考虑干旱水分胁迫的地表通量遥感估算

为提高地表能量平衡系统（SEBS）模型在干旱水分胁迫条件下估算地表通量的精度,引入归一化植被水分指数（NDWI）作为干旱水分胁迫信息,以线性、指数、S曲线3种不同形式结合到SEBS模型的kB-1系数中,使得kB-1随着水分胁迫的增加而减小,从而提高SEBS模型估算地表通量的精度。以黑河流域盈科绿洲为研究区域,选取2008—2009年的气象和通量观测数据对模型进行标定和验证。研究结果表明:存在干旱水分胁迫时,与原始SEBS模型相比,考虑干旱水分胁迫信息的SEBS模型能够更为准确地估算地表通量。这种方案能够较为有效地改善原始SEBS模型低估感热通量高估潜热通量的现象,将感热通量的偏差减小35 W/m2,潜热通量的偏差减小25 W/m2。     

基于2001—2015年遥感数据的天山山区雪线监测及分析

基于2001—2015年MOD10A1/MYD10A1、MOD13Q1以及相关气象数据,采用积雪持续时间比率法,监测了天山山区的季节雪线高程,分析了其变化特征及影响因子。结果表明:①近15年天山山区雪线整体呈显著上升趋势,平均高程3 680 m左右,其中,北坡、伊犁河谷、南坡季节雪线的稳定性依次减弱,平均高程分别为3 620 m、3 390 m及3 820 m;空间上雪线高程呈现南高北低、东高西低的纬度地带性分布特点。②年际尺度上,气温是影响天山山区雪线高程的主控因素,呈显著正相关,南北坡与之相同,但伊犁河谷则降水是影响其变化的主控因素,呈显著负相关;季节尺度上,夏季气温、冬季降水是影响雪线高程的主控因素,降水与其呈负相关,但气温较高的地区,夏秋季降水会促进积雪融化,使雪线高程上升;月尺度上,7月气温、1月降水对其影响最明显,且存在一定的滞后反应。③天山山区雪线高程比零度层低800 m左右,两者呈较好正相关;雪线高程与NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）呈负相关,植被覆盖较好区域,同年NDVI与雪线高程相关性较好,植被覆盖较差区域,前一年NDVI与其相关性较好。     

Monitoring of dust storm and estimation of aerosol concentration in the Middle East using remotely sensed images

Arabian Journal of Geosciences - Dust storms are one of the major environmental disasters in the arid regions of Middle East, occurring in very high frequency. As a result, monitoring dust storms...     

基于分类思想的高密度数据去噪方法研究

这里参照图像去噪方法[1～4],提出了一种基于噪声分类的自适应混合滤波去噪方法。由于传统均值滤波[5]和中值滤波[6]对高斯型噪声和椒盐型噪声(脉冲噪声)有着不同的滤波特性,而在野外采集的原始高密度数据中,可能同时存在高斯型噪声和椒盐型噪声。因此,单独采用中值滤波或均值滤波都不会达到最好的去噪效果。为了能有效滤除这对二种不同性质的噪声,现提出了一种新的混合滤波算法。该算法首先利用局部阈值把受高斯型噪声污染的数据点和受脉冲型噪声污染的数据点区别开来,然后对前者采用均值滤波算法,而对后者则采用带自适应的改进中值滤波算法进行去除。     

一种基于TIN-CPG混合空间数据模型的精细三维地质模型构建方法

精细三维地质模型的构建是实现地质体真三维可视化分析的难题之一。提出一种基于不规则三角网(TIN)和角点网格(CPG)的混合空间数据模型来构建三维精细地质模型的方法。首先建立基于TIN的构造-地层格架三维地质模型,然后进行TIN面元模型到CPG体元模型的转换,将基于TIN的构造-地层格架模型转换为基于CPG的精细网格体元地质模型,从而实现"表达上"精细三维地质模型的构建。在转换过程中首先要进行地层序列的定义,然后对空间格网进行划分,在此基础上计算格网中各个单元格的空间坐标和各个网格的有效性,并将计算结果存储为GRDECL格式文件,最后通过QuantyView3D系统读取该文件实现精细地质属性模型的展示。利用该方法对沿海某城市一个重点区域进行精细水文地质模型的构建,验证了其方法的可行性。     

A multi-criteria method for assessment of spatial data infrastructure effectiveness

There is a demand for evaluation of spatial data infrastructures (SDIs), to justify and monitor the relations between investments in SDI initiatives and the results obtained. It is also essential to pay particular attention to identifying user communities, and eliciting their assessment of effects deriving from an SDI. The paper introduces a concept of a multi-criteria method which allows to assess effectiveness of the SDI from the user perspective. The application of the proposed method in the Polish Spatial Data Infrastructure (PSDI) and its main access point to spatial data and services called ‘Geoportal 2’ as well as two groups of the national geoportal”s users (spatial planners and land surveyors) presents its potential. The total scores for the Geoportal 2 indicated the investment has potential and is quite effective, although some components of the PSDI (e.g. main access point, datasets, network services, software, hardware, procedures) may need improvements and additional analyses in the future. The contribution of this paper is the multi-criteria method which enables the analysis of outcomes, benefits (impacts) and business value of using SDI business project’s artifacts (outputs) considering the following dimensions: information and support provided, use process, user organizational performance, strategic alignment and business impact on user enterprise.     

Delineation of small-scale landforms relative to flood inundation in the western Red River delta, northern Vietnam using remotely sensed data

Flood susceptibility mapping using geomorphologic approaches is effective for delineating flood extent and various degrees of potential flood-affected areas. This approach is useful where the channel system and floodplain morphology change dynamically and in regions where detailed digital elevation models are not available. The first important step in flood zonation using this approach is detailed geomorphologic mapping, also called landform classification. This study aims to describe landform classification using the rule-based method of Ho et al. (Int J Geoinform 8(4):27–38, 2012) adapted to local characteristics in the western plain of the Red River delta, northern Vietnam. The original classification scheme is generally based on the moist condition classification, local land-surface parameters, and relative position indices derived from multi-temporal Landsat data and a shuttle radar topographic mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM). This study uses average elevations and the standard deviation of elevations as local land-surface parameters rather than local relief, which was used in the study by Ho et al. (Int J Geoinform 8(4):27–38, 2012). Multi-temporal land cover classification was performed using an integrated method to effectively correct the SRTM DEM. The overall classification is consistent with manual mapping by visual comparison. The quantitative comparison between landform units and past flood-affected areas demonstrates a precise boundary delineation of landform objects using this method. The high agreement between the boundaries of landform units and flood-inundated areas suggests the applicability of this method taking advantage of readily available remotely sensed datasets in alluvial floodplains.     

孔壁钻孔图像的结构面参数提取方法研究

为了提升岩体结构面参数提取的自动化程度以及准确性,结合钻孔图像中岩体结构面的特性,开展了适用于结构面图像预处理和结构面参数提取的方法研究。首先,采用自适应中值滤波法对钻孔图像进行去噪处理,通过对梯度算子法和最大类间方差法的图像分割进行比较,提出了更适用于实际钻孔图像分割的改进方差法,即结合梯度算子与最大类间方差法;然后对分割后的图像进行Canny算子边缘检测;最后,通过多项式曲线拟合获得结构面的正弦曲线,从而计算出岩体结构面的参数——倾向、倾角和隙宽。通过将提取方法与传统的手动识别结果进行对比,其结果表明:提取方法获取的参数较为精确。从而证明了该结构面参数提取方法具有可行性和准确性,且提取效率高于传统的手动识别。     

黄土高边坡稳定性评价的改进可拓工程法

针对影响黄土路堑高边坡稳定性因素的复杂性和模糊性,将可拓工程方法与路堑边坡稳定性评价相结合,通过参数正交试验分析确定权重,提出了路堑边坡稳定性评价的物元关联函数及物元关联度的计算方法。建立了适合可拓学理论的边坡稳定性分类标准,实现了定性与定量评价黄土路堑边坡的结合。实例评价结果与定值计算、工程实际调查吻合良好。     

A new method for spatial centrographic analysis of mineral deposit clusters

A centrographic method for analysing mineral deposit clusters is illustrated using the komatiite-hosted Kambalda nickel sulphide deposit cluster, Yilgarn craton, Western Australia. In this method, the standard distance circle divides the cluster into a more endowed inner part and a less endowed peripheral part. The standard deviational ellipse, another centrographic object, depicts the preferred northwest–southeast trend of nickel orebodies at Kambalda. Weighted centrography shows that nickel endowment is greater in the eastern than western part of the cluster. The spatio-geometric interaction of the circle and ellipse splits the cluster into several partitions. The relative concentration of nickel orebodies or endowment within a partition in relation to their concentration within the entire cluster is termed ‘capture efficiency’. Komatiite areal trace exhibits higher nickel orebody capture efficiency than spatio-geometric partitions; however, some spatio-geometric partitions exhibit nickel endowment capture efficiencies comparable to that of komatiite. Furthermore, nickel orebody and endowment capture efficiencies of komatiite are elevated only within the standard distance circle. These results suggest that at Kambalda, (i) the standard distance circle is a prime window for understanding the komatiite-hosted nickel system, and (ii) spatio-geometric partitions are plausible locales for spatial analysis of nickel orebodies and endowment. The proposed centrographic method is potentially useful in mineral resource estimations and mineral exploration targeting.     

A new method for spatial centrographic analysis of mineral deposit clusters

A centrographic method for analysing mineral deposit clusters is illustrated using the komatiite-hosted Kambalda nickel sulphide deposit cluster, Yilgarn craton, Western Australia. In this method, the standard distance circle divides the cluster into a more endowed inner part and a less endowed peripheral part. The standard deviational ellipse, another centrographic object, depicts the preferred northwest–southeast trend of nickel orebodies at Kambalda. Weighted centrography shows that nickel endowment is greater in the eastern than western part of the cluster. The spatio-geometric interaction of the circle and ellipse splits the cluster into several partitions. The relative concentration of nickel orebodies or endowment within a partition in relation to their concentration within the entire cluster is termed ‘capture efficiency’. Komatiite areal trace exhibits higher nickel orebody capture efficiency than spatio-geometric partitions; however, some spatio-geometric partitions exhibit nickel endowment capture efficiencies comparable to that of komatiite. Furthermore, nickel orebody and endowment capture efficiencies of komatiite are elevated only within the standard distance circle. These results suggest that at Kambalda, (i) the standard distance circle is a prime window for understanding the komatiite-hosted nickel system, and (ii) spatio-geometric partitions are plausible locales for spatial analysis of nickel orebodies and endowment. The proposed centrographic method is potentially useful in mineral resource estimations and mineral exploration targeting.     

基于GIS空间分析的虚拟钻孔确定与实现方法

在三维地质建模过程中,通过引入一定数量的虚拟钻孔,对地层分界面几何形态更加精确的控制,不仅能够明显改善地质分界面网格的质量,而且能够提高模型精度和可视化效果。现有虚拟钻孔的引入途径主要通过手工添加实现,受人为主观因素影响较大,且自动化水平低,耗时、费力,针对这一问题,提出了一种基于GIS空间分析的虚拟钻孔确定与实现方法。以地质勘查获取的钻孔数据和地质剖面图为数据源,在ArcGIS平台的支持下,综合运用自动矢量化（Arc Scan）、要素转点（Feature To Point）、创建TIN （Create Tin）、TIN转三角形（Tinto Triangle）、泰森多边形（Create Thiessen Polygons）和相交（Intersect）等空间分析和文件转换工具,分别生成断层构造和建模区域内的二维（2D）虚拟钻孔点;而后,在利用插值工具生成各地层栅格表面的基础上,结合图形插值（Interpolate Shape）工具将2D虚拟钻孔点投影为三维（3D）虚拟钻孔;然后,利用Model Builder可视化建模工具设计了生成虚拟钻孔的模型,实现虚拟钻孔创建的自动化;最后,将获得的3D虚拟钻孔应用于三维地质建模,并进行了建模对比实验,结果表明,该方法具有一定有效性、实用性和可操作性。     

基于概率积分法的潜山型地裂缝空间预测方法研究

苏南地区锡北镇地裂缝灾害活跃,且为典型的基岩潜山型抽水沉降地裂缝。以无锡锡北镇杨墅里地裂缝为研究对象（31.703174°~31.705488°N,120.452707°~120.453410°E）,基于非连续介质理论,运用概率积分方法建立基岩潜山条件下的抽水沉降裂缝空间预测数学模型。运用该理论模型计算得出基岩潜山上覆岩土体的差异性沉降规律、地表倾斜程度及地表曲率变化规律,并指出地表倾斜程度与地表曲率为地裂缝易发位置的重要评价指标。将地裂缝空间预测数学模型计算出的沉降规律、地裂缝发生位置等结果与物理模型试验结果进行对比研究,结果显示：1）当W"（x）=0时,地表倾斜函数取得极值,此时x=±0.8 m,表明距模型左边界2.6 m与4.2 m处地表倾斜程度最大,差异性沉降最为明显。2）当W"'（x）=0时,地表曲率函数取得极值,x=0,表明在距模型左边界3.4 m处地表曲率最大,为拉应力集中位置。3）模型试验地裂缝集中发生2.4~2.6 m、3.3~3.5 m和3.9~4.2 m这3处;基于概率积分方法的潜山型地裂缝空间预测结果与物理模型试验结果基本一致。预测模型能够合理解释物理模型试验中潜山山腰及潜山山顶三处地裂缝的发生位置,验证了其正确性,为地裂缝空间预测方法提供了新的研究思路。

     

A grid-search inversion method looking for the best classification of polyphase fault/slip data

A novel, grid search-based stress inversion method is developed in this paper to find the global minima in the solution region for the classification of fault/slip data into many single-phase subsets. Exhaustively repetitious grid searches are taken to deal with possible local minima, in a departure from existing grid search-based inversion methods. Two stopping rules, to stop at the abrupt change of the objective function or at the least change of the classification, are adopted in the method to look for the best classification. Much calculation time is saved by using a modified version of conventional grid search. The feasibility of this proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to two artificial examples and two real examples. However, enormous time in calculation is still needed in the case of a data set either with a large number of data or for a large number of assigned subsets.     

A new method to identify void constrictions in micro-CT images of sand

Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) provides 3D images of the internal structure of sands, allowing quantitative measurements of internal features, including void topology. Methods have already been proposed to measure constriction sizes from idealised particle arrangements or from micro-CT data, however the 3D geometry of constrictions in sands is extremely complex and can be difficult to interpret using existing methods. This paper outlines a new method to measure and visualise void constrictions in sands using micro-CT data, with a view to assessing performance of granular filters. The method is based on watershed segmentation of the void space. Synthetic data obtained from DEM simulations are used to validate the new algorithm and its performance against existing image-based methods is assessed by considering micro-CT data for a representative filter material.     

Impulse interference processing for MT data based on a new adaptive wavelet threshold de-noising method

Wavelet de-noising method is often used in the processing of magnetotelluric (MT) signal, and the wavelet hard and soft threshold de-noising method are the most popular although there is much room for improvement in the threshold function selection and threshold determination. A new adaptive wavelet threshold de-noising method was proposed by selecting a new threshold function and presenting an adaptive method for obtaining optimal threshold based on the multi-resolution Stein unbiased risk estimation. New threshold function and an adaptive method to determine threshold were discussed, and the principle and implementation of the algorithm were given. The simulated signal and the measured MT data contaminated by impulse interference were analyzed, and the obtained results were compared with those of the conventional wavelet hard and soft threshold de-noising methods. The results show that the proposed method overcomes the defects of the traditional wavelet soft and hard threshold due to a new threshold function, and a new method to determine the threshold of each layer is applied and provides an adaptive method for filtering MT data in the wavelet domain that requires a minimum of human intervention. The presented de-noising method is very suitable for suppressing the impulse interference for MT data and can get higher signal-to-noise ratio than the traditional wavelet threshold de-noising methods. After de-noising, the accurate data is loaded for further impedance estimation and geological interpretation.