Three-dimensional undrained tunnel face stability in clay with a linearly increasing shear strength with depth

The undrained tunnel face stability in clay with a linearly increasing shear strength with depth was investigated by three-dimensional finite element analysis. Three parametric studies were performed to study the effects of the cover depth ratio, overburden stress factor and linear strength gradient ratio on the load factor of the undrained tunnel face stability. The influence of the linear strength gradient ratio on the predicted failure mechanism of the undrained face stability was discussed and examined. An approximate closed-form solution was proposed for three-dimensional undrained tunnel face stability in clays with constant or linearly increasing shear strength profiles with depth.     

The effect of pore water pressure on tunnel face stability

The kinematic approach in combination with numerical simulation is used to examine the effect of pore water pressure on tunnel face stability. Pore water pressure distribution obtained by numerical calculations using FLAC^3D is used to interpolate the pore water pressure on a 3D rotational collapse mechanism. Comparisons are made to check the present approach against other solutions, showing that the present approach improves the existing upper bound solutions. Results obtained indicate that critical effective face pressure increases with water table elevation. Several normalized charts are also presented for quick evaluation of tunnel face stability. At the end of the paper, the influence of anisotropic permeability on tunnel face stability is also discussed, showing that the isotropic model leads to an overestimation of the necessary tunnel face pressure for anisotropic soils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

压力舱土体改良对盾构开挖面稳定影响研究

在渗透性大且富含地下水的砂砾地层中进行土压平衡式盾构施工,切削下来的土体具有渗透系数大、流动性差的特点,由于地下水的渗透使压力舱内支护土压力不能有效地施加到开挖面。通过压力舱土体改良技术,降低土体渗透性和提高土体的流动性是改善压力舱土体状态和提高支护土压力的重要措施。利用能够考虑大变形破坏的快速拉格朗日有限差分计算程序研究了压力舱土体改良效果对开挖面稳定性的影响,分析了压力舱土体渗透系数的降低对开挖面支护压力的影响关系,为土压平衡式盾构施工开挖面支护压力的确定提供参考。     

Numerical analyses of stability and deformation behavior of reinforced and unreinforced tunnel faces

In traditional tunneling, an analysis of the face stability is required to avoid failure mechanisms or excessive face extrusion. Face reinforcement can improve face stability and reduce deformations. In the present work a numerical study of both unreinforced and reinforced tunnel excavation faces by means of 3D FEM analyses is presented. The results are compared with those of the traditional limit equilibrium method and with an analytical solution based on previous numerical studies. It could be shown that the LEM may lead to non-conservative results. Finally, the deformation response is assessed and the benefits of face reinforcements are investigated.     

超前支护下隧道掌子面稳定性极限上限分析

软弱围岩隧道施工中,常采用超前支护确保隧道施工的安全。为了评价超前支护下隧道稳定性,建立了超前支护作用下截锥体、对数螺旋线共同破坏模型,基于极限分析上限法和综合强度折减法并考虑初期支护未支护段的影响,推导出了隧道稳定安全系数的目标函数,并利用Matlab编制程序求解该函数以此判断隧道稳定性。与模型试验结果和已有理论研究成果对比分析,验证了计算方法的合理性,同时分析了影响隧道稳定安全系数的各个因素。研究结果表明：围岩黏聚力、内摩擦角的增加,掌子面锚杆、拱部超前支护的施作对提高围岩稳定性有显著的作用,而初期支护未支护段长度、开挖高度的增加不利于围岩的稳定;在围岩内摩擦角较小时,分台阶开挖降低开挖高度提高隧道稳定性的效果更好;在围岩内摩擦角较大时,掌子面锚杆加固强度的增加对隧道稳定性提高的作用更显著。最后给出了超前支护的施工设计建议图,可为工程中初步确定超前支护参数和施工方法提供参考。     

Three-dimensional stability analysis of a longitudinally inclined shallow tunnel face

The tunnel inclination angle (δ) generally exists in urban and cross-river (sea) tunnels; hence, its effect should be considered in the stability analysis of a tunnel face. However, the influence of this tunnel inclination angle is rarely studied. In this paper, considering the effects of the tunnel inclination angle and the tunneling length (L), the optimal upper-bound solutions of the active and passive failure pressures were obtained using sequential quadratic programming (SQP) based on the upper-bound limit analysis. The effects of the dimensionless parameters on the pressures and failure modes were investigated. The results show that the tunnel inclination angle δ and the dimensionless parameter L/D (D is the section diameter of the tunnel) significantly affect active and passive stabilities. The difference in the results between δ = −10° and δ = 10° is mostly greater than 10% and reaches 80% when the internal friction angle (φ) is large. When the value of δ is zero, L/D does not affect on the result. The maximum difference in the results between L/D = 0 and L/D = 5 are 92.5% (passive failure) and 36.3% (active failure). For the active failure mode, with increasing of φ, the curves, which have δ values of −10°, 0° and 10°, intersect at a particular point when φ reaches a specific value.     

成都地铁卵石层中盾构施工开挖面稳定性研究

随着我国社会经济的发展,越来越多的城市开始规划和修建地铁,在此期间,部分城市在地铁建设中遇到了地质条件非常复杂的砂卵石土层,特别是正在建设中的成都地铁1、2号线,区间隧道几乎全部从卵石土层中穿越,根据设计,成都地铁1、2号线部分区间隧道采用加泥式土压平衡盾构法施工。利用土压平衡式盾构施工时,开挖面支护土压力控制是保证掘进顺利进行的关键,目前国内外在这方面的研究主要集中于砂土和黏性土,关于卵石土盾构隧道开挖面变形与破坏的研究很少。基于此,根据卵石土具有强烈离散特性的特点,利用颗粒离散元数值方法,对卵石土层土压平衡式盾构施工中开挖面支护应力不足引起开挖面的变形及破坏问题进行了分析研究,探讨了隧道开挖面变形及破坏问题。研究结果显示:（1）开挖面极限支护应力远小于土体原位静止土压力;（2）开挖面失稳后,开挖面前部的滑动块为一曲面体。这为卵石土地层中盾构开挖面控制压力的确定提供参考。     

浅埋隧道掌子面稳定性二维自适应上限有限元分析

为研究浅埋隧道掌子面稳定性及获取精细化的破坏模式,提出了一种上限有限元非结构化网格自适应加密策略。以单元耗散能权重指标作为网格自适应加密评判准则,该策略同时兼顾了单元尺度与塑性应变。应用高阶的6节点三角形单元并建立上限有限元线性规划模型,以多次反复计算和网格加密的方式实现了二维自适应上限有限元分析并编制了计算程序。利用条形基础地基极限承载力课题,从上限解精度和网格加密形态方面验证了该程序的有效性。针对浅埋隧道掌子面稳定性问题,展开多参数条件下的自适应上限有限元计算,分析了网格加密过程中单元总数与上限解精度的关系,列出不同隧道埋深和内摩擦角对应的隧道掌子面稳定性临界值的上限解,揭示出掌子面稳定性变化规律及精细化的破坏模式。     

盾构隧道开挖面稳定的可靠度研究

目前,盾构隧道开挖面稳定性评价方法均是确定性方法。为了考虑土体参数的变异性,提出用可靠方法来评价其稳定程度。采用数值模拟方法,研究了隧道开挖面极限支护压力。基于BP神经网络预测大量给定地层参数工况下的开挖面极限支护压力,对其进行统计,得其概率分布特征。在理论分析的基础上,结合工程实际,探讨了盾构施工土压力的确定原理。建立了隧道开挖面稳定的极限状态方程,对其进行了可靠度分析。该研究除能够科学、合理地评价开挖面的稳定程度外,对于盾构施工过程中合理地设定开挖面支护压力也具有一定的参考作用。     

上下行隧道立交处围岩稳定性的有限元计算

拟建的丰泽街隧道在泉厦高速公路大坪山隧道下穿过,其平面交角为50°,两洞间岩层厚度仅为6.44m。为了判断两洞交叉处围岩的稳定性,对其进行了三维有限元计算,分析了围岩的应力与变形状态,建议了相应的开挖、支护方法和施工时的监测内容。     

机械预切槽法开挖软土隧道地层变形研究

软土中的机械预切槽法是超前支护的一种，在预筑拱的保护下可以安全高效地开挖隧道。在隧道力学和弹塑性理论的基础上，利用自行开发的三维程序，分析了机械预切槽法与常规全断面法开挖隧道时引起的地层变形。计算结果显示：机械预切槽法形成的预支护作用在控制地层变形方面较常规全断面法具有明显的优势，预切槽法可以减少隧道施工对地层变形的影响范围和影响程度，可以用于对地表沉降控制较严格地区的隧道施工。     

Continuous velocity fields for collapse and blowout of a pressurized tunnel face in purely cohesive soil

Face stability analysis of tunnels excavated under pressurized shields is a major issue in real tunnelling projects. Most of the failure mechanisms used for the stability analysis of tunnels in purely cohesive soils were derived from rigid block failure mechanisms that were developed for frictional soils, by imposing a null friction angle. For a purely cohesive soil, this kind of mechanism is quite far from the actual velocity field. This paper aims at proposing two new continuous velocity fields for both collapse and blowout of an air‐pressurized tunnel face. These velocity fields are much more consistent with the actual failures observed in undrained clays. They are based on the normality condition, which states that any plastic deformation in a purely cohesive soil develops without any volume change. The numerical results have shown that the proposed velocity fields significantly improve the best existing bounds for collapse pressures and that their results compare reasonably well with the collapse and blowout pressures provided by a commercial finite difference software, for a much smaller computational cost. A design chart is provided for practical use in geotechnical engineering. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粉砂地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性离心试验及数值模拟

通过开展离心模型试验,对干粉砂及饱和粉砂中盾构隧道开挖面的失稳破坏特性和极限支护压力进行了研究。通过远程控制开挖面土体位移,获得了支护压力与开挖面位移间的关系曲线及开挖面达到主动极限平衡状态时的破坏模式。2组干砂离心模型试验结果表明,当隧道埋深与隧道直径比从0.5增大到1时,开挖面破坏模式从整体坍塌破坏转变为烟囱状,但极限支护压力变化较小。饱和砂土中的试验表明,开挖面水平方向破坏范围相比在相同埋深干砂中的范围扩大,极限支护压力显著增加。对开挖面破坏过程进行三维弹塑性有限元数值模拟,获得了开挖面极限支护压力和破坏机制,所得结果与试验吻合较好。进一步通过数值模拟,分析了土体强度参数、隧道埋深及渗流对极限支护压力的影响规律。结果表明,渗流条件下开挖面破坏区域及极限支护压力均大于无渗流情况,极限支护压力随内摩擦角增大而减小,随隧道埋深增大而减小。     

基于变形加固理论的隧洞与巷道开挖稳定分析

地下工程的开挖稳定和加固分析是岩土工程中的难题之一。变形加固理论是研究荷载超出结构极限承载力的理论,探求的目标是结构在承受荷载超出其极限承载力时维持稳定所需的最优加固力。给定荷载下结构出现不平衡力的区域即为首先破坏的区域;给定荷载下结构总是趋于加固力最小化、自承力最大化的状态。而整体稳定性可采用余能范数进行定量评价。基于三维非线性有限元方法,详细推导了不平衡力和塑性余能范数的表达式。通过典型深部隧洞与巷道开挖及加固的算例,对比分析了加固前后围岩内不平衡力的分布以及塑性余能范数的大小。结果表明,对围岩加固可在一定程度上提高围岩的强度和承载能力。     

黄土隧道围岩稳定性粘弹塑性有限元分析

模拟分析黄土隧洞围岩稳定性对了解黄土隧洞变形破坏机理,对黄土隧洞设计施工理论具有重要意义.采用粘弹塑性模型对黄土隧道围岩进行有限元分析,研究围岩的变形规律,探讨围岩位移场分布,并同真实试验黄土隧道的侧面无衬砌和半衬砌两种工况各3种状态的变形破坏结果进行比较,发现用有限元方法模拟的结果与真实隧道的变形破坏过程基本吻合,此结果可为类似的黄土隧道工程的设计施工提供参考.     

盾构隧道环向开挖面破坏机制及剪胀效应研究

采用刚性滑块构建两种圆形隧道失稳环向开挖面破坏模式,利用编制的非线性规划程序求解隧道失稳环向开挖面支护力系数σ_T /c（σ_T为均布支护荷载,c为有效黏聚力）最优上限解及地层破坏模式,揭示地层参数对隧道稳定性的影响,提出简单实用的极限支护力简化公式。研究结果表明：不排水条件下,当隧道埋深比H/D（H为埋深,D为隧道直径）和重度系数γD/c（γ 为重度）较小时,破坏区域主要集中在隧道中上部,随着H/D和γD/c增大,滑移线起始位置沿着隧道轮廓逐渐向隧道底部扩展,破坏区域向水平方向扩展。排水条件下,地层破坏模式主要有3种。当内摩擦角ϕ 和γD/c较大时,随着剪胀系数的减小,极限支护力和地层破坏范围变化较大,甚至可能引起破坏模式的改变。针对不同深度提出的极限支护力简化公式可快速获得隧道环向开挖面极限支护力。     

饱水黄土隧道变形规律研究

新松树湾隧道位于饱和的砂粘土中,土体的稳定性极差,施工难度较大。为此,在隧道施工期间,通过土工试验、隧道收敛和围岩内部位移的现场监测、隧道变形的三维有限元仿真计算等手段,对该隧道的变形规律进行了系统研究,获得了大量试验数据。研究成果对隧道的施工组织和支护参数的确定起到了重要作用,为此类隧道的施工积累了经验。     

软土地区双线区间盾构隧道施工对周边地表以及建筑物沉降的影响

研究盾构隧道施工对周围地面以及建筑物沉降造成的影响,是软土地区盾构隧道安全施工和正常运营的基础课题。为了分析宁波轨道交通5号线同德路站—石碶站区间双线盾构隧道施工对周边地表和建筑物的影响,本文在建立盾构隧道动态施工过程三维有限元模型的基础上,基于地表以及建筑物沉降数值模拟结果与现场监测值的对比,分析了隧道开挖对隧道周围地表沉降与建筑物沉降的影响。结果表明,掘进完成时,开挖方向沉降槽往上行线隧道方向偏移、呈现倒梯形形态,横断面影响区域为距离双线隧道轴线中心小于3倍隧道直径;上行线在下行线开挖后并不会增加地表沉降,但增大了沉降槽宽度;下行线到达前产生的沉降占最终累计沉降的67%;当盾构掘进面刚到达建筑物时、建筑物的倾斜方向与盾构掘进方向一致,当盾构掘进面离开建筑物时、建筑物将沿着盾构掘进的反方向倾斜;建筑物两侧沉降值较中部沉降值降低了83%;双线贯通后建筑物沉降呈“U”形分布,最大沉降量发生在远离隧道一侧距建筑物中心0.5 m处。     

浅谈坑道围岩稳定性监测

结合延吉市八道金矿坑探工程,利用FLAC3D软件建立坑道三维实体模型,对坑道围岩的应力分布规律、变形位移大小及塑性区分布等方面进行围岩稳定性的综合分析。然后根据分析结果对施工坑道围岩形变大的部位进行监测,为坑道施工安全及支护方案提供了一定的参考依据。