究竟有无可靠的大地震短临物理前兆?

探寻可靠的地震前兆对大地震预测具有重要意义.地震前兆复杂多样,根据感知方式不同,可分为微观前兆和宏观前兆两大类.本文从大地震孕育的物理机制角度出发,结合典型震例,讨论前震事件与标志性地震事件之间已发现的可能地震前兆的可靠性.研究表明,已发现的物理异常现象可能反映了大地震孕育过程中应力的局部涨落效应,难以作为可靠的大地震短临前兆.我们强调,判断某种物理异常是否为可靠的大地震前兆,需进行长期观测才能得出明确结论.     

从2014年4月1日智利地震认识前震

<正>最近一些大地震如2014年4月1日智利地震之前的地震活动分析结果揭示,一些大地震是有可能被预测的。大地震之前是否有可测量的、明显的前兆异常来警示我们?一直以来,前震被认为是地震预测最有希望的指标。至少一半以上的大地震有前震,但这些前震很难从非前兆地震活动中区分出来。2014年4月1日智利地震及近期其他大地震的前震活动表明,大地震前可能存在可观测的前兆异常。地震相互作用的统计模型表明,当区域     

前兆波及其地震预测意义

通过回顾自20世纪60年代以来地震前兆波的研究与地震预测实践的进展情况,分析利用地震前兆波进行地震预测研究所取得的一些有意义的进展及其在科学上面临的困难,分别对前兆波及其定义、前兆波预测大地震事件基本依据、前兆波观测技术概述、前兆波的地震预测意义进行了探讨.文中定义了地震前兆波,以固体均匀弹性中的介质点波动方程和大量震例总结的前兆波阶段性特征,说明利用地震前兆波预测大地震事件具有坚实的理论基础和实践依据.文中阐述了前兆波观测技术的发展要求,并提出了改变目前的被动观测状况、对观测目标区域发生破坏性地震的短期和临震前兆进行主动观测的科学思路;应强化对地震震源区的观测,利用前兆波携带的信息研究震源及其附近地区的介质参数变化,对实现短临地震预测是有意义的.     

汶川MS8.0地震前云南地区显著前兆观测异常分析

汶川M_S8.0地震前云南地区出现了显著的前兆观测异常. 该文从大地震的孕育范围出发分析认为这些地震前兆异常可能与汶川M_S8.0地震有关, 并认识到前兆观测出现的显著极值异常可能是M_S≥7.0大地震的前兆; 有学者认为大震震源区没有或较少出现前兆观测趋势异常是大地震的共性特征, 汶川M_S8.0地震的前兆观测异常也是相同的; 地震前兆观测异常开始和结束时间是多样的, 前兆异常的分布是复杂的, 因此利用震后总结的共性特征, 在震前对汶川M_S8.0地震作出预测是困难的.      

6 震前大气电场异常的基本特征和震例

关于"地震预测研究争论"的组织者Ian Main将地震预测定义分为4类,一是与时间无关的地震危险性;二是与时间有关的地震危险性;三是指在某种前兆信息观测的基础上,对临震的一些特征(如震级、地点、时间)进行预测,这种预测仍应是概率性的,不可能准确、可靠地给出未来地震的准确地点、时间及震级;四是可靠地预先知道地震发生的地点(经纬度和深度)、震级和时间,所有这些参数的预测误差都在一个很窄的范围内(当然仍应高于随机水平),使得疏散和撤离能够有计划地进行.     

地震预报可行性的科学与实践问题讨论

唐山地震40周年之际, 回顾我国地震预测预报探索的科学实践历程, 总结其进展, 讨论遇到的科学与实践问题, 展望未来, 这是最好的纪念． 实现地震预报的关键是短临预报, 震前是否有前兆, 是否可以观测到, 是否可应用于预测地震并取得减灾实效, 这都是地震预报探索需要阐明的问题, 即地震预报的可行性研究． 本文主要对地震前兆及其物理基础、 地震能否预测的争论以及观测的重要性等一些重要科学与实践问题进行讨论, 并在此基础上认识到, 地震是有前兆的, 且前兆很复杂, 在充分研究前兆的基础上地震预报是可能的; 此外, 地震预测预报探索需从可行性研究进入更高的探索阶段．      

序

正地震是一种复杂的现象,世上没有任何能预测其发生的特效药,如何现实性地对其概率进行预测尚处于摸索过程之中。那么,究竟能够实现怎样的概率预测?为此,组织了本特刊在于揭示其研究展望和研究战略。预测大地震发生的线索是各种观测数据中的异常值。然而,这些数据是否成为大地震的前兆?其紧迫程度又是怎样的?相应的判别     

云南省地震前兆模拟观测数据库的建设与实现

地震前兆现象的分析研究是开展地震预测的重要途径.在地震预测尚处于经验性预报的现阶段,积累可靠的前兆数据尤为重要.虽然我国的前兆台网观测技术已基本进入数字化发展阶段,但大量的模拟观测仍在运行,几十年来积累的模拟观测数据仍是十分宝贵的科研资料.如何对已有的模拟数据进行科学管理、使未来采集的模拟数据与已有数据进行科学的衔接、为分析预报提供方便快捷的数据服务、使前兆模拟数据的产出和使用真正实现网络数据库的管理等都是值得深入思考并认真解决的重要问题.     

同源前兆波预测地震初探

将当前地震预测面临的主要问题归结为:银弹战略乏策、回溯研究存疑、数学处理失实和前兆观测无据。为避开其中的问题,提出依据同源前兆波预测大地震的思路,并对大震同源前兆波的发生进行了定义。所指的同源前兆波主要为声发射波、地震波、电磁波及形变波4类。以芦山地震为例进行了分析。依据同源前兆波预测大地震的关键技术是:观测、分析研究以及预测目标区域积累应力的快速释放进程。     

用模糊集理论对时变震害作定量估计

本文中,模糊集理论的各种方法,也称模糊数学,已被应用于时变震害的定量估计,获得以下结果: 1.以地震烈度资料为基础对震害作定量估计.应用模糊数学的一些方法,大地震前的地震烈度花样能进行比较清楚地、定量地计算;在某给定区域,大震前高活动周期和地震活动静态周期能被识别;地震活动的暂时变化和地震间隙的相似性也能被检测出来.另一方面,根据一系列的地震烈度统计指标,也可以直接估计时变震害.文中模糊集分析的两种方法.即模糊类比法和模糊花样识别直观法都很有特色.模糊集分析方法之一是基于模糊网;其二是根据模糊等效关系.2.以不同前兆观测资料为签础对震害作定量估计,模糊花样直观法适于研究不同种类地震前兆.根据被识别前兆的时间和空间特征,将能估计不同时期震害.本文主要研究中国和日本观测到的中、短期前兆.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.