考虑干旱水分胁迫的地表通量遥感估算

为提高地表能量平衡系统（SEBS）模型在干旱水分胁迫条件下估算地表通量的精度,引入归一化植被水分指数（NDWI）作为干旱水分胁迫信息,以线性、指数、S曲线3种不同形式结合到SEBS模型的kB-1系数中,使得kB-1随着水分胁迫的增加而减小,从而提高SEBS模型估算地表通量的精度。以黑河流域盈科绿洲为研究区域,选取2008—2009年的气象和通量观测数据对模型进行标定和验证。研究结果表明:存在干旱水分胁迫时,与原始SEBS模型相比,考虑干旱水分胁迫信息的SEBS模型能够更为准确地估算地表通量。这种方案能够较为有效地改善原始SEBS模型低估感热通量高估潜热通量的现象,将感热通量的偏差减小35 W/m2,潜热通量的偏差减小25 W/m2。     

基于分类思想的高密度数据去噪方法研究

这里参照图像去噪方法[1～4],提出了一种基于噪声分类的自适应混合滤波去噪方法。由于传统均值滤波[5]和中值滤波[6]对高斯型噪声和椒盐型噪声(脉冲噪声)有着不同的滤波特性,而在野外采集的原始高密度数据中,可能同时存在高斯型噪声和椒盐型噪声。因此,单独采用中值滤波或均值滤波都不会达到最好的去噪效果。为了能有效滤除这对二种不同性质的噪声,现提出了一种新的混合滤波算法。该算法首先利用局部阈值把受高斯型噪声污染的数据点和受脉冲型噪声污染的数据点区别开来,然后对前者采用均值滤波算法,而对后者则采用带自适应的改进中值滤波算法进行去除。     

Monitoring of dust storm and estimation of aerosol concentration in the Middle East using remotely sensed images

Arabian Journal of Geosciences - Dust storms are one of the major environmental disasters in the arid regions of Middle East, occurring in very high frequency. As a result, monitoring dust storms...     

一种基于TIN-CPG混合空间数据模型的精细三维地质模型构建方法

精细三维地质模型的构建是实现地质体真三维可视化分析的难题之一。提出一种基于不规则三角网(TIN)和角点网格(CPG)的混合空间数据模型来构建三维精细地质模型的方法。首先建立基于TIN的构造-地层格架三维地质模型,然后进行TIN面元模型到CPG体元模型的转换,将基于TIN的构造-地层格架模型转换为基于CPG的精细网格体元地质模型,从而实现"表达上"精细三维地质模型的构建。在转换过程中首先要进行地层序列的定义,然后对空间格网进行划分,在此基础上计算格网中各个单元格的空间坐标和各个网格的有效性,并将计算结果存储为GRDECL格式文件,最后通过QuantyView3D系统读取该文件实现精细地质属性模型的展示。利用该方法对沿海某城市一个重点区域进行精细水文地质模型的构建,验证了其方法的可行性。     

A multi-criteria method for assessment of spatial data infrastructure effectiveness

There is a demand for evaluation of spatial data infrastructures (SDIs), to justify and monitor the relations between investments in SDI initiatives and the results obtained. It is also essential to pay particular attention to identifying user communities, and eliciting their assessment of effects deriving from an SDI. The paper introduces a concept of a multi-criteria method which allows to assess effectiveness of the SDI from the user perspective. The application of the proposed method in the Polish Spatial Data Infrastructure (PSDI) and its main access point to spatial data and services called ‘Geoportal 2’ as well as two groups of the national geoportal”s users (spatial planners and land surveyors) presents its potential. The total scores for the Geoportal 2 indicated the investment has potential and is quite effective, although some components of the PSDI (e.g. main access point, datasets, network services, software, hardware, procedures) may need improvements and additional analyses in the future. The contribution of this paper is the multi-criteria method which enables the analysis of outcomes, benefits (impacts) and business value of using SDI business project’s artifacts (outputs) considering the following dimensions: information and support provided, use process, user organizational performance, strategic alignment and business impact on user enterprise.     

孔壁钻孔图像的结构面参数提取方法研究

为了提升岩体结构面参数提取的自动化程度以及准确性,结合钻孔图像中岩体结构面的特性,开展了适用于结构面图像预处理和结构面参数提取的方法研究。首先,采用自适应中值滤波法对钻孔图像进行去噪处理,通过对梯度算子法和最大类间方差法的图像分割进行比较,提出了更适用于实际钻孔图像分割的改进方差法,即结合梯度算子与最大类间方差法;然后对分割后的图像进行Canny算子边缘检测;最后,通过多项式曲线拟合获得结构面的正弦曲线,从而计算出岩体结构面的参数——倾向、倾角和隙宽。通过将提取方法与传统的手动识别结果进行对比,其结果表明:提取方法获取的参数较为精确。从而证明了该结构面参数提取方法具有可行性和准确性,且提取效率高于传统的手动识别。     

Delineation of small-scale landforms relative to flood inundation in the western Red River delta, northern Vietnam using remotely sensed data

Flood susceptibility mapping using geomorphologic approaches is effective for delineating flood extent and various degrees of potential flood-affected areas. This approach is useful where the channel system and floodplain morphology change dynamically and in regions where detailed digital elevation models are not available. The first important step in flood zonation using this approach is detailed geomorphologic mapping, also called landform classification. This study aims to describe landform classification using the rule-based method of Ho et al. (Int J Geoinform 8(4):27–38, 2012) adapted to local characteristics in the western plain of the Red River delta, northern Vietnam. The original classification scheme is generally based on the moist condition classification, local land-surface parameters, and relative position indices derived from multi-temporal Landsat data and a shuttle radar topographic mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM). This study uses average elevations and the standard deviation of elevations as local land-surface parameters rather than local relief, which was used in the study by Ho et al. (Int J Geoinform 8(4):27–38, 2012). Multi-temporal land cover classification was performed using an integrated method to effectively correct the SRTM DEM. The overall classification is consistent with manual mapping by visual comparison. The quantitative comparison between landform units and past flood-affected areas demonstrates a precise boundary delineation of landform objects using this method. The high agreement between the boundaries of landform units and flood-inundated areas suggests the applicability of this method taking advantage of readily available remotely sensed datasets in alluvial floodplains.     

A new method for spatial centrographic analysis of mineral deposit clusters

A centrographic method for analysing mineral deposit clusters is illustrated using the komatiite-hosted Kambalda nickel sulphide deposit cluster, Yilgarn craton, Western Australia. In this method, the standard distance circle divides the cluster into a more endowed inner part and a less endowed peripheral part. The standard deviational ellipse, another centrographic object, depicts the preferred northwest–southeast trend of nickel orebodies at Kambalda. Weighted centrography shows that nickel endowment is greater in the eastern than western part of the cluster. The spatio-geometric interaction of the circle and ellipse splits the cluster into several partitions. The relative concentration of nickel orebodies or endowment within a partition in relation to their concentration within the entire cluster is termed ‘capture efficiency’. Komatiite areal trace exhibits higher nickel orebody capture efficiency than spatio-geometric partitions; however, some spatio-geometric partitions exhibit nickel endowment capture efficiencies comparable to that of komatiite. Furthermore, nickel orebody and endowment capture efficiencies of komatiite are elevated only within the standard distance circle. These results suggest that at Kambalda, (i) the standard distance circle is a prime window for understanding the komatiite-hosted nickel system, and (ii) spatio-geometric partitions are plausible locales for spatial analysis of nickel orebodies and endowment. The proposed centrographic method is potentially useful in mineral resource estimations and mineral exploration targeting.     

A new method for spatial centrographic analysis of mineral deposit clusters

A centrographic method for analysing mineral deposit clusters is illustrated using the komatiite-hosted Kambalda nickel sulphide deposit cluster, Yilgarn craton, Western Australia. In this method, the standard distance circle divides the cluster into a more endowed inner part and a less endowed peripheral part. The standard deviational ellipse, another centrographic object, depicts the preferred northwest–southeast trend of nickel orebodies at Kambalda. Weighted centrography shows that nickel endowment is greater in the eastern than western part of the cluster. The spatio-geometric interaction of the circle and ellipse splits the cluster into several partitions. The relative concentration of nickel orebodies or endowment within a partition in relation to their concentration within the entire cluster is termed ‘capture efficiency’. Komatiite areal trace exhibits higher nickel orebody capture efficiency than spatio-geometric partitions; however, some spatio-geometric partitions exhibit nickel endowment capture efficiencies comparable to that of komatiite. Furthermore, nickel orebody and endowment capture efficiencies of komatiite are elevated only within the standard distance circle. These results suggest that at Kambalda, (i) the standard distance circle is a prime window for understanding the komatiite-hosted nickel system, and (ii) spatio-geometric partitions are plausible locales for spatial analysis of nickel orebodies and endowment. The proposed centrographic method is potentially useful in mineral resource estimations and mineral exploration targeting.     

A grid-search inversion method looking for the best classification of polyphase fault/slip data

A novel, grid search-based stress inversion method is developed in this paper to find the global minima in the solution region for the classification of fault/slip data into many single-phase subsets. Exhaustively repetitious grid searches are taken to deal with possible local minima, in a departure from existing grid search-based inversion methods. Two stopping rules, to stop at the abrupt change of the objective function or at the least change of the classification, are adopted in the method to look for the best classification. Much calculation time is saved by using a modified version of conventional grid search. The feasibility of this proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to two artificial examples and two real examples. However, enormous time in calculation is still needed in the case of a data set either with a large number of data or for a large number of assigned subsets.     

A new method to identify void constrictions in micro-CT images of sand

Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) provides 3D images of the internal structure of sands, allowing quantitative measurements of internal features, including void topology. Methods have already been proposed to measure constriction sizes from idealised particle arrangements or from micro-CT data, however the 3D geometry of constrictions in sands is extremely complex and can be difficult to interpret using existing methods. This paper outlines a new method to measure and visualise void constrictions in sands using micro-CT data, with a view to assessing performance of granular filters. The method is based on watershed segmentation of the void space. Synthetic data obtained from DEM simulations are used to validate the new algorithm and its performance against existing image-based methods is assessed by considering micro-CT data for a representative filter material.     

Impulse interference processing for MT data based on a new adaptive wavelet threshold de-noising method

Wavelet de-noising method is often used in the processing of magnetotelluric (MT) signal, and the wavelet hard and soft threshold de-noising method are the most popular although there is much room for improvement in the threshold function selection and threshold determination. A new adaptive wavelet threshold de-noising method was proposed by selecting a new threshold function and presenting an adaptive method for obtaining optimal threshold based on the multi-resolution Stein unbiased risk estimation. New threshold function and an adaptive method to determine threshold were discussed, and the principle and implementation of the algorithm were given. The simulated signal and the measured MT data contaminated by impulse interference were analyzed, and the obtained results were compared with those of the conventional wavelet hard and soft threshold de-noising methods. The results show that the proposed method overcomes the defects of the traditional wavelet soft and hard threshold due to a new threshold function, and a new method to determine the threshold of each layer is applied and provides an adaptive method for filtering MT data in the wavelet domain that requires a minimum of human intervention. The presented de-noising method is very suitable for suppressing the impulse interference for MT data and can get higher signal-to-noise ratio than the traditional wavelet threshold de-noising methods. After de-noising, the accurate data is loaded for further impedance estimation and geological interpretation.     

基于实际材料图的三维断层模型动态构建方法

三维地质模型是地质调查信息表达从传统二维平面向三维空间转变的一次重大突破。中国正在开展的三维地质填图作为国家的重要基础地质调查工作部署,将调查与研究相结合,在推动三维地质建模从研究走向实践具有重大意义。三维地质填图过程中如何准确、快速地构建三维断层模型是其中的关键点及难点。通过对数字填图过程不同阶段数据源的分析,详细分析了实际材料图建立断层数据以及与野外路线数据的关系映射规则,提出并实现了由线及面的断层模型构建方法。该方法强调断层模型构建与业务流程的一致性、动态性和快速性,构建模型的数据源始于野外第一手资料,充分利用填图业务过程中不同阶段数据的关联、约束与继承关系,能够满足在填图过程中根据地质认识的深入快速、动态地重构模型的要求,同时也可根据直观的三维断层模型时时验证地质连图的合理性。算法已在实际野外三维地质填图工作进行了多次实验,获得较好的成果。实验说明,基于实际材料图的三维断层模型构建方法与实际业务过程同步,具有操作便捷性,可直接应用于三维地质填图的实际工作要求。     

Hierarchical decomposition of variance with applications in environmental mapping based on satellite images

A quadtree-based image segmentation procedure (HQ) is presented to map complex environmental conditions. It applies a hierarchical nested analysis of variance within the framework of multiresolution wavelet approximation. The procedure leads to an optimal solution for determining mapping units based on spatial variability with constraints on the arrangement and shape of the units. Linkages to geostatisiics are pointed out, but the HQ decomposition algorithm does not require any homogeneity criteria. The computer implementation can be parameterized by either the number of required mapping units or the maximum within-unit variance, or it can provide a spectrum of significances of nested ANOVA. The detailed mathematical background and methodology is illustrated by a salt-affected grassland mapping study (Hortobágy, Hungary), where heterogeneous environmental characteristics have been sampled and predicted based on remotely sensed images using these principles.     

A proposed new diagram for geochemical classification of natural waters and interpretation of chemical data

 A new hydrochemical diagram is proposed for classification of natural waters and identification of hydrochemical processes. The proposed diagram differs from the Piper and expanded Durov diagrams in that the two equilateral triangles are omitted, and the shape of the main study field is different. In addition, the proposed diagram can be constructed on most spreadsheet software packages. The proposed diagram is constructed by plotting the difference in milliequivalent percentage between alkaline earths and alkali metals, expressed as percentage reacting values, on the X axis; and the difference in milliequivalent percentage between weak acidic anions and strong acidic anions, also expressed as percentage reacting values, on the Y axis. The milliequivalent percentage differences from the X and Y co-ordinates are extended further into the main study sub-fields of the proposed diagram, which defines the overall character of water. Examples of hydrochemical analyses of groundwater are given from Karnataka, India, for each of the three types of diagrams, illustrating the applicability of the proposed diagram in four case histories having different hydrogeochemical aspects. A comparison indicates that the proposed new diagram satisfies the basic requirement for a suitable classification of natural waters, and it also can be effectively used for studies of hydrochemical processes. Received, April 1998 / Revised, February 1999 / Accepted, April 1999     

基于数据新旧程度和预测取值区间调整的沉降组合预测方法

工后沉降预测是建筑物地基或路基的安全性评价及其加固维护方案决策的重要依据。为此,引入组合预测思想,首先通过探讨实测沉降数据新旧程度对工后沉降预测效果的影响规律,引入新鲜度函数,建立出考虑实测沉降数据新旧程度对沉降预测影响的分析模型;其次,通过研究沉降组合预测可能取值的变化规律,引进平行修正的思路,建立出有利于提高沉降组合预测精度的组合预测可能取值区间的调整方法;然后,在此研究基础上,提出了同时考虑实测沉降数据新旧程度和组合预测可能取值区间调整,对沉降预测效果影响的改进工后沉降组合预测新方法。最后,通过工程实例计算与比较分析,表明了改进的工后沉降组合预测方法的合理性与可行性。