共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Fisher distribution is the most commonly used probability density function for discontinuity orientations. Based on Fisher distribution, Monte Carlo simulation method for discontinuity orientations was reviewed and improved. Those orientations extending beyond the edge of an upper hemisphere projection (OEBEUHP) often have an important influence on both the mean orientation and Fisher constant K, thus affecting simulation results. The detailed algorithms for identifying and adjusting those OEBEUHP were developed in this paper. Based on the improved method, a program for generating discontinuity orientations and plotting their stereographic projection maps, named as MCSDO, was developed. Due to the aforementioned adjustment, the generated orientations by MCSDO are close to the original discontinuity orientations, which were mapped in field, and satisfactory. Only the original orientations and target number of generated orientations need to be input. By running the program we can directly obtain the follows: orientations of generated discontinuities, mean orientations of both original and generated discontinuities, Fisher constant K of both original and generated discontinuities, and stereographic projection maps of both original and generated discontinuities. MCSDO is a freeware designed for researchers and practicing engineers, and can be easily mastered with a little computer knowledge. 相似文献
3.
Konstanze Stübner Raymond Jonckheere Lothar Ratschbacher 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(13):3184-3199
A simple atomistic Monte Carlo simulation suggests that there are up to four stages in the evolution of an etch pit in the (0 0 1)-surface of an idealised regular lattice. During the first stage, the etch pit is an inverted pyramid; its horizontal and vertical dimensions increase at a constant rate; the apparent horizontal (vh) and vertical (vd) growth rates are faster than during all subsequent stages but nevertheless less than the step retreat rate (vs) on account of surface etching (vv). The pyramid apex is truncated in the second stage; it is thereafter bounded by an expanding bottom plane and shrinking lateral walls; this is accompanied by a gradual decrease of vh; vd drops to a negative value indicating a slow decrease of the etch-pit depth; the bottom plane acquires a concave-up curvature; the outward curvature of the walls, initiated during the first stage, increases. During the third stage the etch pit consists of a single concave-up bottom plane; vh and vd decrease at declining rates; consecutive etch-pit profiles are scalable in the horizontal direction. The hypothetical fourth stage is inferred but not documented by the simulations; it sets in when vh is reduced to zero; unless this corresponds to an as yet unidentified steady-state condition, the etch pit from here on forth shrinks until it eventually disappears altogether. The sole cause for this succession is the process of stochastic rounding of confined steps and faces.The triangular footprint of recoil-track, fission-track, ion-track and dislocation etch pits in trioctahedral mica and its compliance with the monoclinic symmetries implies that the relevant periodic bond chains are O-Mg/Fe-O chains in the octahedral layer. The size distribution of etched recoil tracks is due to (1) depth variations resulting from the size distribution of the latent tracks, (2) the random truncation of the surface tracks, (3) the variable rate of etch-pit enlargement and (4) the fact that new tracks are exposed at the surface due to surface etching. The greater size of dislocation, fission-track and ion-track etch pits is due to their greater extent below the surface. The increase of the number of etched tracks with etching time due to bulk etching is non-linear because the bulk etch rate vv is not constant. The evolution of etch-pit shape with continued etching can also cause loss of tracks due to observation effects related to loss of contrast. 相似文献
4.
C. I. Sainz-Díaz J. Cuadros A. Hernández-Laguna 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2001,28(7):445-454
An inverse Monte Carlo (MC) method was developed to determine the distribution of octahedral cations (Al3+, Fe3+, and Mg2+) in bentonite illite–smectite (I–S) samples (dioctahedral 2:1 phyllosilicates) using FT–IR and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopies. FT–IR allows determination of the nature and proportion of different cation pairs bound to OH groups measuring the intensities of OH-bending bands. 27Al MAS NMR data provide information about cation configuration because 27Al MAS NMR intensity depends on Fe distribution. MC calculations based on FT–IR data alone show Fe segregation by short-range ordering (Fe clusters within 9 to 15?Å from a given Fe atom). Fe segregation increases with illite proportion. MC calculations based on IR and 27Al NMR simultaneously yield similar configurations in which Fe clusters are smaller. The latter calculations fail to build appropriate cation distributions for those samples with higher number of illite layers and significant Fe content, which is indicative of long-range Fe ordering that cannot be detected by FT–IR and 27Al MAS NMR. The proportion of Mg–Mg pairs is negligible in all samples, and calculations, in which the number of Mg atoms, as second neighbours, is minimised, create appropriate configurations. 相似文献
5.
《岩土力学》2017,(11):3341-3346
描述变量相关性的多元分布模型有着广泛的工程应用。利用多元线性自回归模型和排序算法,研究了具有指定边缘分布和指定相关结构的多维随机变量的生成算法。基于MATLAB语言编程实现了该算法。将该算法应用于结构可靠度和边坡可靠度直接抽样Monte Carlo模拟计算问题中,解决了传统Monte Carlo模拟难以考虑变量互相关性的难题。数值实验表明,该方法计算结果精确,可以放松理论模型的理想化要求,能更真实的反映问题实际。将该方法与一次二阶矩方法计算结果对比发现,一次二阶矩方法往往对可靠度有过高的估计。此外失效概率对变量分布类型比较敏感,相同的安全系数可能对应不同的失效概率。提出的方法可以应用于复杂结构系统的可靠度计算问题,并可推广应用于其他领域的相依变量的仿真问题。 相似文献
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Phase equilibria of the system methane-ethane from temperature scaling Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo simulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new technique of temperature scaling method combined with the conventional Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo simulation was used to study liquid-vapor phase equilibria of the methane-ethane (CH4-C2H6) system. With this efficient method, a new set of united-atom Lennard-Jones potential parameters for pure C2H6 was found to be more accurate than those of previous models in the prediction of phase equilibria. Using the optimized potentials for liquid simulations (OPLS) potential for CH4 and the potential of this study for C2H6, together with a simple mixing rule, we simulated the equilibrium compositions and densities of the CH4-C2H6 mixtures with accuracy close to experiments. The simulated data are supplements to experiments, and may cover a larger temperature-pressure-composition space than experiments. Compared with some well-established equations of state such as Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EQS), the simulated results are found to be closer to experiments, at least in some temperature and pressure ranges. 相似文献
7.
Grain growth kinetics and the effect of crystallographic anisotropy on normal grain growth of quartz
Annealing experiments on agate were performed to investigate grain growth kinetics and the effect of crystallographic anisotropy
on normal grain growth of quartz. The experiments were conducted using a piston-cylinder apparatus at 700–800°C and 0.5 GPa
for 0–66 h. The grain growth rate was expressed by D
n
−D
0
n
= kt with k = k
0
exp(−H*/RT) where D
0
is the initial grain size at t = 0, with n = 4.4 ± 0.3, and H* = 191.3 ± 11.0 kJ/mol is the activation enthalpy and logk
0
= 19.8 ± 1.4. While the grain aspect ratios are nearly constant at ~0.7 (short/long) during grain growth, the longest axis
in individual grains tends to be oriented parallel to their c-axis, indicating that a primary crystal-preferred orientation of c-axis of the agate could result in the development of a weak shape-preferred orientation during grain growth. 相似文献
8.
基于蒙特卡罗边坡稳定二元体系的建立与应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
边坡是一个具有明显不确定性、模糊性和时变性的系统,安全系数及可靠度理论在边坡稳定评价上各有优缺点。二元体系是基于确定性指标(安全系数)和不确定指标(可靠度)建立的边坡稳定综合评价指标体系,兼有二者的优点,具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。考虑到边坡材料指标具有区间分布及稳定边坡的安全系数不能小于其临界值的特点,对纯数学理论模型进行修正,提出了一种更加符合工程实际的边坡稳定二元评价体系,同时选取蒙特卡罗模拟法,将该二元评价体系融入GeoStudio软件,借助GeoStudio软件强大的计算能力,形成一套完整而高效的边坡稳定二元指标分析方法。采用该方法进行了降雨条件下花岗岩残坡积土边坡稳定性分析,得出了有益的结论,验证了该方法的可行和高效。 相似文献
9.
Spatial variations in grain size distribution and selected metal contents in the Xiamen Bay,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Guihai Li Zhimin Cao Dongzhao Lan Jiang Xu Shanshan Wang Weihan Yin 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(8):1559-1567
The present work attempts to describe the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surficial sediments of the Xiamen Bay
influencing by the characters of the sediments. In this paper, the distribution of trace metals, as well as the main properties
(i.e. grain size, TOC, AVS) based on surface sediments collected at 40 stations across the Xiamen Bay was done. The relation
of the sediment properties to heavy metal concentrations was evaluated with Pearson’s correlation analysis. According to the
grain size distribution, cluster analysis is used to classify the sampling stations into groups regarding the depositional
environment. Basing on the data, the hydrodynamic feature and the contamination of surface sediment by selected metals were
discussed. The results show that the distribution of various types of sediments and the variations of their concentrations
of heavy metals are controlled largely by the hydrodynamic conditions. As for the surface sediments, Xiamen West Harbour shows
a serious situation with Arsenic, Pb and Zn. 相似文献
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Hurst's rescaled range analysis is a useful tool in the examination of a time series and is designed to measure memory content and determine its fractal texture. This study applies the Hurst method to a new earthquake catalogue for Greece. The study also adopts Monte Carlo simulations to provide a statistical test underpinning the Hurst analyses. Together these reveal basic temporal fractal characteristics in the earthquake occurrence time-histories' memory. Three regions are considered, approximately: all of Greece and some surrounding areas, and the sub-zones of the Hellenic Arc and the Gulf of Corinth. Three temporal textures are considered: elapsed time between earthquakes, strain energy release, and earthquake frequency. The elapsed temporal textures for the zone whole Greece indicate distinct characteristics in chronological order and possess long memory. These belong to the class non-random pattern. However, these characteristics generally disappear when the sub-zones are considered and become random patterns. The Monte Carlo simulations support this. Therefore, memoryless statistical seismic hazard estimates may not be suitable for whole Greece but could be useful for the sub-zones. The strain energy release temporal textures for whole Greece and for the sub-zones, no matter that these seem to possess long memory at first analysis, are all random patterns. In other words, the Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that these patterns are much more likely to happen by chance. The seismic frequency textures for whole Greece and for the sub-zones suggest long memory, however, only the texture for the Hellenic Arc zone (MS ≥ 5.0) and that for whole Greece (MS ≥ 4.0) approach demonstrable non-random patterns. Except for these, other patterns happen by chance. 相似文献
12.
Victor L. Vinograd Bjoern Winkler Daniel J. Wilson Andrew Putnis Julian D. Gale 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(8-9):533-544
Static lattice energy calculations, based on empirical pair potentials, were performed for a large set of structures differing in the arrangement of octahedral cations within the garnet 2 × 2 × 2 supercell. The compositions of these structures varied between Ca3Fe2Ge3O12 and Ca4Ge4O12. The energies were cluster expanded using pair and quaternary terms. The derived ordering constants were used to constrain Monte Carlo simulations of temperature-dependent mixing properties in the ranges of 1,073–3,673 K and 0–10 GPa. The free energies of mixing were calculated using the method of thermodynamic integration. The calculations predict a wide miscibility gap between Fe-rich (cubic) and Fe-pure (tetragonal) garnets consistent with recent experimental observations of Iezzi et al. (Phys Chem Miner 32:197–207, 2005). It is shown that the miscibility gap arises due to a very strong cation ordering at the Fe-pure composition, driven by the charge difference between Ca2+ and Ge4+ cations. The structural and thermodynamic analogies between Ca–Ge and Mg–Si systems suggest that a similar miscibility gap should exist between pyrope and Mg–Si-majorite. 相似文献
13.
最小孔隙比是确定岩土体的密实程度与孔隙特征的有效物理指标,如何快速有效地确定岩土体的最小孔隙比,可为岩土体的固结与稳定提供可靠参数。多数估算细粗混合材料最小孔隙比的模型参数与细粗粒径比一一对应,导致估算困难。在分析尾矿粒度组成、沉积规律和固结稳定的基础上,以8种不同粗细粒径,7~9种不同细粒含量尾矿为试验对象,拟合得到不同粒组尾矿最小孔隙比分布模型参数的函数关系;基于混合尾矿颗粒的粒组特征,给出了确定参数幂函数关系的指数值。分别采用模型参数要求粒组范围内的其他6组岩土材料和非粒组范围内的3组岩土材料进行验证。结果表明,考虑粒组分类影响下的模型,参数简单,对不同材料的最小孔隙比估算准确率较高,给出的最小孔隙比的分布规律合理,可为岩土工程领域最小孔隙比估算提供可靠的计算方法。 相似文献
14.
《International Journal of Coal Geology》1988,9(4):371-383
This paper presents a statistical relationship between the pyrite particle size distribution and the potential amount of pyritic sulfur reduction achieved by specific-gravity-based separation. This relationship is obtained from data on 26 Ohio coal samples crushed to 14 × 28 mesh. In this paper a prediction equation is developed that considers the complete statistical distribution of all the pyrite particle sizes in the coal sample.Assuming that pyrite particles occurring in coal have a lognormal distribution, the information about the particle size distribution can be encapsulated in terms of two parameters only, the mean and the standard deviation of the logarithms of the grain diameters. When the pyritic sulfur reductions of the 26 coal samples are related to these two parameters, a very satisfactory regression equation (R2 = 0.91) results. This equation shows that information on both these parameters is needed for an accurate prediction of potential sulfur reduction, and that the mean and the standard deviation interact negatively insofar as their influence on pyritic sulfur reduction is concerned. 相似文献
15.
In a previous paper, we developed a theoretical basis for parameterization of reservoir model parameters based on truncated
singular value decomposition (SVD) of the dimensionless sensitivity matrix. Two gradient-based algorithms based on truncated
SVD were developed for history matching. In general, the best of these “SVD” algorithms requires on the order of 1/2 the number
of equivalent reservoir simulation runs that are required by the limited memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (LBFGS) algorithm.
In this work, we show that when combining SVD parameterization with the randomized maximum likelihood method, we can achieve
significant additional computational savings by history matching all models simultaneously using a SVD parameterization based
on a particular sensitivity matrix at each iteration. We present two new algorithms based on this idea, one which relies only
on updating the SVD parameterization at each iteration and one which combines an inner iteration based on an adjoint gradient
where during the inner iteration the truncated SVD parameterization does not vary. Results generated with our algorithms are
compared with results obtained from the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Finally, we show that by combining EnKF with the SVD-algorithm,
we can improve the reliability of EnKF estimates. 相似文献
16.
Determination of reaction kinetics using grain size: An application for metamorphic zircon growth 下载免费PDF全文
The reaction kinetics of metamorphic minerals can be subdivided into interface‐ and diffusion‐controlled kinetics. The discrimination of reaction kinetics is crucial for estimating reaction rates. Here, we propose a new and simple method for discriminating reaction kinetics. This method requires measuring only the initial and final grain sizes during growth. The reaction kinetics is inferred from different plotted arrays of initial vs. final grain sizes after the mineral growth. Using metamorphic zircon, we take detrital core sizes as the initial sizes and post‐metamorphic grain sizes as the final sizes. The application of the method to the subduction‐related high‐pressure Nagasaki metamorphic complex in Japan shows that this metamorphic zircon grew under interface‐controlled kinetics even at the relatively low temperature of 440°C. This method is potentially applicable to other minerals that have time‐markers, such as chemical zoning or internal structures that are captured at a given point in time during growth. 相似文献
17.
Monte Carlo analysis of the effect of spatial distribution of storms on prioritization of flood source areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Implementation of structural and non-structural flood control measures in flood-prone watersheds is on increasing demand. Different watershed areas are not necessarily hydrologically similar and impose variable effects on the outlet flow hydrograph. Meanwhile, prioritization of watershed areas in terms of flood generation is essential for economic flood control planning. Previous works have focused on the definition of a flood index that quantifies the contribution of each subwatershed unit or grid cell to the outlet flood hydrograph through the application of unit flood response (UFR) approach. In the present research, for the first time, the effect of spatial pattern of storm events on the flood index variation was assessed via a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. To do so, the UFR approach was carried out for a large number of randomly generated rainfall spatial pattern. The proposed methodology was adopted to the Tangrah watershed in northern Iran. The watershed is frequently hit by floods that have historically caused loss of life and properties. The results indicated that for the more frequent flood events, the flood index is quite sensitive to the spatial distribution of rainfall such that for the highest ranked subwatershed (SW6), the standardized variation of the flood index values (i.e., the uncertainty range) decreases from 1.0 to 0.5 when the rainfall depth increases from 20 to 150 mm, respectively. The results further revealed that increasing the rainfall depth from 20 to 150 mm would cause the effect of rainfall spatial distribution on subwatersheds’ flood indices to diminish. The implications are that if flood control measures are designed for more frequent floods with lower return periods, an uncertainty analysis is required to identify the range of flood index variations. 相似文献
18.
Landslides - Subaerial landslides falling into a large body of water can generate large impulse waves (tsunamis). The wave generation by subaerial landslides involves sediment, water and air, and... 相似文献
19.
三维剖面地质界线是构建三维地质结构模型的重要基础数据,其不确定性会影响三维模型的几何形态和属性分布。以单一分布为假设前提的统计学不确定性分析方法掩盖了其他概率分布特征对模型的影响。突破单一误差分布条件的假设前提,本文使用Monte Carlo方法模拟了不同概率分布情况下地质剖面数据中地质界线的抽样采集,以及地质界线空间分布的不确定性;依托地质界线空间位置与地质属性的耦合关系,提出了用地质属性概率分布实现地质界线空间不确定性的定量可视化,并结合实际地质剖面探讨了多种概率分布条件下地质界线的空间不确定性。实例研究表明,基于Monte Carlo模拟的不确定性分析方法可以突破单一误差分布假设条件,结合地质属性概率可充分揭示出建模数据的内在不确定性与模型外在要素形态之间的耦合关系。 相似文献