三种填料吸附磷的特性及其影响因素

以废弃的水泥砖、陶粒和红砖作为人工湿地填料,研究其吸附磷的特性,分析铵离子、阴离子和有机质对3种填料除磷作用的影响。研究结果表明,准二级动力学方程、Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程都能描述3种填料对磷的吸附特征,水泥砖、红砖和陶粒的理论饱和磷吸附量分别为1.592 1 mg/g、0.459 9 mg/g和0.361 1 mg/g;铵离子和阴离子对水泥砖除磷作用的影响很小,铵离子有促进红砖和陶粒吸附磷的作用,CO32-和SO42-对红砖和陶粒吸附磷有抑制作用,葡萄糖对3种填料除磷的影响不大,柠檬酸和草酸有明显抑制3种填料的除磷作用。水泥砖适合作为除磷人工湿地的填料。     

沙区^14C年代数据集

~(14)C年代数据的准确性、可靠性及各实验室之间的互校取决于本底标准、糖碳标准及现代碳标准的标定工作。我所~(14)C实验室的糖碳标准采用由上海试剂一厂生产的国内通用的特定糖碳试剂制备。该糖碳标准经中国社会科学院考古所、北京大学历史系和中国科学院贵阳地球化学所联合鉴定,并与国际通用的美国国家标准局标定的草酸SPM—4990等进行比较,确定了统一比值。本底标准用兰州九州台白垩系的无机炭制备。现代碳标准用中国科学院冰川冻土所冰川室采自新疆阿尔泰山的红松,根据树轮年代鉴定劈出1850年±10年部份,在本实验室进行碳化。以上三种标准均采用镁法合成苯进行测定,测定结果并与国内几个~(14)C实验室进行比较(表1)。     

大布苏碱湖的形成演化环境

根据野外现场考察和室内分析研究，首次论述了大布苏碱湖的概况，盐类矿物组合，卤水化学成分和水化学特征，研究了碳酸盐湖的形成条件和演化环境，提出了天然碱，主要是泡碱的形成背景和成碱机理。     

基于GIS的物流配送系统的设计与实现

根据物流配送的实际需要，结合GIS的基本理论和方法，研究分析了物流配送系统中数据的采集、处理、管理、电子地图显示、查询统计，并着重研究了运营过程中车辆的监控和调度管理、路径选择、配送区域的划分等核心问题，对系统进行了详细的总体模块设计和功能设计，建立了基于GIS的物流配送系统模型，实现了系统的整体框架，此系统的构建对于物流企业来说具有重要的指导意义。广州南方物流公司应用此方案，极大地提高了企业的管理水平和经济效益。     

甘肃河西地区人口,资源,环境与经济可持续发展研究

分析了河西地区人口、资源、环境及经济发展的优势、现状和存在的主要问题；指出了经济持续发展的机遇和挑战；提出了以科学技术为动力，推动经济的快速发展，以水资源为杠杆，建立节水型绿洲经济体系，保护绿洲生态环境，推进绿洲城市化进程和发展旅游业等区域经济持续发展的对策     

海绵作为教具 巧解地形成因

贵刊1995年第5期中刊登了《借用小术条，巧解地形成因》一文，下面我想就此内容讲一下我的做法，作者运用直理方法和启发式教学，借用学生熟悉的材料进行实验理察，激发了学生兴趣；在表象形成的基础上又通过层层诱导，启发学生思维，帮助学生运用比较．分析的方法揭示出事物差异的本质和内在联系，从而完成认识的飞跃，这样不仅使学生学会了知识，而且培养了观察能力、思维能力等。     

南极重力场特征及界面的计算与解释

本文根据ＯＳＵ９１Ａ地球重力场模型和地形资料，计算了南极洲的空间重力异常和布格重力异常，分析了空间重力异常变化剧烈的原因及其与高程的相关性，同时根据布格重力异常用两层界面的反演方法计算了冰盖厚度和地壳厚度，冰盖厚度较大的地区位于极区的东南部，而极区周围和西南部地区厚度较小。地壳较厚的地区位于极区的东南部，最大达５６ｋｍ，西南部地区地壳较薄，最小值为８ｋｍ。     

论旅游业和交通业的互动与整合

交通是决定旅游业发展是否具有竞争力的基本要素，而旅游业对交通的贡献率高，二者的互动作用非常明显，其互动作用表现在：旅游业拉动了交通业的发展，交通的改善为旅游业的发展提供了基础，二者相互促进，良性发展。通过理论阐述旅游业和交通业的互动关系，提出了旅游业和交通业的整合途径。     

转变教学理念 重视区域地理的复习

区域地理知识是实现高中地理与初中地理、人文地理与自然地理综合的最佳结合点。通过区域地理背景，考察区域地理系统内容的命题趋势越来越明显，它为高考提供命题材料，有机联系当前相关的热点和焦点问题，能较好的考察学生运用所学知识分析解决问题的能力，既淡化了对地理知识的死记硬背，又强化了理性思考过程和科学严谨的表达能力，充分表现了地理知识的科学性和社会价值。     

云南省泥石流灾害区域特征调查与分析

本文根据对云南省2000条泥石流沟的调查，综合分析了全省泥石流形成的区域环境背景条件，阐述了泥石流危害现状和对我省社会、经济的影响，分析了云南省泥石流灾害活动规律和区域分布特征，为全省泥石流灾害区域预测预报和综合治理提供了科学依据。     

降水变化对中国南方强酸雨分布的影响

Acid rain has been recognized as a serious environmental problem in China since the 1980s, but little is known about the effects of the climatic change in regional precipitation on the temporal and spatial variability of severe acid rain. We present the effects of the re-gional precipitation trend change on the area and intensity of severe acid rain in southern China, and the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of SO2 and NO2 concentrations are analyzed on the basis of SO2 and NO2 column concentration data. The results are as follows. (1) The emission levels of SO2 and NO2 have reached or passed the precipitation scavenging capacity in parts of southern China owing to the emission totals of SO2 and NO2 increasing from 1993 to 2004. (2) Notable changes in the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain occurred mainly in the south of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 1993-2004. With an abrupt change in 1999, the severe acid rain regions were mainly located in central and western China during 1993-1999 and moved obviously eastward to the south of the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River with the proportion of cities subject to se-vere acid rain increasing significantly from 2000 to 2004. (3) The spatial distribution and variation in the seasonal precipitation change rate of more than 10 mm/10a are similar to those of severe acid rain in southern China. An abrupt change in 1999 is seen for winter and summer precipitation, the same as for the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain in southern China. The significant increase in summer storm precipitation from 1991 to 1999 mitigated the annual precipitation acidity in the south of the Yangtze River and reduced the area of severe acid rainfall. On the other hand, the decrease in storm rainfall in summer ex-panded the area of severe acid rainfall in the south of the Yangtze River in 2000-2006. Therefore, the change in seasonal precipitation is an important factor in the severe acid rain regions moving eastward and expanding in southern China.     

Effects of precipitation variation on severe acid rain in southern China

Acid rain has been recognized as a serious environmental problem in China since the 1980s,but little is known about the effects of the climatic change in regional precipitation on the temporal and spatial variability of severe acid rain.We present the effects of the regional precipitation trend change on the area and intensity of severe acid rain in southern China,and the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of SO2 and NO2 concentrations are analyzed on the basis of SO2 and NO2 column concentration data.The results are as follows.(1) The emission levels of SO2 and NO2 have reached or passed the precipitation scavenging capacity in parts of southern China owing to the emission totals of SO2 and NO2 increasing from 1993 to 2004.(2) Notable changes in the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain occurred mainly in the south of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 1993-2004.With an abrupt change in 1999,the severe acid rain regions were mainly located in central and western China during 1993-1999 and moved obviously eastward to the south of the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River with the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain increasing significantly from 2000 to 2004.(3) The spatial distribution and variation in the seasonal precipitation change rate of more than 10 mm/10a are similar to those of severe acid rain in southern China.An abrupt change in 1999 is seen for winter and summer precipitation,the same as for the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain in southern China.The significant increase in summer storm precipitation from 1991 to 1999 mitigated the annual precipitation acidity in the south of the Yangtze River and reduced the area of severe acid rainfall.On the other hand,the decrease in storm rainfall in summer expanded the area of severe acid rainfall in the south of the Yangtze River in 2000-2006.Therefore,the change in seasonal precipitation is an important factor in the severe acid rain regions moving eastward and expanding in southern China.     

硼酸对硫氧镁水泥力学性能的影响

硫酸浸出法制备硼酸的废弃母液经过浮选法分离产生的硫酸镁中通常含有硼酸等杂质,为了研究硼酸对硫氧镁水泥凝结硬化及力学性能的影响,以改性硫氧镁水泥(MOS)为基础体系,测试了硼酸含量对硫氧镁水泥凝结时间、抗压和抗折强度的影响,讨论了硼酸对硫氧镁水泥抗水性、水化产物及微观形貌的影响。结果表明:硫氧镁水泥的凝结时间随硼酸含量的增加而延长;硼酸可以明显降低硫氧镁水泥的早期强度,对后期强度的降低作用不及早期明显;试件浸水28 d后,较高含量的硼酸提高了试件抗压强度的软化系数,而降低了抗折强度的软化系数,因此硫酸镁中硼酸含量不应超过0.7%;硫酸镁中硼酸含量不影响硫氧镁水泥水化产物的组成,但降低了水化产物的结晶度并改变其显微结构。     

The acid cleaning method of labware for trace element analysis in snow and ice samples

Acid cleaning processes were performed on a class 100 laminar flow clean bench assembled inside a class 1000 clean room.The ultrapure water was produced by Millipore RO (Reverse Osmosis) and Milli-Q water purification systems.The three purity grades of nitric acid used for cleaning include Merck reagent grade HNO3,Fisher "TraceMetal" grade HNO3,and the purest Fisher "Optima" grade HNO3.The various bottles,containers and other labware,which are in contact with the samples,are made of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and FEP or PFA Teflon materials.The acid cleaning procedures of the bottles and other containers follow a successive four times cleaning through immersion in increasing purity of nitric acid baths at different concentrations during four weeks.The first acid bath is performed at room temperature,but the following three acid baths are heated on ceramic hotplates with a surface temperature of 45℃.In order to verify the efficiency of the acid cleaning method,cleaned bottles underwent a blank determination procedure using ELAN 6100 inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS).Results show that most measured trace elements are not detected and the elements detected are at very low concentrations.The blank values are comparable with that of bottles cleaned at Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI).Although the acid cleaning method is developed mainly for reliable measurements of trace elements in snow and ice samples,it can also be used for investigations of trace elements in other environmental samples.     

A history of acid mine contamination,recovery, and eutrophication in Sandy Lake,Pennsylvania

Sandy Lake, PA, was subject to acid mine contamination in the 1860s, which led to complete extirpation of fish. The mine effluent was soon diverted, but the watershed experienced continued deforestation, agricultural development, and population growth to the beginning of the twentieth century. Paleolimnological analyses of metals and diatoms clearly show the onset of acid mine drainage with rapid increases in concentrations of iron, manganese and sulfur, and decreases in diatom-inferred pH in the sedimentary profile, and a very rapid recovery following remediation. Diatom-inferred phosphorus suggests a period of oligotrophication following diversion of the acid mine drainage and reduction in lake catchment area. However, analyses of nutrients and algal pigments suggest continued eutrophication to the present in spite of increasing forest cover and a stable population over the last century. Pigments indicate a tenfold increase in phytoplankton, with cyanobacteria becoming a more significant portion of the biomass. Accumulation of sedimentary phosphorus has increased by a factor of 4 and sedimentary organic carbon by a factor of 5 since the mid-1800s.     

Results of long-term investigations on acid deposition in the area of South Baikal

We examine the acid deposition monitoring results (2000–2010) for the southern territory of East Siberia (the Irkutsk-Angarsk industrial center). It is established that acid deposition events are most frequently recorded in the area of South Baikal (70–100 km south-east of the Irkutsk-Angarsk industrial center), with the acidity of precipitation continuing to increase. Atmospheric precipitation acidity data are compared with long-term monitoring results for Europe.     

Woodrat herbivory influences saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) reproductive output

The saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) is a keystone resource for Sonoran desert consumers of nectar, pollen, fruit, and cactus tissues. Saguaro tissue contains oxalic acid and is unavailable to most consumers. The white-throated woodrat (Neotoma albigula) is, however, able to consume foods with high oxalate content, and is strongly associated with desert succulents, primarily cacti of the genus Opuntia. N. albigula forages secondarily on saguaro tissues, reducing photosynthetic surface area and eliciting an energetically-demanding wound response that reduces energy stores available to fuel reproduction. We observed and quantified Neotoma herbivory on saguaros in a low desert environment. Evidence of Neotoma grazing was found on 44% of all saguaros surveyed, and 13% of all saguaros had >20% of their surface area affected by Neotoma grazing. Neotoma herbivory on saguaros was predicted by the number of nearby succulents, presence of Neotoma middens, and saguaro age. When comparing similarly sized plants, saguaros with high levels (>20% of surface) of herbivory produced fewer flowers and fruits than plants with no Neotoma herbivory. These findings suggest that periodic use of saguaros by N. albigula, such as during extended droughts with conditions unfavorable for Opuntia growth and establishment, may reduce long-term reproductive capacities in low-density saguaro populations.     

Adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of pollutant from aqueous solutions onto humic acid

In the present study,humic acid was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics,isotherms,and thermo-dynamic parameters of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution at varying pH,temperatures,and concentrations.Adsorption isotherms and equilibrium adsorption capacities were determined by the fittings of the experimental data to three well-known iso-therm models:Langmuir,Freundlich,and Redlich-Peterson.The results showed that the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models appear to fit the adsorption better than did the Freundlich adsorption model for the adsorption of chromium onto humic acid.The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters such as the change of free energy,enthalpy,and entropy.The derived adsorption constants (logaL) and their temperature dependencies from Langmuir isotherm have been used to calculate the corresponding thermodynamic quantities such as the free energy of adsorption,heat,and entropy of adsorption.The thermo-dynamic data indicate that Cr (VI) adsorption onto humic acid is entropically driven and characterized by physical adsorption.     

Transboundary transport of acid precipitation by cyclones of East Asia to the South of the Russian Far East

Results from analyzing the cyclone paths over East Asia for the period 1997–2009 and the variability in chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Primorskii Krai are discussed. It is shown that southwesterly cyclones over Primorskii Krai became more frequent during the time period under consideration. The increase in the number of cyclones forming in the polluted atmosphere of urbanized areas in North-Eastern Asia led to an increase in acid deposition, which is confirmed by data from the international acid deposition monitoring stations of the international EANET network.     

土壤水溶性有机物与富里酸分子量分布的空间结构特征

用凝胶色谱法测定了16种土类的35个表土样品水溶性有机物和富里酸的分子量分布。分析了水溶性有机物与富里酸分子量分布的地域分异规律与空间结构特征。结果表明研究区土壤水溶性有机物与富里酸平均分子量大小具有自东北向西南递降的一般趋势，分布的离散性则表现出与此相反的规律。水溶性有机物分子量沿趋势面倾斜方向的变化幅度较富里酸大，两在空间的自相关范围基本一致。水热条件是影响水溶性有机物分子量空间分布的主要因素。