vertical barrier walls. Advection, diffusive and adsorption processes were considered in the analysis. Influences of permeability and depth of the barrier wall on contaminant migration were analyzed. The results show that it will be 13.5 years before breakthrough at 0.1% of the source concentration and 20.5 years before breakthrough at 10% of the source concentration. By and large, the contaminant has not passed through the barrier wall at present, and the contaminated zone is mainly located in the sandy clay layer near the earth dam, which is validated by testing on sampled soils. Hydraulic conductivity and depth of the barrier wall are critical to contaminant migration. Special attention need to be paid on them when building such a barrier wall. If bottom of the barrier wall is keyed into the aquitard and the hydraulic conductivity reaches 10⁻⁹ m/s, the time before breakthrough will be long enough to allow stabilization of the landfill. Pollution of the surroundings will be avoided, and therefore the requirement for contaminant control will be attained.     

煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散性能

为验证土工合成黏土衬垫（Geosynthetic Clay Liners,GCL）作为煤矸石处置场衬垫层建设材料的可行性,采用垂直式双筒扩散装置进行室内扩散试验,研究了煤矸石淋滤液中典型污染物Zn2+、Mn2+和SO₄2-在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散性能,使用有限层法模拟软件POLLUTE V7对污染物随时间变化的曲线进行拟合,确定3种污染物在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散系数。研究结果表明,污染物在GCL中的扩散系数低于它们在传统压实黏土衬垫层中的扩散系数,从而能更有效地控制煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散迁移行为。