云南石林洞穴发育特征

石林位于滇东喀斯特高原南部,喀斯特极其发育,以发育了典型的石林地形而闻名遐迩,倍受国内外喀斯特学者的关注。洞穴是本区广泛发育分布的一种喀斯特地下形态,类型多样。依据它们的剖面形态、成因和所处的地貌部位差异,将其划分为罅状洞穴、水平洞穴和倾斜洞穴三个类型。洞穴在发育分布上受到区域碳酸盐岩地层分布的控制,表现出洞穴分布的相对集中性、洞穴发育对地层的选择性和洞穴发育的成层性等特征。洞穴发育规模绝大多数为中小型洞穴;洞穴多为现代地下洞河,埋藏浅且多天窗,并且洞穴的发育延伸方向明显受裂隙构造的控制。通过对石林地区喀斯特洞穴发育条件、洞穴发育类型、分布特征和洞穴发育的古地理环境特征分析,论述了石林地区洞穴的发育特征。     

北京石花洞结构特征及发育演化过程研究

北京石花洞是中国北方已探明洞穴中次生碳酸盐沉积规模最大、种类最丰富的洞穴;石花洞的景观美学价值和科学价值,在我国北方岩溶洞穴中占有重要地位。2013年7月,为了获取石花洞发育规模、空间结构等基本数据,采用国际通用洞穴测量方法,运用激光测距仪、罗盘和倾角仪,辅以Onstation洞穴绘图软件和ArcMap10软件对石花洞洞穴开展了全面的调查和测绘。结果显示:(1) 石花洞洞穴系统整体呈北西西-南东东向展布,长度为5 639 m,洞底投影面积为37 096 m2,洞底高差为172 m,洞内最高点海拔约为265 m,最低点海拔约为93 m。洞穴系统的发育演化主要受地层产状与北东向和北西向两组断层控制;(2) 石花洞洞穴系统分为五层,自上而下,各层洞道平均海拔依次为249 m, 211 m, 154 m, 111 m和95 m;(3) 最底第五层季节性地下河洞道长1 638 m,自西北向东南方向贯穿整个洞穴系统,依干湿季水文条件的差别,地下水以季节性涨落为主要特征,有多段有水通道;地下河道下游末端为叉状河道,崩塌明显,洞壁上无明显流纹发育;(4) 综合石花洞地下河走向和流向、洞穴发育控制因素和区域地层产状特征、石花洞与周边洞穴的空间位置关系,推测孔水洞是石花洞洪水期的排泄口。      

福建连城赖源洞穴系统研究与旅游开发探讨

连城赖源洞穴系统发育于分布面积不及2km2、厚度不足100m 的二叠系下统夹有燧石层的栖霞组灰岩中,洞穴形态不同于单一通道、树枝状通道、侧羽状通道形态特征,也与迷宫状洞穴系统以及成层状洞穴系统存在差异,是介于迷宫状和楼层状之间的类迷宫状洞穴系统。研究表明,该洞穴系统是一种处于有序动态变化的三维空间地域系统,既有空间展布形态和边界形态,又会随时间的变化而不断演化。洞穴系统水动力具有溶蚀作用、混合溶蚀作用、侵蚀作用的特征。在新构造运动影响下,经历了数次间歇性抬升,赖源洞穴最终发育为类迷宫状洞穴系统。该洞穴景观独特,有很高的旅游开发价值。      

试论我国地洼区喀斯特洞穴的发育与演化

本文论述了地洼区喀斯特洞穴的发育,成矿和演化规律。比较了地槽、地台和地洼三个大地构造单元区喀斯特洞穴之差异,揭示洞穴发育与大地构造之间的内在联系。根据地洼区洞穴发展,划分了五个成洞期。并对地洼区洞穴溶蚀堆积特征及矿床特征和分类做了讨论。又从地洼区地壳运动特点、古地貌演化、岩性条件以及古水文、古气候变迁,论述了地洼区洞穴时空发展不平衡的发育规律。最后指出了地洼区洞穴研究在科学和生产上的实际意义。     

荔波洞穴鱼类初步研究

荔波县位于贵州南部,地下河及洞穴发育,洞穴水体中鱼类亦很丰富。经过对100个洞穴的考察研究,在地下河中及地下河出、入口处共采集到鱼类标本200余号,经鉴定为37种,其中真洞穴鱼类3种,好洞穴鱼类10种,偶洞栖鱼类24种。真洞穴鱼类特化最高,对洞穴环境的依赖性很强,好洞穴鱼类有一些特化现象。      

缓倾岩层洞穴系统发育模式的模拟试验

为模拟洞穴系统的发生、演化及分布规律。对缓倾岩层(倾角<15°)裂隙疏散或密集及多层或单层含水层结构的模型所做的溶蚀试验表明:均匀介质含水层在平面上洞穴发育呈不均匀状况,剖面上以浅饱水带及承压含水层顶板附近洞穴较发育;在裂隙不发育或不贯通时洞穴发育受层面裂隙控制;在缓倾岩层中,洞穴发育循反倾向的方向逐渐减弱。     

喀斯特洞穴旅游研究综述

自20世纪80年代以来,国内外对喀斯特洞穴的研究主要集中在洞穴景观形成机理、洞穴景观旅游价值评价、旅游洞穴类型划分、旅游活动对喀斯特洞穴环境影响、喀斯特洞穴景观保护等方面,并主要取得了几个重要认识: ( 1)喀斯特洞穴的发育以溶蚀作用为基础,但也存在着机械侵蚀、生物侵蚀、空气与气蚀以及各种沉积作用。( 2)按照洞穴成因,洞穴可分为渗流带洞穴、地下水位洞穴、潜流带洞穴和深潜流带洞穴,以及一些特殊成因的洞穴。( 3)对喀斯特洞穴旅游价值的评价可采用定性与定量相结合的方法进行,定性评价考虑的主要因素有区位、知名度、规模、景观的丰度、价值和功能、容量等; 定量评价则多采用层次分析法和模糊数学模型。( 4)旅游活动对洞内环境有很大的影响,洞穴温度、CO2 含量与客流量呈正相关关系; 灯光植物滋生主要源自洞穴灯光照明、游客带进的孢子及细菌。( 5)实行游客分批进入制,将有利于保护洞穴环境和保育洞穴景观。( 6)实行区域旅游组合开发、增加喀斯特洞穴型旅游目的地的旅游产品、加大景区保护力度与市场营销力度、加强从业人员培训等,可延长喀斯特洞穴旅游地的生命周期。已有研究大多从地学和旅游学的角度入手,且偏重于开发和评价方面。今后,应加强现代技术在洞穴旅游开发中的应用、洞穴旅游的管理、洞穴医疗旅游、洞穴旅游环境容量量测、洞穴旅游形象塑造和洞穴旅游开发时序等方面的研究。      

滇东南南洞地下河系统源区洞穴特征及其成因演化机制

滇东南岩溶地貌发育,岩溶洞穴是该区典型空洞体系。文章以滇东南南洞地下河系统源区典型岩溶洞穴为研究对象,基于地学理论和地球化学分析,对该区地貌特征、成因及演化机制开展科学研究。研究表明,NW向的张性断裂、区内可溶部分最高个旧组碳酸盐岩以及杨柳河向西流动的水动力作用是南洞地下河系统源区洞穴发育的主要成因;全新世中期6 kaBP以来,该地区洞穴演化过程经历了三个阶段,其中,主体形成时间为6~4 kaBP;此外,建立石洞洞穴与地下河发育模式。本次研究对南洞地区地下水资源评价具有实际意义。      

贵州荔波岩溶洞穴发育特征

荔波位于云贵高原岩溶向广西岩溶丘陵和孤峰岩溶平原过渡的岩溶斜坡地带。区内岩溶洞穴极其发育,岩溶洞穴(在时空分布上受区域碳酸盐岩地层分布的控制,表现出对地层岩性的选择性和洞穴发育的成层性特点,岩溶洞穴的发育规模、方向明显受断裂、裂隙构造的控制,表现出极强的方向性。本文主要依据洞穴的形成条件、洞穴空间展布的控制特征以及洞穴沉积物的特征等,论述了区内岩溶洞穴的发育特征。      

洞穴研究进展综述

洞穴学发展到现阶段,已成为一门综合性交叉学科。本文综述在洞穴分类、洞穴发育演化机理和模拟实验研究、洞穴探测与国际合作、洞穴资源及数据库建设、洞穴沉积物分类及成因研究、洞穴石笋的古环境记录研究、洞穴生物研究、洞穴景观旅游开发、洞穴环境系统观测与洞穴医疗试验研究、洞穴保护与管理等方面所取得的进展。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.