循环载荷下含水砂岩裂纹演化与损伤特征试验研究

基于矿井地下水库岩体频繁受到矿震、采动应力等循环荷载扰动这一工程背景,在实验室条件下开展了不同含水率砂岩单轴及循环加卸载试验,采用数字散斑技术,揭示了不同含水率砂岩裂纹扩展及破坏规律,基于电镜扫描微观分析,获得了循环载荷下不同含水砂岩微观劣化机制。试验结果表明：单轴及循环加卸载条件下,随着含水率增大,砂岩峰值强度均逐渐降低。干燥砂岩峰值轴向应变经历初始变形、等速变形、加速变形和失稳破坏4个阶段,含水砂岩经历初始变形、等速变形和失稳破坏3个阶段;随着含水率的增大,对应阶段内峰值轴向应变逐渐减小。通过变形率分析法验证发现,水对砂岩的变形记忆特性并无影响。单轴循环加卸载条件下,砂岩的破坏模式由干燥时的张拉−劈裂破坏逐渐向拉−剪混合破坏过渡,至饱和状态时呈现单一的剪切破坏。电镜扫描结果表明,随含水率增大,破裂结构面逐渐由光滑结构、浑圆状结构、片状结构向完全破碎结构过渡。随着含水率增大,绝对损伤参数不断增大,从侧面反映水岩耦合损伤的正相关性;累计损伤参数累积速率更快,同一循环周次下,累计损伤参数也更大。     

含折线型裂隙砂岩试件翼型裂纹起裂与扩展机制研究

岩体内部赋存的裂隙很多表现为折线型,为探究这类岩体的断裂机制,制备含折线型裂隙砂岩试件并对其进行单轴压缩试验。采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法计算加载过程中的变形场演化,根据新生裂纹两侧的位移差异识别裂纹类型;运用扩展有限元法(XFEM)模拟断裂过程,根据应力分布特征解释翼型裂纹起裂与扩展机制。DIC计算结果表明,新生裂纹处出现应变局部化带,裂纹两侧发生相对分离;含直线型和折线型裂隙砂岩试件的翼型裂纹分别萌生于预制裂隙端部以及折角处,这是因为裂隙几何形态会改变拉应力集中位置;含折线型裂隙砂岩试件的起裂应力小于含直线型裂隙砂岩试件,这是因为相同加载条件下前者的最大拉应力值更大;这2类试件的裂纹扩展均是由于裂纹尖端集中的拉应力引起的,裂纹依然呈张开状态;裂隙几何形态未改变试件的最终破坏模式,均表现为对角剪切破坏。     

基于数字图像相关方法的裂隙砂岩应变场演化规律及前兆识别

目前数字图像相关方法在岩石力学领域的应用主要集中于获取变形场云图,缺乏结合一些指标对变形数据进行定量分析。采用数字图像相关方法对裂隙砂岩试件压缩加载过程进行非接触式、实时变形测量,结合方差量化描述应变场分异特征;而后对应变场方差变化曲线进行有限差分求导,量化描述应变场分异速率,分析应变场演化规律及前兆特征。研究结果表明:裂隙砂岩试件的变形破裂过程可划分为压密、弹性变形、裂纹稳定扩展、裂纹快速扩展及破坏等4个阶段。加载过程中裂隙砂岩试件的裂纹萌生和扩展行为,在应变场上表现为应变局部化带的产生与发展,进而导致应变场方差和分异速率发生变化。应变场方差-轴向应变曲线表现出阶段性特征,可划分为稳定分异、加速分异以及加加速分异等3个阶段。应变场分异速率-轴向应变曲线在张拉裂纹起裂时均出现第一个尖峰,可作为裂隙岩体失稳破坏前的前兆信号,对应的前兆应力与峰值应力之比为0.80～0.96。研究成果对工程岩体失稳预测具有较好的理论参考价值。     

炭质页岩巴西劈裂载荷下破坏过程的时空特征研究

页岩在加载过程中的破裂时机及其空间位置研究对于页岩气探测及储层评价具有重要意义,为此开展了不同层理倾角条件下页岩的巴西圆盘劈裂载荷下的破坏过程试验,采用数字图像相关技术（DIC）,全程跟踪页岩裂纹萌生、扩展和贯通全过程的变形场实时演化特征,同时记录力-位移曲线,利用扫描电镜获得炭质页岩的破裂面特征及微观结构,采用宏、细观相结合的手段,研究不同层理方向炭质页岩微裂缝起裂时间、空间位置和扩展规律及其破裂机制。结果表明：页岩的巴西劈裂强度随层理方向与加载方向角度的增大而逐渐增大;随加载方向与层理面夹角的增加,裂缝萌生的时间逐渐增加,而裂缝从萌生、扩展到贯通所用时间逐渐减少。所有角度试件基本从试件端部萌生裂缝并沿层理面扩展,除90°试件外,不同层理倾角试样主裂缝破裂的位置逐渐偏离中心位置而向试件外侧发展。各角度试件主破坏类型存在一定差异性,除90°试件竖向主裂缝为张拉破坏外,随加载方向与层理面夹角的增加,各加载角度试件的主破裂模式从张拉剪切破坏逐渐过渡为剪切滑移破坏。     

基于数字图像相关法的两类岩石断裂特征研究

岩石破坏时的临界断裂特征,如过程区长度,裂缝口张开位移是运用断裂力学解决岩石断裂问题的关键所在。传统测量方法,如应变片、直线位移传感器无法获得岩石破坏时的全场变形,因此,也无法准确地获得上述断裂特征。数字图像相关法是一种光学的变形测量方法,其通过试样表面的数字图像采集及相关计算,能够获得岩石破裂过程各个阶段的高精度全场变形特征。利用该试验手段,对两类岩石,即相对较硬的大理岩和相对较软的黄砂岩开展了一系列半圆盘三点弯曲断裂试验并获得了岩石断裂时的临界变形场,对变形场进行分析,从而确定了两类岩石破坏时临界特征、过程区长度及裂缝口张开位移。结果表明,大理岩的断裂过程区长度明显小于黄砂岩的断裂过程区长度,峰值时黄砂岩COD的值均大于相同裂纹长度的大理岩,而较软岩的力学行为更容易受边界效应的影响。上述研究有助于进一步了解不同类型岩石的断裂发展过程并采用相应的方法来解决岩石破裂问题。     

复杂应力路径下饱水砂岩宏细观力学特性研究

饱水作用对砂岩变形及强度特征影响显著,考虑岩体实际赋存环境,为了解复杂应力路径下饱水砂岩宏细观力学特性,利用RMT-150C岩石力学多功能试验机及SEM电镜扫描技术,对饱水砂岩进行循环荷载作用后卸荷破坏试验,研究不同影响因素作用下的疲劳损伤特征,重点分析了加载频率、上限应力等因素对卸荷变形、强度及细观损伤特征的影响规律。研究表明,根据试验设计方案获得的饱水砂岩应力-应变曲线大致可以划分为5个典型阶段,其中,同一应力状态下,疲劳损伤阶段轴向不可逆应变在等速变形阶段的应变速率随加载频率的增大迅速增加,这表明上限应力的“门槛值”极有可能是变化的,且与加载频率及循环次数密切相关;同时,卸围压变形破坏阶段的总应变及围压卸荷量均随加载频率（或上限应力）的增大而减小,与该阶段持续时间随加载频率（或上限应力）的变化规律一致。不仅如此,通过分析饱水砂岩破坏面细观损伤特征发现,加载频率与上限应力作用下的细观损伤特征差异显著,其中破坏面微裂隙面积占比随加载频率增大而减小,上限应力则恰好相反。     

高温后砂岩动力特性应变率效应的试验研究

利用MTS652.02高温炉与φ50 mm分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验系统,对800 ℃加热后的砂岩试样进行单轴冲击压缩试验,分析17.904～62.600 s-1应变率范围内砂岩动力特性的变化规律。结果表明：800 ℃后砂岩动态应力-应变曲线大致经历压密、近似线弹性变形、微裂纹演化、裂纹非稳定扩展、应变软化以及卸载6个阶段;随着应变率提高,砂岩动态弹性模量、峰值应力随应变率的提高基本呈对数形式逐渐增加,峰值应变近似呈对数形式逐渐降低;较低应变率下,砂岩破坏为典型的张拉破坏,随着应变率的升高,剪切破裂面所占比例逐渐升高,砂岩破坏型式具有从张拉破坏向剪切破坏的变化趋势;800 ℃热处理后,砂岩破坏程度随应变率的提高逐渐提高,并且高应变率下破坏程度的应变率敏感性更加显著。     

Observing Deformation and Fracture of Rock with Speckle Patterns

The high resolution technique of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) can be very useful in determining deformation of laboratory specimens and identifying initiation of failure. The in-plane ESPI theory is described and the fringe pattern of the processed ESPI image is analyzed to determine deformation and crack opening displacement. Fringes on the ESPI image represent lines of equal intensity, which relate to surface displacement. An ESPI system was constructed and calibrated for measuring uni-directional displacements. Several types of the experiments, such as uniaxial compression and fracture testing, were conducted to demonstrate the utility of ESPI.     

Experimental evaluation of sandstone under cyclic coupled compression-shear loading: fatigue mechanical response and failure behavior

In this study, the inclined sandstone specimen is introduced into cyclic loading tests to fulfill the coupled compression-shear loading state. 21 cyclic coupled compression-shear loading tests are conducted on inclined specimens under different loading conditions, including maximum stress levels ranging in 0.80, 0.85, 0.90 and 0.95, and amplitude levels varying in 0.40, 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70. Our testing results systematically revealed the influence of cyclic loading parameters on fatigue mechanical response of rocks under coupled compression-shear loading, regarding the deformation characteristics, energy evolution, damage variable and failure mechanism. Under higher maximum stress or cyclic amplitude, inclined rocks are characterized by larger elastic modulus and higher dissipated energy, resulting in less irreversible strain, faster damage accumulation and shorter fatigue life. Furthermore, a fatigue life prediction method is proposed based on the energy dissipation, and its reliability is verified by comparing with experimental results. In addition, the progressive cracking behavior of rocks is analyzed during the fatigue tests by virtue of digital image correlation technique. Under cyclic coupled compression-shear loading, rock specimens are featured by a prominent shear-dominated failure along its short diagonal direction combined with local tensile damage along the loading orientation.

     

Deformation Field around the Stress Induced Crack Area in Sandstone by the Digital Speckle Correlation Method

Abstract: The deformation field around sub-cracks was calculated using the digital speckle correlation method. First, the uni-axial compression tests on sandstone samples containing a pre-fabricated fracture were made. Photomicrographs showing the characteristics of the sub-crack development were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). From these photomicrographs, the real-time images showing the initiation, growth and coalescence of sub-cracks and micro-cracks in the sandstone specimens were obtained and the effects of loading level as well as grain boundaries on the development of cracks were analyzed. Second, the intensity images of the sandstone specimen surface were captured from the observations of the SEM corresponding to different loading levels. Then correlation computation was carried out for the sequential pairs of intensity images to evaluate the displacement components, as well as the strain field. The results show that the deformation varies in different areas separated by sub-cracks during rock damage processes.     

基于CT-CA的天然裂隙岩石受拉破坏特性研究

岩石内部存在的裂隙、孔洞等天然损伤对岩石的力学性能和破坏过程有重要影响,依据细胞自动机理论结合CT无损识别技术实现了含天然裂隙岩石在劈裂条件下裂纹扩展和贯通全过程及其力学性能变化规律的研究。从裂隙砂岩的真实细观结构出发,构建了天然裂隙岩石的数值计算模型,运用CASRock数值计算软件完成了含不同裂隙倾角的砂岩劈裂破坏的数值试验,分析了裂隙倾角对砂岩的力学特性、裂纹扩展过程及能量演化的影响规律。研究表明：(1)天然裂隙砂岩的抗拉强度与裂隙倾角密切相关,随着裂隙倾角的增加,其抗拉强度呈现先减小后增加的趋势;(2)裂隙起裂于天然裂隙尖端,当裂隙倾角0°≤θ<48°时,岩样的破坏是由错开型裂纹引起,裂纹沿着与天然裂隙近垂直方向扩展;当裂隙倾角48°≤θ<94°时,岩样的破坏是由张开型裂纹引起,裂纹沿着与天然裂隙近平行方向扩展;(3)劈裂过程中裂纹尖端应力场存在拉应力区和压应力区,拉应力造成翼裂纹由天然裂隙尖端沿加载端方向萌生扩展,而压应力则引发次生裂纹沿天然裂隙方向扩展;(4)含天然裂隙砂岩劈裂破坏过程能量演化可划分为4个阶段,随裂隙倾角的增大,峰值点处的总能量密度、弹性能密度先缓...     

An Experimental Study of the Fracture Coalescence Behaviour of Brittle Sandstone Specimens Containing Three Fissures

To analyse the fracture coalescence behaviour of rock, rectangular prismatic sandstone specimens (80?×?160?×?30?mm in size) containing three fissures were tested under uniaxial compression. The strength and deformation behaviours of the specimens are first analysed by investigating the effects of the ligament angle β₂ on the peak strength, peak strain and crack initiation stress of the specimens. To confirm the sequence of crack coalescence, a photographic monitoring technique is used throughout the entire period of deformation. Based on the results, the relationship between the real-time crack coalescence process and the axial stress–strain curve of brittle sandstone specimens is also developed, and this relationship can be used to evaluate the macroscopic deformation characteristics of pre-cracked rock. The equivalent strain evolution fields of the specimen, with α?=?β₁?=?45° and β₂?=?90°, are obtained using the digital image correlation technique and show good agreement with the experimental results of pre-cracked brittle sandstone. These experimental results are expected to improve the understanding of fracture mechanisms and be used in rock engineering with intermittent structures, such as deep underground excavated tunnels.     

单轴循环荷载下含天然裂隙脆性页岩变形及破裂特征试验研究

利用RMT–150C岩石力学测试系统,对重庆彭水含天然裂隙脆性页岩在单轴循环荷载作用下的变形及破裂特征进行了试验研究。研究结果表明：（1）在循环加卸载和裂隙的共同影响下页岩所含天然裂隙使页岩性质局部劣化、加剧裂隙扩展和破坏提前,导致屈服应力、破裂压力和峰值强度等减小,其中峰值强度降低了13.7%～58.3%;（2）轴向应变形成封闭的“尖叶”状滞回环,并呈疏-密-疏排列,而横向应变形成上开口“8”字形滞回环,并呈密-疏排列,横向应变-循环次数曲线可分为初始变形阶段、小速率等速变形阶段、大速率等速变形阶段和失稳破坏阶段等四阶段演化规律,前期横向应变突变现象可作为天然裂隙和新裂隙扩展、交汇完成,进入大速率等速变形阶段的标志,后期突变可作为整体失稳破坏的前兆;（3）含天然裂隙页岩的破坏模式主要呈拉剪贯通模式和拉贯通模式,两种贯通模式均至少包含一条贯通天然裂隙的拉裂隙;（4）在弹性阶段,有效弹性模量与损伤面积系数呈线性关系,损伤面积系数越大,有效弹性模量越小;（5）在低应力水平内循环,不可逆变形缓慢增加,轴向应变-循环次数曲线始终处于初始变形阶段,试样不发生破坏;在高应力水平内循环,经历3个变形阶段后试样发生破坏;在接近峰值应力的应力水平内循环,曲线直接进入加速变形阶段,几次循环后试样发生破坏。该研究为认清页岩的裂隙扩展形成复杂裂隙网的发展机制提供了有益参考。     

Modeling the behavior of sandstone based on generalized plasticity concept

With the concept of generalized plasticity, a constitutive model for describing the deformation behavior of sandstone is proposed in this paper. This proposed model is characterized by the following features: (i) nonlinear elasticity under hydrostatic and shear loading; (ii) associated flow rule for pre‐peak simulation; (iii) substantial plastic deformation during shear loading; and (iv) significant shear dilation and distortion prior to the failure state. This model requires 10 material parameters, including three for elasticity and seven for plasticity. All of the parameters can be determined, in a straightforward manner, by the suggested procedures. The proposed model has been validated by comparing the triaxial test results of the Mushan sandstone under different hydrostatic stress, different stress paths, and cyclic loading condition. It is also versatile in simulating the deformation behaviors of two other sandstones. Upon slight modification of the model, the post‐peak behavior of sandstone can be reasonably predicted using proposed model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软黏土中吸力锚循环失稳过程的模型试验

开展了张紧式吸力锚在侧壁最优系泊点处遭受平均荷载和循环荷载共同作用下的模型试验,着重研究了软黏土中吸力锚在等幅及变幅循环荷载下的变形失稳过程。研究发现,循环累积位移过大是锚发生破坏的主要原因。对于等幅循环加载试验,由于竖向附加荷重的施加,锚在水平向的循环累积位移要明显大于竖向,表现为明显的水平破坏模式。在特定的平均荷载水平下,循环荷载水平越高,锚的累积位移发展得越快,达到破坏所需的循环次数就越少。循环位移随循环次数的增长变化不明显,但随循环荷载水平的增大而增大。对于变幅循环加载试验,系泊点各方向的循环累积位移与循环位移均与循环荷载水平成正比。不同的循环加载时程下,锚的竖向累积位移均比水平累积位移大,表现为偏向于竖向破坏的中间破坏模式。锚前期的循环加载历史对后续加载产生的累积变形有明显影响。与静力加载相比,循环加载时锚的运动方向角有所增大,这可能是由于锚底孔压的累积要大于锚侧孔压的累积,从有效应力的角度分析,锚底有效应力的减少相对锚侧明显,进而使得锚竖向承载力减小得更多,导致锚的竖向运动更明显。     

浸泡作用下砂岩断裂力学特性及劣化机理

岩石的断裂韧度对于定量评价工程的安全及稳定具有重要意义, 而岩石的破坏常常有水参与, 在库水长期浸泡作用下, 岩石的断裂力学特性将如何变化值得深入研究.基于此, 以库岸边坡典型砂岩为研究对象, 设计了长期浸泡试验, 并基于断裂韧度、变形破坏特征和微观结构变化进行综合分析.试验结果表明: (1)浸泡作用下, 砂岩的断裂韧度具有明显的劣化趋势, 而且劣化幅度有一个先增大后减小的趋势, 浸泡5~6月后, 劣化趋势逐渐减缓;(2)砂岩三点弯曲试验的P-CMOD关系曲线可以比较明显地分成3个阶段: 弹性阶段、屈服阶段、裂纹开展及破坏阶段, 随着浸泡时间的增长, 弹性阶段逐渐变短, 屈服阶段逐渐变长, 裂纹开展阶段曲线下降趋势逐渐变缓, 而且达到开裂峰值荷载对应的切口张开位移逐渐增大, 砂岩有逐渐“变软”趋势, 脆性逐渐减弱, 塑性逐渐增强;(3)浸泡作用导致的润滑、软化和砂岩内部微观结构的变化, 特别是微观裂纹、裂隙的发展是导致砂岩断裂韧度及其他力学参数劣化的根本原因.研究成果对于把握库水长期浸泡作用下砂岩断裂力学特性具有比较重要的参考价值.      

Effects of Frequency on the Dynamic Properties of Intact Rock Samples Subjected to Cyclic Loading under Confining Pressure Conditions

A series of laboratory tests was performed to assess the effects of frequency on the dynamic properties of sandstone samples subjected to cyclic loading in the confining stress state. Three levels of confining pressure (2.0, 10.0, and 40.0 MPa) and three sets of frequencies (0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 Hz) were applied for the axial cyclic loading tests by the MTS-815 Rock and Concrete Test System. The results from the cyclic loading tests indicate that frequency has a strong influence on the dynamic deformation, the dynamic stiffness, and the failure mode at the same confining pressure. With an increase in the frequency, the axial strain and the number of cycles at failure increased at the same confining pressure, the residual volumetric strain increased when dilatancy occurred at the same confining pressure, and the number of cycles at failure increased. A new damage variable D was defined that describes the degradation process of sandstone samples upon dynamic cyclic loading. The larger the frequency, the wider the localized band. Sandstone samples subjected to dynamic cyclic loading responded with a significantly higher initial stiffness. The higher the initial stiffness, the greater the frequency.     

Application of the DDM and fracture mechanics model on the simulation of rock breakage by mechanical tools

A DDM (displacement discontinuity method) program coupled with a modified energy criterion is used to simulate the development of cracks and chips by indentation tools. In our analysis a cavity model is applied to represent the expansion of crushed rock to the surrounding rock and the cracks are formedin two-dimensional and quasi-static conditions. The model parameters, rock properties and load magnitudes are varied in the numerical calculations. The results show that chips are formed by multiple mechanisms of either tension or shear, or their combinations. The cracks may either propagate to the free surface to form chips or rest in the rock subsurface. The crack development is dependent upon rock and fracture properties, loading force and tool characteristics. The DDM is a convenient tool in the study of rock fragmentation and cracks.     

DEM analysis of the onset of flow deformation of sands: linking monotonic and cyclic undrained behaviours

This study explores the link between the monotonic and cyclic undrained behaviour of sands using the discrete element method (DEM). It is shown that DEM can effectively capture the flow deformation of sands sheared under both monotonic and cyclic undrained loading conditions. When subjected to cyclic shearing, flow-type failure is observed for a loose sample, while cyclic mobility is observed for a dense sample. A strong correlation between the monotonic and cyclic loading behaviour that has been revealed experimentally is also confirmed in DEM simulations: (a) flow deformation occurs in the compressive loading direction when the cyclic stress path intersects the monotonic compression stress path prior to the monotonic extension stress path, and vice versa; (b) the onset of flow deformation in q–\(p^{\prime }\) space is located in the zone bounded by the critical state line and the instability line determined from monotonic simulations. Hill’s condition of instability is shown to be effective to describe the onset of flow failure. Micro-mechanical analyses reveal that flow deformation is initiated when the index of redundancy excluding floating particles drops to below 1.0 under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. Flow deformation induced by either monotonic or cyclic loading is characterized by an abrupt change of structural fabric which is highly anisotropic. The reason why the dense sample dilated during monotonic loading but showed cyclic mobility (temporary liquefaction) during cyclic loading is attributed to the repeating reversal of loading direction, which leads to the periodic change of microstructure.     

断续三裂隙砂岩强度破坏和裂纹扩展特征研究

利用岩石力学伺服试验机,对尺寸为80 mm×160 mm×30 mm的断续三裂隙砂岩试样进行了单轴压缩试验,研究了岩桥倾角? 2对断续三裂隙砂岩（? = 30°和? 1 = 60°）强度破坏和裂纹扩展特征的影响规律。与完整砂岩试样相比,断续三裂隙砂岩试样应力-应变曲线显示了较多的应力跌落,其峰值强度也呈显著降低趋势,但降低程度与? 2密切相关,随着? 2从75°增加到90°,峰值强度从82.04 MPa 降低到77.82 MPa,而当? 2从90°增加到120°,其峰值强度无明显变化。完整砂岩试样呈现轴向劈裂脆性破坏,而断续三裂隙砂岩试样是由许多从裂隙尖端产生的裂纹扩展与汇合,导致了其失稳破坏。通过照相量测技术,探讨了? 2对断续三裂隙砂岩试样裂纹扩展特征的影响：? 2为75°、90°和105°的断续三裂隙试样中裂隙①、③和②、③之间均出现了贯通,而裂隙①、②之间无任何贯通;? 2为120°的断续三裂隙试样中裂隙①、③和①、②之间均出现了贯通,而②、③之间无任何贯通。最后给出了断续三裂隙砂岩试样宏观变形特性与裂纹扩展过程之间的关系。