基于杨赤中插值法的坡度、坡向计算的实现与分析

应用杨赤中滤波推估法,将地形碎部点高程观测值看作一种包含规律性和随机性变化的复合变量,求其二项系数加权游动平均,建立估值数学模型,求得各格网点高程估值。将离散的数据经插值计算转换为DEM数据,并根据其网格顶点来分析、推算和显示网格单元的坡度和坡向。     

多波束海底地形数据空值区域的插值填补方法分析

由于边界误差剔除、测线布设过于稀疏等因素影响,利用多波束数据生成高分辨率DEM时,常常会存在一些水深空值单元或区域。为了对这些数据空值区域进行可靠填补,在考虑地形特征及空值单元大小的情况下,利用IDW、Spline、Kriging、TIN四种插值方法对某区域多波束海底DEM空值区域进行直接内插填补试验,结果表明插值算法的选取不仅受地形类型限制,而且与空值区域的大小也密切相关。     

海量多波束数据抽稀方法的比对分析

针对构建海底DEM高效率、高精确度的要求,对比分析了海量多波束水深数据的抽稀方法。利用格网分块结构高效组织海量多波束水深数据,分别采用三种数学模型内插网格节点水深值,实现了不同网格尺度下的数据抽稀。实验证明:所提分块索引策略能提高多波束数据抽稀效率;距离加权内插模型能有效提高海底DEM模型的准确度。     

基于BJ-1影像和高分辨率潮汐网格的潮滩DEM构建

平缓潮滩的测绘受到潮汐和淤泥的双重影响,难以进行大区域的人工作业。探讨利用序列遥感影像构建潮滩DEM的技术方法。基于多时相BJ-1小卫星自动提取水边线,利用中国近海高分辨率潮位网格,与卫星过境时刻的水边线进行空间关联与内插,生成带有高程值的系列水边点,并以此来构建潮滩地形三角网,最后生成格网潮滩DEM。与现场RTK验证的三个剖面的高程相比,其高程绝对误差均值小于0.2m。结果表明,应用中分辨率遥感影像进行淤泥质潮滩地形反演可以达到一定比例尺的制图精度。     

利用1∶50000高程数据进行ASTER DEM异常修复研究

覆盖近乎全球的30 m ASTER DEM已经对公众开放,为研究全球尺度问题提供了较好的数据基础,但其数据精度和质量在我国区域内存在较多不确定性。研究了利用全国1∶50000高程数据对ASTER DEM数据异常进行修补的技术路线,从而为实现利用多源DEM数据更新现有数据提供质量与可靠性保证,也为我国构建全球基础DEM数据库提供了一种有效的参考。     

离散点数据自动绘制等深线方法探究

提出用反距离插值法将多波束离散数据点插值成规则格网DEM数据,再根据海图生产规范自动绘制不等间距相对光滑的DEM。将自动绘制的等深线与一般软件生成的等深线、海底地形图成果等深线进行比较分析得出：文中方法绘制的等深线相比以前有较大改善且更符合地形,可作为人工绘制的参考线。     

一种基于自适应窗口滤波的DEM获取算法

在分析了一种基于固定窗口滤波的DEM获取算法的基础上,提出了一种自适应窗口滤波的DEM获取算法,改变移动窗口的大小进行分块拟合来反演地面的高程值,获取DEM数据.利用海岸带区域IKONOS卫星影像匹配生成的三维坐标数据集进行了实验,实验证明了该算法的有效性.     

一种基于断面高程数据的河道冲淤计算方法—曲线正交网格地形法

本文应用河道固定断面高程数据和卫星遥感资料,建立了一种基于曲线正交网格的河道数字高程模型(DEM),进而进行河道冲淤定量计算的普适方法。应用1991—2012年黄河孙口-艾山河段河道断面高程数据,结合卫星遥感资料,分别应用本文方法、断面法和基于矩形网格的网格地形法计算了孙口-艾山河段的冲淤演化,比较了不同方法的差异,探讨了不同方法产生误差的主要原因,结果表明:基于三种方法计算得出的研究区河道冲淤演化趋势基本一致,但冲淤量差异较大。断面法计算结果与本文方法结果较为接近,平均相对误差约为9%,其计算误差主要源于未考虑河道宽度变化和断面方位与河道夹角的变化。基于矩形网格建模计算结果与本文方法结果相差较大,平均相对误差可达40%以上,主要由于现有断面数据空间分布不均匀,导致计算网格对于弯曲河道的控制不足,进而导致河道高程插值失真。本文方法考虑了河道河势与河长变化,计算网格与河道边界拟合较好,优化了河道高程插值方法,降低了断面方位对插值结果的影响,能够准确的计算河道的冲淤通量。     

盐城淤泥质滨海湿地DEM构建及其精度评估研究

以盐城保护区核心区为例,利用2002年野外高程测量数据,运用Kriging和TIN两种不同思想的插值方法对研究区DEM的构建与精度评估两个问题展开研究.研究结果表明:1)Kriging插值验证显示:均差接近于0,均方根标准误差接近于1.证明采用Kriging插值同时考虑数据本身约束性条件的模型是可行的.同时,运用等高线和等高点数据生成的TIN,效果同样比较理想.2)对两种DEM进行了精度评估,数据显示误差都在可控范围之内.其中Grid-DEM的绝对误差最大值为0.162 m,平均绝对误差为0.063 m,平均相对误差为4.20％;而TIN-DEM的最大值仅为0.028 m,平均绝对误差和平均相对误差只有0.005 m和0.36％.3)在对两种DEM的比较中发现:无论是绝对误差还是相对误差,Grid-DEM都要远高于TIN-DEM,两者最大值相差0.134 m;在受人类干扰较强以及经常受潮汐影响而处于不断变化的区域,Grid插值要明显差于TIN插值.但从DEM表面整体光滑度来看,Grid-DEM却要优于TIN-DEM.     

多源水深数据融合的近海数字水深模型构建

针对近海多源水深数据来源复杂,密度不均匀的特点,提出了构建近海数字水深模型的方法.首先选择合适的插值方法建立多分辨率的数字水深模型,然后采用叠加融合多分辨率网格的方法建立最终的高分辨率数字水深模型.以渤海海区的部分多波束、单波束数据为例,分别采用克里金法、连续曲率张力样条法和狄洛尼三角网法三种插值方法,结合模型融合建立...     

Effects of DEM Resolution on Modeling Coastal Flood Vulnerability

Abstract

This article examines whether Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resolution affects the accuracy of predicted coastal inundation extent using LISFLOOD-FP, with application to a sandy coastline in New Jersey. DEMs with resolution ranging from 10 to 100 m were created using coastal elevation data from NOAA, using the North American Vertical Datum of 1988. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic flood model was developed in LISFLOOD-FP using each DEM, all of which were calibrated and validated against an observed 24-h tidal cycle and used to simulate a 1.5 m storm surge. While differences in predicted inundated area from all models were within 1.0%, model performance and computational time worsened and decreased with coarser DEM resolution, respectively. This implied that using a structured grid model for modeling coastal flood vulnerability is based on two trade-offs: high DEM resolution coupled with computational intensity, but higher precision in model predictions, and vice versa. Furthermore, water depth predictions from all DEMs were consistent. Using an integrated numerical modeling and GIS approach, a two-scale modeling strategy, where a coarse DEM is used to predict water levels for projection onto a fine DEM was found to be an effective, and computationally efficient approach for obtaining reliable estimates of coastal inundation extent.     

Topographical Mapping of a Bare Tidal Flat Outside a Mangrove Area based on the Waterline Method and an Iterative Hydrodynamic Model: A Case Study of Yingluo Bay,South China

A change in the elevation of bare tidal flats outside a mangrove area is an indispensable factor for the sustainable development of mangroves. Waterline extraction, as an effective and economical tool used in reconstructing the terrain of an intertidal zone, has been widely applied to open-coast tidal flats by constructing a digital elevation model (DEM). However, mangrove wetlands are usually located in wave-sheltered sites, such as estuaries and bays that have narrow tidal channels flanked by tidal flats. Changes in water level are affected by the dry-wet processes of complex landforms caused by tides. This article takes as a study case the area of Yingluo Bay, which covers the core region of the Zhanjiang and Shankou National Mangrove National Nature Reserve in southwestern China. Waterline extraction based on seventeen multisource and multispectral satellite images obtained from December 2014 to April 2015, combining the finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) hydrodynamic model in an iterative process, was used to generate a topographical map of the bare tidal flat outside the mangrove area in Yingluo Bay. The quality of the iterative DEMs was evaluated via six transects of a ground-based survey using Real - time kinematic (RKT) GPS in May 2015. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the DEM decreased with an increase in the number of iterations. In this study, the DEM in the third iteration was used as the final output because the difference from the previous iterative DEM satisfied an inversion-stopping criterion. The MAE and RMSE of the final DEM with the measured data were 0.072 and 0.09?m, respectively, without considering small tidal creeks. The method used in this study can be an effective and highly precise approach for detecting and reconstructing the historical terrain of a bare tidal flat outside a mangrove area. This work also has great importance regarding intertidal resource management and the sustainable development of mangroves facing the vulnerable coastal ecological environment.     

The importance of the vertical accuracy of digital elevation models in gauging inundation by sea level rise along the Valdelagrana beach and marshes (Bay of Cádiz, SW Spain)

The identification of potential coastal inundation caused by future sea level rise requires not only time series records from tide gauges, but also high-quality digital elevation models (DEMs). This study assesses the importance of DEM vertical accuracy in predicting inundation by sea level rise along the Valdelagrana beach and marshes of the Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain). A present-day (2000) and a projected (2100) high tide have been spatialized over a traditional (aerial photogrammetry) regional DEM of Andalusia with a horizontal spatial resolution of 10 m and a vertical accuracy of 0.68 m RMSE (root mean square error), and a LIDAR-derived DEM of the Valdelagrana study site with the same spatial resolution but a vertical accuracy of 0.205 m RMSE. The simulations are based on a bathtub model, which accounts for the effect of vertical barriers. The results reveal that the presence of infrastructures such as roads and salterns is the key to delimit the extent of water penetration during high tides in an otherwise homogeneously flat area comprising the beach and marshes of Valdelagrana. Moreover, in comparison with the highly accurate LIDAR DEM, the inundation areas derived from the lower-resolution DEM are overestimated by 72 % and 26 % for the present-day and future scenarios respectively. These findings demonstrate that DEM vertical accuracy is a critical variable in meaningfully gauging the impacts of sea level rise.     

现代黄河三角洲地面沉降及其原因分析

为全面和具体地了解整个黄河三角洲的地面沉降状况,收集了现代黄河三角洲地区1956、1967、1980年1∶5万比例尺的地形图资料,利用地理信息系统软件进行数字化、建立高程数据库,生成数字高程模型。通过对不同时期数字高程进行空间运算发现,1956—1980年间黄河三角洲地区地面沉降现象普遍,沉降区年平均沉降数厘米。基于数字高程空间分析结果,探讨了诱发三角洲地面沉降的自然和人为因素。     

Topographic Mapping of Offshore Sandbank Tidal Flats Using the Waterline Detection Method: A Case Study on the Dongsha Sandbank of Jiangsu Radial Tidal Sand Ridges,China

The waterline detection method (WDM) based on satellite images is one of the most effective methods for constructing digital elevation models (DEMs) for tidal flats. The general practicability of the WDM has been demonstrated in previous studies for small areas. This article attempts to generate a DEM over a large offshore sandbank with a tidal flat area of more than 620 km² by integrating the conventional WDM with a hydraulic model and multitemporal satellite images. For illustration purposes, a case study was conducted at the Dongsha sandbank, one of the largest sandbanks among the radial tidal sand ridges of Jiangsu Province, China. In this study, 34 multitemporal satellite images acquired at different tidal phases in 2006 were analyzed to detect the waterlines. The water level at each satellite overpass moment was simulated by a south Yellow Sea hydraulic model, and discrete waterline points were combined with the corresponding water levels to produce a topographic map. Compared with the DEM produced during the same period by the airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, the DEM derived from WDM effectively contains the average height error within 47 cm, which is satisfactory. All of these findings may be useful for researchers and local authorities, as the findings could be used as a reference for sandbank evolution research or to support environmental management, coast protection, and storm forecasting.     

岸外沙洲潮间带地形的增强型遥感构建方法

水边线法是潮间带地形遥感反演的重要方法。针对常规水边线方法在应用于地形多变的岸外沙洲潮间带数字高程模型（DEM）构建中出现的水边线交叉和缺乏表现潮沟微地形特征的问题,本文提出了一种增强型地形遥感构建方法:首先通过潮位排序,筛选出具有正确高程变化趋势、空间分离的水边线;然后对筛选过程中水边线位置相近的影像组按像元计算改进的归一化差值水体指数并进行均值序列合成,提取出合成海陆边界线,二者共同构建出初始的潮间带DEM;进一步利用低潮期的潮沟边界线和中线生成潮沟DEM,通过潮沟镶嵌处理,最终获得可表达滩面微地形起伏的潮滩DEM。该方法在江苏岸外辐射沙洲中部核心区域的模拟应用表明,对比4条验证剖面的平均结果,高程平均绝对误差为0.43 m,均方根误差为0.54 m,相关系数（r）为0.75,模拟高程与验证高程在剖面起伏形态变化方面具有良好的一致性,同时模拟DEM的空间破碎度小,能够反映更多的细节地形特征。该方法可为利用多源遥感数据构建考虑微地形变化的高精度潮间带地形DEM提供新的思路。     

A simple waterline approach for tidelands using multi-temporal satellite images: A case study in the Yangtze Delta

Waterline technique based on satellite remote sensing is potentially one of the most effective tools for studying changes in tidal flat environment and coastlines. However, multi-temporal waterlines obtained from satellite images are often difficult to compare directly because fluctuant tidal conditions may produce different elevation of waterlines. To overcome the difficulty, this study developed a comparable waterline solution to estimate active lateral evolutions using TM satellite images at different tide conditions. Owing to the dynamic properties, the Yangtze River mouth was selected as the case example to test the suitability of the approach, and totally four time slices were partitioned during 1987–2004 for investigating coastline changes. The first step of this technique is to digitize waterlines with various elevations labeling in a time slice. In the second step, the waterlines were merged to generate DEMs and contour maps using the linear gridding interpolation method. In the last step, any interested contour line may be extracted from DEMs and used for comparison of tideland changes. To evaluate the errors in digitizing and interpolation process, quantitative checks were examined after the DEMs were constructed. In order to monitoring the rate of coastline spread, a proposed approach for estimating mean coastline spread distance between two time spans is developed in this paper. To conclude, this work demonstrates the importance of TM/ETM images to provide high-frequency historical topography and morphodynamics information for coastal monitoring and evaluation.     

一种基于TIN三角网数据的规则格网生成算法

格网地形模型和7TIN地形模型是数字高程模型的两个主要组成部分。结合实际工作,在实现多分辨率地形环境仿真需求下,充分利用已知TIN数据信息,通过划分格网点,判断格网点是否落在TIN三角网内,用三角形三个点高程内插得到格网点高程的方法,实现基于TIN数据生成格网数据。方法简单实用,在三维地形仿真应用中有较好的效果。     

A Quantitative Method to Control and Adjust the Accuracy of Adaptive Grid Depth Modeling

To address the limitations of current methods to control and adjust the accuracy of depth models and relatively low accuracy, a quantitative method to control and adjust the accuracy of adaptive grid depth modeling is proposed. First, uncertainties in source data and interpolated depths are estimated, and the representation uncertainty derived from finite and discrete points representing the continuous seafloor surface is analyzed. Second, mean vertical uncertainty in an arbitrary given area is calculated. Finally, interpolation of the depths at grid nodes from source data and the distribution framework of the grid nodes are optimized in each local area, and an adaptive grid depth model is created according to the expected accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate that (1) the proposed method can control and adjust the accuracy of the depth model in each local area such that the accuracy of the constructed model meets the requirements of the expected index as closely as possible and (2) the proposed method can improve the accuracy of the depth modeling by optimizing the interpolation and distribution of the grid nodes.