The relation between electric and redox potential: evidence from laboratory and field measurements

In field and laboratory experiments the relationship of redox, electric, and total potential was studied. This was carried out by using different arrangements of Pt and Ag/AgCl electrodes. The total potential is obtained by placing a Pt and an Ag/AgCl electrode at considerable distance apart on the rock. The studies indicate that the total potential yields the sum of redox and electric potential. Deviations larger than a couple of mV are caused by extensive fluid–rock interactions. In the laboratory it is seen that the magnitude of the electric potential is generally not larger than the artificially produced difference of the redox potential. The former is most likely attributed to a diffusion or membrane potential. At field scale the electric potential is designated as self potential. Redox potential measurements in the field may supply information from remnants of pore fluid of the rock and thereby may be suitable to support the exploration of concealed metal deposits. Detectable are in particular the fast H⁺ ions which are released by electrochemical reactions and transported by electromigration, both of which are attributed to the presence of the so called geobattery.     

Fairweather atmospheric electricity at Antarctica during local summer as observed from Indian station,Maitri

Surface measurements of the atmospheric electrical parameters like Maxwell current, electric field and conductivity studied at the Indian station, Maitri (70.75° S, 11.75° E, 117 m above mean sea level), Antarctica, during austral summer have been analyzed for the years 2001 to 2004. A total of 69 days were selected which satisfied the ‘fairweather’ conditions, i.e., days with absence of high winds, drifting or falling snow, clouds, and fog effects. The diurnal variation curve of electric field and vertical current averaged for 69 fairweather days is a single periodic with a minimum at 03:00 UT and a maximum near 19:00 UT, which is very similar to the Carnegie curve. The correlation coefficient between these measured parameters has a high value (more than 0.9) for all the days. During fairweather days the measured current and field variations are similar and hence it is clear that the conductivity is more or less stable. During magnetically disturbed days, the dawn-dusk potential drop has clear influences on the diurnal variation and it modifies the conductivity. Apart from the day-to-day variation in low latitude thunderstorm activity, there are diurnal, seasonal, inter-annual variations in the electric potential and the currents, as well as solar influences on the measured parameters. This study will help us to examine the impact of solar and geophysical phenomena like solar flares, geomagnetic storms and substorms on the global electric circuit.     

Distribution of thallium and accompanying metals in tree rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from a smelter-affected area

Distribution of Tl, Zn, Cd, Pb, K, Ca, Mg and Mn and Pb isotopic composition in tree rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from an area affected by primary Zn smelting (Olkusz, southern Poland) were investigated. Elevated concentrations of Tl (up to 0.8 mg kg⁻¹) in pine trees imply that conifers tend to accumulate this metal to some extent. A generally positive relationship between soil and tree-ring Tl levels was identified. The Tl patterns in stem wood did not correspond to changes in Tl deposition; the lateral translocation of Tl in the sapwood and its accumulation at the sapwood-heartwood boundary (i.e., in the inner sapwood) is suggested. It is probable that the specific behavior of Tl in trees results from its biogeochemical analogy with K. In contrast, tree-ring patterns of Zn and Cd significantly correlated with their deposition; nevertheless, a partial shift of these metals towards the stem center cannot be excluded. The isotopic composition of Pb (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ~ 1.172–1.184) in trees and underlying soils revealed the predominant influence of smelter emissions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ~ 1.17) on Pb contamination. Analysis of main nutrients (Ca, Mg and Mn) in wood reflected environmental changes related to acid deposition.     

深部煤层采动破坏电位响应特征与分布规律

为了研究采动破坏过程煤体电位信号的响应特征与规律,利用自主研发的矿用电位仪在河南薛湖煤矿25050综采工作面进行了现场测试。结果表明：煤层采动破坏过程能够产生显著的电位信号,电位响应特征能够揭示煤体应力状态的变化,随着回采工作面的推进,电位强度呈先增加后降低趋势,利用钻孔卸压后,煤体应力降低,电位信号随之下降;电位强度与钻屑量的空间分布规律基本一致,利用电位空间分布规律能够识别应力异常特征,出现“卡钻”现象时,煤体应力异常,电位强度出现峰值;当瓦斯指标超限或出现大能量煤炮事件时,电位信号呈超前增大趋势并伴随剧烈波动,利用电位信号能够识别煤岩动力灾害危险的前兆特征。研究成果表明利用电位手段可现场监测煤体采动破坏、预警煤岩动力灾害。     

The impact of atmospheric sodium on erodibility of clay in a coastal Mediterranean region

 Heavy rainfalls, between 25 and 100 mm·h–1, were simulated on Pliocene/Quaternary sediments. To reproduce the heterogeneity of natural environments, 231 small plots of various sizes (between 2.5 and 3.5 m²; mean: about 3 m²) were used. The duration of all simulations was 1 h. We used water that had been collected during natural rainfall. The concentration of clay particles in the sheet wash depended upon the concentration of dissolved sodium in the wash (for about 42%) and of the sheet wash quantity (for about 37%). Under natural water conditions colloidal matter, like clay minerals, is charged negatively and therefore is destabilized by metal cations such as in the case of Na⁺. Results suggest that relatively higher concentrations of montmorrillonite were related to higher concentrations of sodium as opposed to illite and kaolinite. Microflakes of up to 25 μ were observed to vary between face-to-edge and face-to-face modes (competition between protons and other cations). The concentration of dissolved sodium (Na⁺) in the runoff water depends on water and sodium balances such as atmospheric input, infiltration, evaporation and surface water runoff. The reduction of vegetation cover increases the amount of salt and amorphous matter in/on the topsoil between heavy rainfall generations. The best predictor to explain montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite in % of mineral clay-sized matter in the surface water runoff (sheet wash) is the percentage of each clay mineral in the topsoil. As opposed to illite and kaolinite, more sheet wash indicate for montmorillonite relatively higher concentrations in the wash. The results of model simulations were confirmed on different field plots of about 1 ha and small catchments during natural heavy rainfall events. Models can also be used to understand and to better simulate sheet, rill and gully erosion, micropedimentation; and pedimentation.     

Calci-microbialite as a potential source rock and its geomicrobiological processes

The calci-mircobialite is a special carbonate buildup, which is formed due to the activities of different kinds of microbes. Abundant microfossils preserved in the microbialite show the high-level productivity during deposition, while characteristic sedimentary minerals and geochemical compositions suggest an anoxic marine environment for organic burial. The high-level productivity and anoxic sedimentary environment favor the efficient preservation of organic matter and thus the formation of source rocks. On these points, microbialites could be one of the potential hydrocarbon source rocks, awaiting further geobiological investigation and exploration. Precambrian and some of the great transitional stages in Phanerozoic are critical periods when microbialites were well developed. Widespread microbialites have been found in North and South China. Bitumen observed in many outcrops of Precambrian and late Devonian microbialites further raises the possibility of the calci-microbialite as a potential hydrocarbon source rock. __________ Translated from Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2007, 32(6): 797-802 [译自: 地球科学-中国地质大学学报]     

山东邹平贺家地区找矿潜力研究

研究区位于邹平火山岩盆地,区内主要有会仙山断裂、青阳店断裂及铜崮子山断裂等,均为赋矿构造,发育多处铜矿,石英二长闪长岩是该区的主要含矿母岩.通过开展地质、深部地球化学测量和大功率激电中梯测量等工作,获取了该区物化探异常的特性资料,并与周边铜矿进行资料对比,发现该区具有较大的找矿潜力.     

土建施工中超高压电力排管加固措施及其监测

在地下车道施工中,因距一电力排管较近,需对该排管进行加固及跟踪监测,该文根据监测数据对该排管变形进行分析,并对加固方案进行安全性评估。     

Assessment of geochemical and sedimentological characteristics of atmospheric dust in Shiraz,southwest Iran

Geogenic dust is commonly believed to be one of the most important environmental problems in the Middle East.The present study investigated the geochemical characteristics of atmospheric dust particles in Shiraz City(south of Iran).Atmospheric dust samples were collected through a dry collector method by using glass trays at 10 location sites in May 2018.Elemental composition was analysed through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.Meteorological data showed that the dustiest days were usually in spring and summer,particularly in April.X-ray diffraction analysis of atmospheric dust samples indicated that the mineralogical composition of atmospheric dust was calcite+dolomite(24%)palygorskite(18%)quartz(14%)muscovite(13%)albite(11%)kaolinite(7%)gypsum(7%)zircon=anatase(3%).The high occurrence of palygorskite(16%-23%) could serve as a tracer of the source areas of dust storms from the desert of Iraq and Saudi Arabia to the South of Iran.Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the sizes of the collected dust varied from 50 μm to0.8 μm,but 10 μm was the predominant size.The atmospheric dust collected had prismatic trigonal-rhombohedral crystals and semi-rounded irregular shapes.Moreover,diatoms were detected in several samples,suggesting that emissions from dry-bed lakes,such as Hoor Al-Azim Wetland(located in the southwest of Iran),also contributed to the dust load.Backward trajectory simulations were performed at the date of sampling by using the NOAA HYSPLIT model.Results showed that the sources of atmospheric dust in the study area were the eastern area of Iraq,eastern desert of Saudi Arabia,Kuwait and Khuzestan Province.The Ca/Al ratio of the collected samples(1.14) was different from the upper continental crust(UCC) value(UCC=0.37),whereas Mg/A1(0.29),K/Al(0.22) and Ti/Al(0.07) ratios were close to the UCC value(0.04).This condition favours desert calcisols as the main mineral dust sources.Analysis of the crustal enrichment factor(EF_(crustal)) revealed geogenic sources for V,Mo,Pb,Sr,Cu and Zn(2),whereas anthropogenic sources affected As,Cd,Cr and Ni.     

纳米比亚西北部朝斯组铁矿成因及有利区段选择

纳米比亚西北部Kunene（库内内）省新元古界铁矿层分布广泛。经普查,在EPL4432及EPL4533矿权区铁矿规模均构成大型矿床。铁矿床赋存于新元古界Damara(达马拉)层序的Chuos（朝斯）组上段与下段层位中（分别简称为“上矿层”和“下矿层”）。EPL4432下层矿中主要矿物为磁铁矿,EPL4533下层矿主要矿物为赤铁矿,同一层位出现不同的矿物类型,据分析这主要是赤铁矿受热液改造成磁铁矿造成的。经综合分析,纳米比亚西北部Chuos组铁矿的成矿类型为沉积-热液改造型,Chuos组下矿层分布地段为有利的成矿地段     

Special speleothems in cement-grouting tunnels and their implications of the atmospheric CO2 sink

 Based on the analyses and comparisons of water chemistry, stable carbon isotopes and deposition rates of speleothems, the authors found that there are two kinds of speleothems in the tunnels at the Wujiangdu Dam site, Guizhou, China, namely the CO₂-outgassing type and the CO₂-absorbing type. The former is natural, as observed in general karst caves, and the product of karst processes under natural conditions. The latter, however, is special, resulting from the carbonation of a cement-grouting curtain and concrete. Due to the quick absorption of CO₂ from the surrounding atmosphere, evidenced by the low CO₂ content in the air and the high deposition rate of speleothems (as high as 10 cm/a) in the tunnels, the contribution of the carbonation process to the sink of CO₂ in the atmosphere is important (in the order of magnitude of 10⁸ tons c/a) and should be taken into consideration in the study of the global carbon cycle because of the use of cement on a worldwide scale. Received: 21 July 1997 · Accepted: 13 January 1997     

Analysis of multiwell pumping tests in a confined aquifer under variations in the production rate and atmospheric pressure

Problems of the interpretation of long-term multiwell pumping tests that account for variations in the production rate and atmospheric pressure are considered. The barometric efficiency and corrections of actual drawdowns are calculated for the Udomlya groundwater basin; spatiotemporal development of the depression cone is analyzed. The hydrogeodynamic parameters are used for calibration of a numerical model of the groundwater basin and prediction of the periodic compensation water system for recharging the cooling lakes of the Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant.     

Chronological variations in concentrations and isotopic compositions of anthropogenic atmospheric lead in sediments of a remote subalpine pond

Lead concentrations decrease 4-fold in going from the surface of sediments in a mountain pond to relatively small values in layers 130 yr old. There is a corresponding change in the $\text{Pb}{}^{206}\text{Pb}{}^{207}$ ratio in the sediments from industrial-like values of 1.18 near the surface to natural values of 1.24 at depth. Concentrations of Ca, Sr, and Ba remain relatively constant with depth. The excess Pb is shown to be of eolian anthropogenic origin, through isotopic, chemical, and mass balance relationships with metals in aerosols, dry deposition, and precipitation. This proves that inputs of contamination Pb were nearly absent centuries ago in a remote non-domesticated subalpine canyon, but are present today in that ecosystem in amounts more than 20 times the natural inputs and are irrefutably linked with industrial sources. As a consequence of these inputs, present Pb concentrations have been elevated 5-fold in plants and 50-fold in animals above natural levels. These Pb contamination effects are being caused by present-day atmospheric concentrations of ~10 ng Pb/m³. The ecosystem studied here characterizes the vast remote non-domesticated regions of North America, and these findings indicate that such regions are highly polluted by industrial Pb aerosols.     

不同季风时节北京近地面大气颗粒物中7Be和POPs的变化

2009年8月至2010年7月在东亚季风区中纬度城市北京连续一年以每周3天的时间尺度同步采集近地面大气中气溶胶样品并测定了宇宙射线成因核素7Be 和8种有机氯农药（OCPs）、7种多氯联苯（PCBs）的浓度。7Be浓度全年平均值为（8.39±0.49） mBq/m^3,显著高于欧洲地区具有相同纬度的城市。最高值出现在9月（15.64 mBq/m^3）,最低值出现在5月（1.35 mBq/m^3）。夏季7Be浓度值较低,春、秋季浓度值较高。对大气气溶胶中7Be进行不同季风时节的比较要比季节性的比较可更好地揭示7Be的变化规律及其来源。夏季的低值与东南季风导致的多降雨气象条件有关。秋季的高值为大气环流异常所致。OCPs和PCBs总浓度（∑OCPs和∑PCBs）呈现夏季低,秋、冬季高的现象。西风和西北风为北京市大气气溶胶中POPs浓度最高的季风时节。较高氯代PCBs （PCB153和PCB180）在冬季占主导优势。较高的PCB101和PCB118可能来自北京周边的污染源。在部分时期7Be与DDTs和δ-HCH有显著的相关性,而在春季和夏季PCB-101与7Be有很好的相关性。     

电法在濒海及岛屿地区寻找地下淡水中的应用

采用电法的基本原理，研究各种不同岩性和成淡水的电性差畀，划分地下成淡水分界面。在严重缺水的濒海及岛屿地区找到了较好的地下淡水，解决了守岛部队吃水难的问题。     

某岩溶矿坑场地污染特征及潜在风险分析

某灰岩矿坑场地受到了有机污染,对当地脆弱的岩溶地下水环境构成威胁。在查明场地周边岩溶发育特征的基础上,结合区域水化学、水动力场调查结果,分析了场地及周边地下水污染特征和污染场地的潜在风险。结果表明：场地内水体受到了萘、氯乙烯、苯酚、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、PCB52等多种有机物的污染,其中以4-氯-3-甲基苯酚、2,4-二硝基苯酚等酚类化合物含量最高;场地内水体水质兼具地下水特征,水化学类型为Cl·SO4-Na·Ca型,与其相邻的2个矿坑水质已受到影响,水体水化学类型往污染场地水体类型演化;场地周边地下水水质总体较好,仅场地西侧1个地下水井水质受到了污染矿坑的影响。目前,该矿坑场地仍处于水位漏斗恢复期,污染物并无向外迅速扩散的水动力条件,但当矿坑场地流场恢复至天然状态后,矿坑内污染物可通过场地周边的3条岩溶裂隙带-60 m标高以浅的地层向周边迁移,对环境造成了巨大威胁,应采取降低矿坑水位、定期监测矿坑水和地下水水质、实施帷幕灌浆工程等措施防控场地的潜在污染风险。     

小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势空间差异性的影响

本文以云南省蒙自市断陷盆地高原面上典型封闭式岩溶洼地小流域为研究对象,研究小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势的影响。结果表明:（1）在研究区内小降雨事件一般只能补给10 cm以上的土壤,因此在旱季（强降雨事件发生前）,土壤水分随着深度的增加整体呈变小的趋势;受洼地地形影响,整个土壤剖面（0 ~ 80 cm）的土壤水分存在从坡顶到洼地底部逐渐增加,苹果树叶水势逐渐升高的现象;受地质背景的影响,土石质坡地平均土壤水分比石质坡地土壤水分高2.67%,相对应的土石质坡地苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度要低于石质坡地。（2）通过观测对比发现,8天内12次的小降雨事件可以使0~10 cm土壤水分整体上略有升高,但并未能完全改变0~10 cm土壤水分洼地底部大于两侧坡地,而土石质坡地高于石质坡地的特征。（3）小降雨事件虽然只能补给0~10 cm的土壤水分,但由于坡地地区苹果树根系分布较浅（5~30 cm）,部分浅层分布的苹果树根系已能吸收到水分,另一方面小降雨事件具有降温、增湿,减少太阳辐射的作用,可以减小苹果树蒸腾作用,从而降低苹果树叶水势,因此推测小雨事件可以明显减轻苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度      

矿产资源潜力评价数据管理系统更新与维护研究——以中南地区为例

在更新与维护中南地区矿产资源潜力评价数据的过程中,通过研究该地区5省实际地质数据库的建设情况,总结分析了矿产资源潜力评价相关数据。依据规范对数据进行整理与检查,在MapGIS与C#.NET环境下,以全国矿产资源潜力评价数据管理平台框架为参考,利用中间件技术和空间数据集成方法,明确了系统架构、流程、接口、技术指标,提出平台优化方案,将更新维护的数据整理入库,完善平台功能,实现了中南地区海量矿产资源潜力评价数据资源的集成化管理,提高了海量地质数据管理的通用性和适应性,让地质数据资源由"死库"变为"活库"。     

Upper and lower tropospheric energetics of standing and transient eddies in wave number domain during summer monsoon of 1991

Kinetic energy exchange equations (Saltzman 1957) in wave number domain are partitioned into standing, transient and standing-transient components following Murakami (1978, 1981). These components are computed for the 1991 summer monsoon using dailyu andv grid point data at 2.5° latitude-longitude interval between the equator and 40°N at 200 hPa and 850 hPa levels for the period June through August. The data are obtained from NCMRWF, New Delhi. The study shows that at 200 hPa wave number 1 over Region 3 (30°N to 40°N), wave number 2 over Region 2 (15°N to 30°N) and wave number 3 over Region 1 (equator to 15°N) dominate the spectrum of transport of momentum and wave to zonal mean flow interaction. Wave number 1 over Region 1 and Region 3 and wave number 2 over Region 2 are the major sources of kinetic energy to other waves via wave-to-wave interaction. At 850 hPa wave number 1 over Region 3 has maximum contribution in the spectrum of transport of momentum and kinetic energy and more than 90% of its contribution is from the standing component. This indicates that standing wave number 1 over Region 3 plays a very important role in the dynamics of monsoon circulation of the lower troposphere. The study further shows that although the circulation patterns at 200 hPa and 850 hPa levels are opposite in character, a number of energy processes exhibit a similar character at these levels. For example, (i) transport of momentum by most of the waves is northward, (ii) small scale eddies intensify northward, (iii) eddies are sources of kinetic energy to zonal mean flow over Region 1 and (iv) standing eddies are sources of kinetic energy to transient eddies. Besides the above similarities some contrasting energy processes are also observed. Over Region 2 and Region 3 standing and transient eddies are sources of kinetic energy to zonal mean flow at 200 hPa, while at 850 hPa the direction of exchange of kinetic energy is opposite i.e. zonal mean flow is a source of kinetic energy to standing as well as transient eddies. L(n) interaction indicates that at 200 hPa waves over R2 maintain waves over R1, while at 850 hPa waves over R1 maintain waves over R2. It has been found that the north-south gradient of zonal mean of zonal wind is the deciding factor of wave to zonal mean flow interaction.     

典型岩溶区潜在蒸散发变化及其影响因素

蒸散发过程是联系大气过程和陆面水文过程的关键环节,对区域/流域水循环过程和水量平衡具有重要影响。岩溶区,地表生态环境脆弱,对气候变化响应敏感,蒸散发可能是联系大气、水、热交换和碳循环的关键生态水文过程。准确地估算蒸散发对于深入研究岩溶水循环响应气候变化、碳循环、生态修复等具有重要作用。本文选择典型岩溶区桂林市为研究对象,基于1951~2015年桂林市气象站逐日气象数据,采用Penman- Monterith方法计算了潜在蒸散发量,利用Mann- Kendall非参数检验法和相关性分析研究桂林市潜在蒸散发的变化趋势及其影响因素。研究结果表明,桂林市潜在蒸散发具有明显的年、年际和季节尺度变化特征。1951~2015年桂林市潜在蒸散发呈显著的减小趋势,变化速率为-8. 02 mm/10a;夏季、秋季和冬季潜在蒸散发呈下降趋势,而春季呈微弱的上升趋势;夏季潜在蒸散发的显著减小是影响年蒸散发下降的主要原因;桂林市潜在蒸散发在1967和2003年左右发生突变;通过Mann- Kendall趋势检验和相关性分析得出,桂林市平均气温、最高、最低气温呈显著的上升趋势,而风速、相对湿度、日照时数呈显著的下降趋势;日照时数是影响桂林市潜在蒸散发变化的主要因素,其次是风速。