采用不同方式的地埋管换热器热响应测试 ——-以中新天津生态城公屋展示中心项目为例

利用两种热响应测试方式( 恒热流法和恒温法) 进行地埋管地源热泵换热试验,测试该地的土壤热物性参数。在概述了两种浅层岩土体热物性原位测试仪的原理、特点、测试方法及数据处理方法的基础上,分析比较了两种方法测量的参数,准确地计算出施工现场土壤的热物性参数。两种测试仪测量的热物性参数基本一致,同时热工况或冷工况试验所取得的参数差别不大。在20℃ ～ 30℃排热工况条件下,换热器为120 m 双U 类型时,排热量在25 ～ 60 W/m,在8 ℃取热工况条件下,取热量约30 W/m。热导率约1. 5 W/m·℃,热扩散率约为0. 46 × 10 － 6 m3 /s。     

垂直地埋管现场热响应试验研究

地源热泵技术主要利用浅层地热能为建筑物供暖和制冷,有着节能减排、高效环保等优点。本文阐述了江苏沙家浜温泉国际度假中心垂直地埋管热响应试验所取得的实效。     

套管式地埋管换热器热短路及换热性能

套管式地埋管换热器是深层地源热泵系统常用的换热装置。基于流体流动换热方程,建立套管式地埋管换热器与周围岩体之间的传热模型。以第一个供暖季为例,分析内管导热系数和循环水流量对换热性能的影响,并引入换热器效能对热短路现象进行评估,研究结果显示：内管导热系数越大,热短路现象越显著;热短路使内外管中循环水温差降低,管内出现热堆积,导致换热器换热功率降低;套管式地埋管换热器的换热功率随循环水流量的增大逐渐增大;内外管之间存在热短路时,出口水温随循环水流量的增大先升高后降低,随着流量增大,换热器效能增大。研究成果可为深层地源热泵系统中地埋管换热器的设计提供借鉴。     

竖直埋管地源热泵技术

竖直埋管地源热泵技术的重点和核心是地下埋管换热器。地下埋管换热器的设计包括：换热器形式和回路形式的选择，地下换热器尺寸设计，水平间距及热短路，管材的选用和换热能力等。地下埋管换热器的施工主要包括：钻孔，下管，注浆、回填和换热器的安装。     

地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算方法研究

地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算是土壤源热泵系统设计的核心。为规范地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算,从《地源热泵系统工程技术规范》基本要求出发,以合肥市某土壤源热泵工程为例,进行了地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算和校核模拟计算。研究表明,热干扰对地埋管换热器钻孔长度有较大的影响,不考虑热干扰影响的钻孔长度计算结果偏小;由于热堆积的影响,地埋管换热器流体平均出口温度呈现逐年上升趋势。校核模拟计算结果表明地埋管换热器钻孔计算长度能够满足规范的要求。     

路面下水平地埋管热响应试验与数值模拟研究

近年来,水平式地埋管换热器尤其是路面下水平式地埋管换热器逐步受到国内外学者关注。路面下水平式地埋管换热器利用道路路基施工便利进行安装,可有效节约地埋管换热器前期安装中的钻孔或开挖沟槽费用,且公路作为城镇基础设施,仅中国每年新增公路里程就达100 000 km以上,因此该方案应用潜力较大。为了探究路面下水平地埋管换热器的热扩散半径以及气温对其换热能力的影响,本文采用GeoCube热响应试验测试仪,对路面下埋深0.5 m的水平串联式地埋管换热器进行了两次加热功率分别为4 kW和6 kW的现场常规热响应试验,并基于4 kW热响应试验参数利用COMSOL软件建立了路面下水平串联式地埋管换热器3D数值模型。研究结果表明:气温波动对路面下地埋管换热器换热能力有显著不利影响。在热响应试验中,该影响会随着加热功率的增大而减小。路面下水平串联式地埋管换热器热扩散半径确定为小于0.75 m,建议地埋管安装间距大于1.5 m以防止热干扰。所建数值模型模拟精度良好,可用于路面下水平串联式地埋管换热器换热过程模拟。     

增强地源热泵竖直埋管地下换热器换热性能的研究

地下换热器换热性能直接影响到地源热泵系统的初投资和运行成本.地下换热器可分为单U型、双U型和1 2型三类.采用非稳态法对膨润土、水泥 砂两类回填材料进行了室内实验;在相同的边界条件下,采用扶正器和定位器施工可以保证下管,并能降低钻孔内热阻.因地制宜地选择埋管形式,采用稳定、高效的回填材料和减小热短路是提高地下换热器换热性能的必要途径.     

一种新的地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算方法

基于叠加原理,提出了一种新的地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算方法,新方法考虑了地埋管换热器各钻孔地下换热热干扰的影响,以流体平均温度的作为计算参考温度。研究结果表明,由于受到热干扰的影响,地埋管换热器钻孔计算长度比不考虑热干扰情形要大;与传统"最不利钻孔法"相比,"流体平均温度法"计算的钻孔长度要小,且钻孔间距越小,钻孔长度相差越大。新方法能降低地埋管地源热泵项目钻孔成本,有助于地埋管地源热泵技术的规模化推广和应用。     

地源热泵地下直埋式换热器的施工

地源热泵是一种可再生能源利用技术，阐述了地源热泵的工作原理，并对直埋式地下换热器的结构及施工作了详细论述。     

双U型地埋管换热器换热性能试验研究

双U型地埋管换热器(DUBTHE)在实际应用中易出现管路交叉,引起热短路,造成换热性能降低,直接影响浅层地源热泵系统的运行效率。以西安某浅层地源热泵项目为工程背景,基于无限长线热源理论和斜率法,通过现场岩土热响应试验、不同测温法测温试验,研究了岩土初始平均温度、导热系数和体积热容,及管卡间距对DUBTHE换热性能的影响。结果表明：多点式测温线缆测得的岩土初始平均温度为17.08℃,更接近实际地层温度。该地层的岩土综合导热系数和综合体积热容分别为1.65 W/(m·K)、2.81×10⁶ J/(m³·K)。DN25 DUBTHE的夏、冬季单位延米换热量随着管卡间距减小而增加,且增速随管卡间距的减小先增大后减小。当管卡间距分别为1、2、3、4 m时,DN25 DUBTHE的夏季单位延米换热量较无管卡分别提高了21.03%、19.48%、15.16%、3.92%;DN25 DUBTHE的冬季单位延米换热量较无管卡分别提高了20.83%、19.48%、14.94%、3.79%。工程中最优的管卡布置方式为2 m或3 m管卡间距的DN25 DUBTHE。...     

基于高导热材料填充漏失构造的深井换热器性能分析

地热供暖可有效缓解北方雾霾天气。干热岩虽然储量丰富,但增强型地热技术由于开发费用较高,裂隙控制以及避免诱发地震的技术尚不成熟,现阶段还不能商业化应用。水热型地热开发技术虽较成熟,但受资源条件的限制,开发规模较小。对于大多地区,受地质构造和资源禀赋的控制,单井产水量较低或者回灌难,开发经济效益较差。深井换热器(DBHE)技术是开采地热水低产区或回灌难地区热能的有效方式,但受制于岩石导热系数低,单井输出功率小,投资回收期长。为提高DBHE的输出功率,本文提出了增强型深井换热器(EDBHE),通过主动将高导热性能的复合填充剂流进漏失构造的方式提高岩石的导热性能,通过调节回压、密度和黏度来控制漏失量。研究结果表明,单井EDBHE十个采暖季的平均取热功率为1002.34 kW,是DBHE(424.45 kW)的2.36倍。而双井EDBHE十个采暖季的平均取热功率更是达到了27501.61 kW,且热输出稳定,每年的衰减率0.95%。EDBHE技术有效利用了出水量低或回灌难的水热型热储,大幅提高了其出力,扩大了地热供暖的应用范围。     

中深层地热井下同轴换热器长期换热性能研究

中深层地热井下同轴换热器具有取热量大、出口水温高的特点,近年来受到供热行业的高度关注。目前的研究主要是对单个供热周期内的中深层地热井下同轴换热器的换热性能进行分析,缺乏对其长期换热性能的相关研究。本文根据中深层地热井下同轴换热器供暖季供热、非供暖季停歇运行的特点,基于能量守恒方程建立换热器的数值换热模型,并采用有限体积法对模型进行离散,通过Matlab平台数值分析其在长期运行过程中换热性能的变化规律。结果表明：换热器的换热性能随着运行年份逐渐下降,且下降程度逐年减小,最终达到准稳态。其中,次年平均换热量的下降比例最大,且换热器埋深越大,换热量的下降比例越小。埋深为2 000、2 500、3 000 m换热器的次年平均换热量的下降比例依次为4.00%,3.78%和3.56%,第30年的平均换热量较第1年分别下降13.7%、13.1%、12.4%。岩体温度逐年下降,其受干扰半径逐年增加。在30 a运行期间,埋深2 000 m的换热器在每年供热季结束时的岩体温度受干扰半径从13 m增加至105 m。此外,换热器深度越大,其周围岩体温度受干扰半径越大。本研究结果阐明了中深层地热井下同轴换热器在长期取热过程中换热性能的变化规律,对换热器长期取热的设计具有指导意义。     

Simulation of heat transfer performance using middle-deep coaxial borehole heat exchangers by FEFLOW

Due to its large heat transfer area and stable thermal performance,the middle-deep coaxial borehole heat exchanger (CBHE) has become one of the emerging technologies to extract geothermal energy. In this paper,a numerical modeling on a three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model of a CBHE was conducted by using software FEFLOW,in which the model simulation was compared with the other studies and was validated with experimental data. On this basis,a further simulation was done in respect of assessing the influencing factors of thermal extraction performance and thermal influence radius of the CBHE. The results show that the outlet temperature of the heat exchanger decreases rapidly at the initial stage,and then tended to be stable; and the thermal influence radius increases with the increase of borehole depth. The heat extraction rate of the borehole increases linearly with the geothermal gradient. Rock heat capacity has limited impact on the heat extraction rate,but has a great influence on the thermal influence radius of the CBHE. When there is groundwater flow in the reservoir,the increase of groundwater velocity will result in the rise of both outlet temperature and heat extraction rate. The heat affected zone extends along with the groundwater flow direction; and its influence radius is increasing along with flow velocity. In addition,the material of the inner pipe has a significant effect on the heat loss in the pipe,so it is recommended that the material with low thermal conductivity should be used if possible.     

Thermal stresses in borehole heat exchangers

The backfilling materials of borehole heat exchangers (BHE), particularly the grout material, must provide a suitable thermal contact and ensure durability to the induced thermal stresses because of the heat loading. In this paper, the thermal stresses that occurred in BHEs because of heat injection or extraction is investigated with an analytical solution of a hollow cylinder model that is adapted for time‐dependent heat loading, the geometry of a BHE, and the thermo‐mechanical properties of surrounding ground conditions. Firstly, the hollow cylinder model is solved with the considered boundary conditions in 2D plane stress. Secondly, the temperature differences at the inner and outer circles of the cylinder are evaluated with the heat line source models for continuous and discontinuous loading to observe the impact of the heat loading schedule. The developed analytical solution for thermal stress investigation is validated with numerical models. It is demonstrated that the analytical solutions agree well with numerical results for two types of BHE configurations (co‐axial and single U‐shaped pipes). Furthermore, the calculated maximum stresses are compared with the tensile strength of grout materials obtained from Brazilian tests. It is predicted that the thermal contraction of the grout, partially constrained by the surrounding rock, generates tensile stresses that may lead to cracking in the BHE. According to the results, the stiffness of rock has a primary role on the developed tensile stresses, and the relationship between the thermal conductivity of the ground and of the grout induces a proportional impact on the magnitude of thermal stresses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热交换桩的作用机制及其应用

将常规桩与地源热泵技术结合起来形成了一种新型基桩--热交换桩。首先介绍了热交换桩的概念和工作机制,并对其进行了总结和分类。桩体中埋设换热器并与地表管路连接,通过换热器中的交换液体与桩体、桩周土-地基土及地下水系统进行热交换,形成封闭的地源热泵的地热交换器,使得热交换桩具有常规基桩和地源热泵预成孔直接埋设换热器的双重作用。最后分析了热交换桩目前国内外的应用现状,指出了实际应用关键技术问题及其研究的方向。分析后可以看出,热交换桩是一种经济、环保、节能的新技术,值得推广使用。     

西安地区中深层套管式地埋管换热性能数值模拟

本文建立了符合西安地区地热地质的三维地质模型,基于FEFLOW软件模拟了入口流量、入口温度、换热井深度以及出水管管材导热系数4种参数对套管式地埋管换热器换热性能的影响,以换热量为换热性能衡量标准,探究如何合理设置参数来提高换热效率。结果表明：1）增加入口流量会导致出口端温升降低、换热量增大,西安地区入口流量设置在15 m³/h～25 m³/h最为适宜;2）增加换热井深度会使得出口端温升和换热量呈指数增长,井深对换热量的影响主要取决于换热段所处地层温度及换热时长,岩石导热系数贡献较小;3）针对西安地区,入口温度对换热量的影响最为明显,出水管管材导热系数和换热井深度次之,入口流量影响效应相对较弱。本研究对西安地区中深层地埋管换热系统设计施工和地热能勘探开发具有指导和参考意义。     

Estimation of groundwater flow from temperature monitoring in a borehole heat exchanger during a thermal response test

To estimate the groundwater flow around a borehole heat exchanger (BHE), thermal properties of geological core samples were measured and a thermal response test (TRT) was performed in the Tsukuba upland, Japan. The thermal properties were measured at 57 points along a 50-m-long geological core, consisting predominantly of sand, silt, and clay, drilled near the BHE. In this TRT, the vertical temperature in the BHE was also monitored during and after the test. Results for the thermal properties of the core samples and from the monitoring indicated that groundwater flow enhanced thermal transfers, especially at shallow depths. The groundwater velocities around the BHE were estimated using a two-dimensional numerical model with monitoring data on temperature changes. According to the results, the estimated groundwater velocity was generally consistent with hydrogeological data from previous studies, except for the data collected at shallow depths consisting of a clay layer. The reasons for this discrepancy at shallow depths were predicted to be preferential flow and the occurrence of vertical flow through the BHE grout, induced by the hydrogeological conditions.