蝴蝶突变模型中尖点曲线的求解

突变论Thom分类定理中的第四种初等变换即蝴蝶突变模型,其标准形式为 X_1~5+C_3X_1~3+C_2X_1~2+C_1X_1+C_0=0 (1)式中C_3<0。(1)式的相空间是五维的,控制空间是四维的,其所对应的控制参数有四个,分别为 C_3:蝴蝶因子(butterfly factor) C_2:偏倚因子(bias factor) C_1:剖分变量(splitting variable) C_0:正则变量(normol variable) 状态变量有一个即平衡态X_1,反映平衡态X_1的控制方程(1)式是一个超曲面,它不能在通常的三维空间中用一幅几何图形画出其分歧点集(bifurcation set),必须固定C_3、C_2后才可能在二维的控制相平面(C_0,C_1)中画出它的分歧点集。为了得到这个分歧点集的分析表达式,我们作如下推导:     

用“A.I.D”方法作梅汛期雨量预报

一、“A.I.D”方法简介设有k个因子x_1,x_2…x_k,预报量是y,于是n次观测的全部资料可写成如下矩阵: “A.I.D”方法的第一步,依x_i;(i=1,2,…,k)的大小顺序,把y的资料排成有顺序的k个资料序列。考察它们的最优二分割,最优二分割相应的总变差记为S_i(i=1,2,…,K)。比较S_1,S_2…S_k,找出一个最小的,设S_(il)=(?),这就是说依x_(il)。的大小顺序来对y作最优二分割,可以使分割后两组内部的变差总和达到最小。然后对S_(il)所对应的二分割作一次F     

小球测风记录取舍的初探

小球测风(升速200米分~(-1))方位角、仰角无突变,计算分钟的点子轨迹及量得风层的风向风速无异常,但若记录长达60分钟以上,应认真分析,决定其取舍。 气球圆周长C=3〔(A+B)6π~2/ρ-γ〕~(1/3)ρ空气重力密度,γ氢气重力密度,A净举     

Acidity of Aerosols during Winter Heavy Haze Events in Beijing and Gucheng,China

We investigated the acidity and concentrations of water-soluble ions in PM_(2.5) aerosol samples collected from an urban site in Beijing and a rural site in Gucheng, Hebei Province from November 2016 to January 2017 to gain an insight into the formation of secondary inorganic species. The average SO_4~(2–), NO_3~–, and NH_4~+ concentrations were 8.3,12.5, and 14.1 μg m~(–3), respectively, at the urban site and 14.0, 14.2, and 24.2 μg m~(–3), respectively, at the rural site.The nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios in urban Beijing were correlated with relative humidity(with correlation coefficient r = 0.79 and 0.67, respectively) and the aerosol loadings. Based on a parameterization model, we found that the rate constant of the heterogeneous reactions for SO_2 on polluted days was about 10 times higher than that on clear days, suggesting that the heterogeneous reactions in the aerosol water played an essential role in haze events.The ISORROPIA II model was used to predict the aerosol pH, which had a mean(range) of 5.0(4.9–5.2) and 5.3(4.6–6.3) at the urban and rural site, respectively. Under the conditions with this predicted pH value, oxidation by dissolved NO_2 and the hydrolysis of N_2O_5 may be the major heterogeneous reactions forming SO_4~(2–) and NO_3~– in haze.We also analyzed the sensitivity of the aerosol p H to changes in the concentrations of SO_4~(2–), NO_3~–, and NH_4~+ under haze conditions. The aerosol p H was more sensitive to the SO_4~(2–) and NH_4~+ concentrations with opposing trends, than to the NO_3~– concentrations. The sensitivity of the p H was relatively weak overall, which was attributed to the buffering effect of NH_3 partitioning.     

试论总辐射的气候学计算方法

本文通过对现有各种总辐射计算公式的讨论,证实了Q=Q_0f(S_1,n)及Q=S_0φ(S_1,n)的一致性;讨论了常见的沙文诺夫-易斯川姆式中系数K的物理意义及其影响因子;分析了在我国具体条件下,日照百分比和平均总云量之和不等于1的原因及其年变程。最后,根据我国日射资料(1958—1960年)各自分别地得出计算月平均总辐射日总量Q,直接辐射量S’和散射辐射量D的经验式,然后使之满足Q=S’+D,并以此相互验证各自的计算精确性。     

台站经纬度在计算物理量时的应用

应用有限元法计算物理量的时候,有下列数学表式: 设有三站在局地直角坐标系中的坐标分别为:A(x_1y_1),B(x_2y_2)、C(x_3y_3)如图1,某气象要素可用下列线性方程表示:     

On the couplings between chebyshev coefficients as derived from the monthly mean geopotential fields at 500 hPa over East Asia and the Southern Oscillation

The first six Chebyshev polynomial coefficients (i.e., A00, A01, A10, A11, A02, A20) were derived from monthly mean geopotential height over East Asia for the period 1951－1983. Spectral analysis of these coefficients reveals rela-tive maxima of power in the frequency bands of 200 months (~ 16.7 years), 25 months (the quasi-biennial oscillation), 5-6 months, and 2-3 months. Cross-spectral characteristics between Chebyshev coefficients and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were also explored. Coherence spectrum for the zonal and meridional circulation index (A01 and A10) with the SOI was significant near 4 years, the QBO, and 2-3 months. Some physical explanations were offered for the spatial linkages (i.e., teleconnections) between the SO and atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia.     

上海浦东X波段双线偏振雷达衰减订正效果分析北大核心CSCD

降水对X波段雷达电磁波的显著衰减,造成了回波弱化现象,带来了定量应用不准确的问题。为了减轻降水衰减对雷达数据的影响,用Z-K_(DP)(反射率因子-差分传播相位常数)方法对上海浦东气象局的X波段雷达反射率因子进行订正试验,具体方案为:当K_(DP)≥0.3°·km^(-1)时,用K_(DP)的值进行订正;当K_(DP)<0.3°·km^(-1)时,使用雨滴谱拟合A(衰减系数)和Z间的经验公式做衰减订正。选取对流性降水个例(2020年9月17日)和稳定性降水个例(2021年2月26日)进行衰减订正试验,经过衰减订正和系统偏差订正后,X波段雷达反射率因子与S波段雷达的反射率因子大小相当,回波形态相似,验证了该订正方法适用于对流性降水和稳定性降水的X波段雷达反射率因子的衰减订正。     

C_N~2剖面的声雷达探测与直接测量

本文简要叙述了C_N~2的声雷达探测方法和直接测量的计算方法,给出在稳定和不稳定条件下用单点声雷达推得C_(N,a)~2剖面。 在80和140米两个高度的C_(N,a)~2与C_(N,d)~2进行比较,结果指出,C_(N,a)~2/C_(N,d)~2的比值与声折射率谱的斜率差异有关.最后还对谱形及其对C_(N,a)~2/C_(N,d)~2比值的影响作了初步讨论.     

大气湍流场中温度场结构的基本问题

本文在考虑湍流能量耗散率和温度不均匀性平滑率是变量的基础上,得到了大气湍流场中新的温度结构函数公式,它比“2/3”定律多一个修正因子[1+M_1~2(r)]~(2/9)。应用湍流能量耗散率谱的观测资料对修正因子作了估计。     

PRELIMINARY ANALYSES OF THE ACTIVITIES OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON IN 1998

The NCEP reanalyzed data, OLR and SST observations are used to study the onset time and the multi-time scales features of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon in 1998 and its interaction with the sea surface temperature and the effect on the precipitation in Guangdong province. It is found that the 1998 SCS summer monsoon set in on May 17 (in the fourth pentad of the month). The year witnesses a weak monsoon with the OLR oscillating at cycles of about 1 month and the Southwest Monsoon of about 1/2 month. The mon-soon over the Bay of Bengal and the cross-equatorial current near 105°are two driving forces for low-frequency variations of the SCS monsoon. The weak activity in the year was resulted from positive anomalies of SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific in early spring and subsequent formation of positive anomalies of SST in the SCS through the Arabian Sea.     

淮河流域水汽收支的若干特征

利用欧洲中心１９８０－１９８６年７年逐日资料和同期淮河流域的降水资料,计算了该地区的大气水汽汇的时间变化和空间分布,并分析了它们与降水量和蒸发量的关系。结果表明：淮河流域的７年平均降水量为８５７．５ｍｍ,年蒸发量为８４２．０ｍｍ,水汽收支大致相当。水汽汇的年际变化较大。７年平均水汽汇最大值在淮河上游信阳一带,最小值位于流域东部。淮河流域平均降水在７月份最大（２１１ｍｍ）,蒸发量同时达到最大（１６７     

华北夏季不同月份降水的年代际变化

利用９５１年到１９９６年华北地区１７个站的月降水资料,分析了华北地区夏季各月降水的年代际变化特征,结果表明：６月降水量较少,且在年代际变化下没有表现出减少趋势;７月降水量较多,年代际变化较大,８０年代是少;８月的降水量在年代际变化上表现出线性减少的趋势并呈准１０年周期的振荡,７月和８月的降水量均在６０年代中期和从７０年代末到８０年代初有两次明显的减少。根据７、８月降水不同的年代际变化特征,我们利用     

南海海温变化及其对广东雨量的影响

本文用较新的资料,较仔细地分析了南海海温的变化及其对广东雨量的影响。发现南海海温具有25—32个月的变化周期,落后相关分析表明南海海温变化落后于东太平洋海温变化8个月,南海海温异常主要出现在2—7月。 广东各地,暖水年平均雨量大于冷水年平均雨量。但年内各月有一定差异。分析发现,暖水年,南海海温对副高有加强和吸引西伸作用,冷水年则起减弱东移作用。      

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERAL CIRCULATION, POLAR ICE AND SNOW DAYS / COVER OF EXTREMELY SEVERE COLD MONTHS IN SOUTH CHINA WINTER

The work has made a statistic study of the variations of extremely severe cold winter months in the south of China and general circulation and external forcing factors in preceding periods. The result shows that from the current month to the preceding March the subtropical high in the west Pacific is persistently weak or located more to the east and south. When the summer monsoon is weak in East Asia in the year before, the winter monsoon will be strong in the current year in which the extremely severe cold month occurs. The Asian polar vortex expands in the preceding July, August and September and the current winter. The Tibetan Plateau has fewer days of snow cover in the November and December before the cold month occurs. There is less snow in the Tibetan Plateau in the preceding winter / spring of each extremely severe cold month. There are more polar ice in the polar Region for the 11 months before the current February, especially the previous March through August, and in Region in January ~ November before the current cold month of December but less ice in Region in March ~ August.     

SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF NET RADIATIVE HEATING IN THE EARTH-ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM AND ITS RELATIONS TO ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

Satellite-derived data of the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR), net shortwave radiation at the tropopause(SRT)and circulation information as predicted by NCEP are used in the work to study seasonal variations of net radiative heating in the earth-atmospheric system and its relationship with the Asian summer monsoon. As is shown in the result, the zonal deviations of the zonal deviations of the heating, manifested as mutations in direction between land and sea with seasons, is an indication of the thermal difference between them. Being a month earlier than that in the general circulation from spring to summer, the seasonal reversal of directionmay be playing an essential role in triggering the onset and withdrawal of summer monsoon in Asia.     

长江流域水分收支以及再分析资料可用性分析

首先利用实测资料定量计算了长江流域水分收支的各分量,包括降水、径流、蒸发、水汽辐合等,分析其季节循环、年际变化以及线性趋势变化。结果表明,多年平均该流域是水汽汇区,主要来自平均流输送造成的水汽辐合,而与天气过程密切相关的瞬变波则主要造成流域的水汽辐散。蒸发所占比例接近于径流,对流域水分循环十分重要。大部分要素的季节变化和年际变化都很大,只有蒸发和大气含水量的年际变化较小。降水和平均流输送造成的水汽辐合一般在6月达到年内最大,12月达到年内最小,而径流和大气含水量则一般滞后1个月于7月达到年内最大,1月降为年内最小。1958—1983年,夏半年降水略微增加,冬半年略微减少,各月实测径流为弱的增长趋势,但均不显著,年平均蒸发亦无显著的趋势变化。然后将实测资料同ECMWF及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料作进一步对比分析,以检验两套再分析资料对长江流域水分循环的描述能力。在量值上,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中的降水、蒸发、径流均比实测偏大很多,大气含水量及由平均流输送所造成的水汽辐合则偏小很多;ECMWF再分析资料中的降水量、径流量基本上与实测接近,蒸发量偏大,大气含水量及由平均流输送所造成的水汽辐合偏小,但比NCEP/NCAR再分析资料要接近实测。另外,该两套再分析资料均可以较好地描述长江流域水分收支的季节循环和年际变化,而且同样是ECMWF再分析资料与实测资料的一致性更好。但是两套再分析资料在1958—1983年均存在十分夸张的线性趋势变化,尤其是ECMWF再分析资料。     

北京地区呼吸道疾病与气象条件关系的分析

利用１９９６年１月～１９９７年１２月北京某医院内科成人呼吸道感染病例资料７１２个和北京观象台的压,温,湿逐日资料,对北京地区呼吸道疾病与气象条件的关系进行了分析,得出北京地区呼吸道疾病发病人数的月际变化,分析了气温,气压及空气湿度的变化与呼吸道疾病发病人数多少的关系,并用逐步回归法建立了逐月呼吸道疾病发病等预防方程。     

初值中云变量对T213预报性能的影响

采用云变量自由变化的方案，在国家气象中心全球业务模式T213L31的初始场中增加有关云变量的信息，通过2005年6—8月和2015年12月—2006年2月各3个月的连续滚动对比试验的统计分析和个例预报分析，研究探讨了全球模式初值中增加云变量对模式预报性能的影响。初步研究结果表明:采用自由变化的方案在初值场中增加云的信息，使模式能够较为合理地描述出模式预报初期与云相关变量分布和变化特征，降低了spin-up现象对模式前期降水预报能力的影响，同时对500 hPa形势场预报也有一定程度提高。     

厦门能见度的准周期性变化

利用厦门机场2000～2002三年白天（08～20时）逐时能见度及相应的相对湿度、风资料，通过统计方法和小波分析，发现厦门能见度有显著的日变化、季节变化、季节内和准两周等不同尺度的变化，并且分析了这几种变化的基本特征。在每天有记录的时刻08～20时，能见度日变化明显，在清晨、傍晚最低，午后最高；能见度存在季节变化，在一年中3～5月能见度最低，这正对应着厦门的雾季，厦门地区的能见度与当地的雾关系密切；能见度还存在显著的季节内（30～60d）变化和准双周（10～20d）变化，这与东亚季风区内的大气振荡有关。