中国—欧洲共同体地震科学合作项目：“北京西北延庆—怀来盆地…

为探索强烈地震的前兆，在欧洲共同体的支持下，中国和英国和地震学家共同在北京西北的延庆－怀来盆地建立了一个数字地震台网。延庆－怀来数字地震台网由５个野外台和一个中心台构成。研究工作的重要点是探索强烈地震地震横波分裂现象中的参数变化。     

北京西北延庆—怀来盆地的地震观测及减轻地震灾害研究

根据历史地震记载、近期地震活动性和构造应力场资料,分析了北京西北延庆－怀来盆地的潜在地震危险性。指出自１９９５年７月２０日至１９９６年７月３０日发生于延庆－怀来盆地的ＭＬ＝４．１地震序列的震源分布,揭示了分布于延庆－怀来盆地的两条共轭断层,位于这两条共轭断层延长线交汇处的怀来县城地区具有断层闭锁区的特征,该闭锁区域的线性尺度与一个６．０级地震震源区的线性尺度相当,但延庆－怀来盆地近期微震活动未显示     

怀来盆地的构造应力场

１９９５年７月２０日在北京西北的怀来盆地发生了一次ＭＬ＝４．１地震。在此主震之后该地区小震活动变得十分活跃。在１９９５年７月１日至１９９６年６月３０日期间，中－欧合作怀来数字地震台网记录并精确定位了这个地震序列的４５０多个地震。余震的震源分布表明，余震主要分布在两个共轭的断层上。在盆地南部边缘的余震震源位于走向５０°、倾向南东，倾角８０°的断层上，而盆地北部边缘的余震震源则位于走向１５０°、几乎竖直的断层上。用Ｐ波初动符合资料得到了主震的震源机制解。根据余震震源的分布，确定走向３７°、倾角４０°、滑动角－１５４°的节面为主震的断层面，另一节面走向２８７°、倾角７４°、滑动角－５３°。利用怀来数字地震台网的记录资料，分析了怀来地区近期地震活动性和构造应力场。结果表明，怀来盆地的主压应力轴的方位角为２３６°，倾角４８°，与主压应力轴近水平、北东东向的华北地区的构造应力场一致，表明了ＭＬ（＝４．１地震序列是在怀来盆地北东东向挤压、北北西向拉张的构造应力作用下发生的。处于上述两条共轭断层文汇处的怀来县城附近地区近期小震活动较少，表现出断层闭锁区的特征。怀来盆地潜在的地震危险性应予以特别关注，但其近期的微震活动并未显     

怀来盆地的地震活动与活动断裂

怀来盆地的地震活动与活动断裂王培德田玉红李春来陈运泰（中国北京１０００８１国家地震局地球物理研究所）主题词怀来盆地地震活动活动断裂数字地震台网怀来盆地位于北京西北部，最近处距北京市区仅约６０多千米．该地区地震活动活跃．据历史记载，１３３７年怀来地区曾...     

天然和人为地震活动性的对比研究

为了充分发挥现有的区域性、地方性数字地震台站在防震减灾中的作用，中国地震局地球物理研究所与美国达拉斯南卫理大学地球科学系合作开展“中美合作延庆一怀来盆地和海城地区天然和人为地震活动性的对比研究”。该合作项目以北京西北的延庆一怀来盆地与东北辽宁的海城地区作为流动地震观测试验场，计划在现有台网的基础上，在近震源与区域性的距离上布设15套由STS—2型宽频带数字地震仪组成的流动地震台网加密观测，以改善在区域性距离上台距过长、不利于分析、解释、研究所观测到地震记录的状况。2002年秋，双方在河北怀来一带首先架设了5个宽频带数字地震台并随即投入观测。到2003年3月上旬，中方又在预定地点架设了另5个宽频带数字地震台。目前，已建成的10个宽频带数字地震台仪器运行正常，运用已获得的研究区内天然和人为地震的高质量记录，合作双方按照计划开展了相关的研究工作。     

京西北延庆—怀来盆地的QSH值和小震震源参数的测定

用在一个地震台接上到的同一震源区内的较小地震的振幅谱去除大地震的振幅谱，求得较大地震震源同频趋势的斜率。利用Ｑ值在０．０００１－１００Ｈｚ之间几乎是常数是特性，用网格搜寻法对较大地震的振幅谱因衰减造成的损耗进行补偿，同时确定自震源对地震吧途径上的介持的品质因数、拐角频率和补偿后的频谱的零频极限。用这种方法，利用中－欧合作北京西北怀来数字地震台网的记录，确定了延庆－怀来盆地的品质因数ＱＳＨ值并测定了     

京津唐地区中上地壳三维P波速度结构

根据华北遥测台网和延庆-怀来数字地震台网记录的京津唐地区(113.5～119.5E，38.0～41.5N)1992～1999年共16 048条P波首波到时资料，利用近震层析成像方法反演了该地区中、上地壳三维P波速度结构，并用所得到的地震波三维P波速度模型同时得到了震级ＭＬ1.7～6.2的1 132次地震的精确震源参数．反演结果揭示了京津唐地区地震P波速度结构明显的横向不均匀性．      

1995年7月20日怀来盆地ML4.1地震序列震源参数的精确测定

1995年7月20日在北京西北的怀来盆地发生了一次ML4.1地震．这次地震震中位于40.326N，115.448E，震源深度5.5ｋｍ．在此主震之后该地区微震活动变得十分活跃．中-欧合作怀来数字地震台网记录并精确定位了这一地震序列．以８次余震的记录作为经验格林函数提取了ML4.1地震的震源时间函数，并通过叠加得到了信噪比较高的平均结果．结果表明，这次ML4.1地震由一强一弱两次事件组成．各个台站的震源时间函数显示出明显的地震多普勒效应．用试错法得到了ML4.1地震的第一次事件的破裂长度为0.44ｋｍ，破裂速度为4.0km/s；第二次事件破裂长度为0.25km，破裂速度3.0km/s．两次事件的破裂传播方向与破裂面走向的夹角（逆时针为正）分别为140和90，两次事件相距0.57km，第二次破裂发生于第一次破裂开始之后0.09ｓ．用单个经验格林函数提取了怀来盆地ML4.1地震序列中另外13次ML2.1地震的震源时间函数．结果表明，这些小震均由单次事件组成，震源时间函数宽度为0.05～0.16ｓ．用远场地动位移频谱测量法得到了0.9ML4.1的２５次地震的地震矩、应力降和破裂半径．地震矩和应力降都呈现出随震级而单调递增的规律性变化．在0.9ML2.4范围内，求得的破裂半径与震级没有显示出明显的相关性，可以认为，在这样小的震级范围内用本文所用资料已无法准确分辨小震的破裂尺度．      

延庆-怀来盆地大震危险性分析研究di

根据延庆-怀来盆地深部探测研究结果，结合浅部活动构造、古地震事件、地震活动性和地壳应力场分布以及其它相关资料进行了综合分析研究．同时与邢台等地震区的深部结构进行对比研究，认为延庆-怀来盆地及其周边地区具有发生中强地震的深部构造背景，不排除有发生7级地震的可能性．      

延庆─怀来地区地壳细结构──利用深地震反射剖面

１９９２年底在延庆－怀来地区实施了深地震反射剖面测量，目的是通过对该区地壳细结构的研究来探讨延庆－怀来盆地形成演化的机制和过程，以及与该区地震活动图像的关系．结果表明，研究区上部地壳总体上呈“透明”性质，厚２５－２６ｋｍ；下部地壳具有强烈的反射性质，厚约１４－１５ｋｍ．壳幔过渡带是由双程走时约２ｓ和厚约５－６ｋｍ的水平反射叠层所组成，莫霍界面具有深度深（约３９－４０ｋｍ）和平坦的特点。     

Simulation of Ground Motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam Based on the Scenario Earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin

Research at home and abroad shows that the simulation of ground motion using the 3D finite-difference method might be accurate and feasible. Based on related theories and methods,and using the wave velocity and density model of the crust in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin,this paper makes a simulation of ground motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam based on the scenario earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin. Comparative analysis shows that the results of 3D finite-difference simulation accord with those of the empirical formula. The parameters such as the velocity-time series of ground motion,PGV and frequency might be referred to for the analysis of seismic protection design of the dam's structure.     

MATCH AND LOCATE FOR SMALL EVENT DETECTION OF NINGXIA SHIZUISHAN EARTHQUAKE SWARM AND INVESTIGATION OF ITS SEISMOGENIC FAULT

In this paper, a new method for small event detection named Match & Locate(M&L)is used to detect and locate the small earthquakes that are missing in the catalogue of the February 28, 2014 Shizuishan M_L4.4 earthquake swarm. A total of 34 earthquakes were detected, which is nearly 3 times as much as the number(13)of earthquakes from Ningxia seismic network. The number of earthquake swarm sequence is greatly increased. Then, it provides the possibility for the fine study of the earthquake swarm activity and seismogenic fault. The best double couple solution of the main shock obtained by the cut and paste method is strike 354°, dip 70° and slip 166° for nodal plane I, and strike 89°, dip 77° and slip 21°for nodal plane Ⅱ. The main shock is a dextral strike-slip earthquake with a small amount of thrust component. And, the depth of the main shock is 7~8km, which is a shallow earthquake, derived from the results of the double difference relocation and the best fitting depth of focal mechanism. Together with the results of deep 3-D seismic tomography of the Yinchuan Basin, our results show that the main shock and the largest aftershock more likely occurred in the upper crust, and the rest of earthquakes mainly occurred at the bottom of sedimentary layer or on the top of the upper crust crystallization basement. We find some interesting phenomena on the pattern of time-space evolution of the earthquake swarm. The distribution of earthquake swarm is in the near north-south direction. Aftershocks are mainly concentrated in the north region of the main shock, which show an obvious trend of extending gradually from the south to the north. Also, the result shows the general trend of shallower focal depth with the development of aftershocks to the north. The results of distribution and depth profile of the earthquake swarm and the focal mechanism of the main shock all show that the sequence probably occurred in the fault at the east foot of Helan Mountain with an eastward dip and a larger dip angle. Surface projection image of the earthquake sequence shows that the epicenter distribution extends northward from the northern end of the fault. This may suggest that the deep part of the fault is likely to extend northward.     

FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTION AND TECTONIC STRESS FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIDDLE TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS,XINJIANG

The middle part of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang is located in the north-central part of the Tianshan orogenic belt, between the rigid Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin. It is one of the regions with frequent deformation and strong earthquake activities. In this paper, 492 M_S>2.5 earthquake events recorded by Xinjiang seismograph network from 2009 to 2018 were collected. The M_S3.5 earthquake was taken as the boundary, the focal mechanism solutions of the earthquake events in this region were calculated by CAP method and FOCEMEC method respectively. At the same time the focal mechanism solutions of GCMT recorded historical earthquake events in this region were also collected. According to the global stress map classification standard, the moderate-strong earthquakes in the region are mainly dominated by thrust with a certain slip component, which are distributed near the combined belts of the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Turpan Basin and Yili Basin with Tianshan Mountains. The thrust component decreases from south to north, while the strike-slip component increases. The spatial distribution characteristics of the tectonic stress field in the middle section of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are obtained by using the damped regional-scale stress field inversion method. The maximum principal compressive stress in axis the study area rotated in a fan shape from west to east, the NW direction in the western section gradually shifted to NE direction, its elevation angle is nearly horizontal, in the state of near horizontal compression. The minimum principal compressive stress axis is nearly EW, and the elevation angle is nearly vertical. Influenced by large fault zones such as Kashi River, Bolhinur, Nalati, Fukang, the southern margin of the Junggar and the north Beiluntai, the local regional stress field presents complex diversity. Under the influence of the northward extrusion of Pamir and Tarim blocks, the whole Tianshan is shortened by compression, but its shortening rate decreases from south to north and from west to east, the stress shape factor increases gradually from west to east, the intermediate principal compressive stress axis exhibits a change in compression to extension. There are some differences in the characteristics of tectonic stress field between the north and south of Tianshan Mountains. The regional maximum principal compressive stress axis is 15° north by east on the south side, while it is nearly NS on the north side. The deformation of the Tianshan Mountains and the two basins on both sides is obviously larger than that in the inside of the mountain. Changes in the crustal shortening rate caused by the rotation of the rigid Tarim block and Junggar block to the relatively soft Tianshan block, as well as the uplifts of Borokonu and Bogda Mountains, the comprehensive influence of the material westward expansion constitute the stress field distribution characteristics of the north and south sides of the middle section of Tianshan Mountains. The recent two M_S6.6 earthquakes in the region caused the regional stress field to rotate counterclockwise. The post-earthquake stress field and the main source focal mechanism solution tend to be consistent. The seismic activity in the study area is week in the south and strong in the north. The focal depth is about 20km. Most strike-slip earthquakes occur near the junction belt of the Tianshan and Junggar Basin.     

2020年和林格尔ML4.5地震微震匹配定位及发震构造探讨

内蒙古和林格尔地处鄂尔多斯块体北缘阴山地震带内,历史上6级以上强震频发.2020年3月30日和林格尔发生ML4.5地震,打破了自2005年以来阴山地震带ML4.0以上地震的长期平静.研究此次地震序列的发震构造对区域应力状态和地震危险性分析有重要作用,然而内蒙古地震台网台站较为稀疏,相对于华北其他地区地震监测能力较低,对...     

Horizontal crustal movement before the great Wenchuan earthquake obtained from GPS observations in the regional network

The great Wenchuan earthquake of M8.0 on May 12, 2008, occurred in an area with dense GPS observation stations in the regional network of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC). Non-continuous observations were carried out at the 1 000 GPS stations of the regional network in 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2007. The horizontal displacements at GPS stations in the regional network before the Wenchuan earthquake show that the main driving tectonic force of the earthquake was the northward pushing of the Indian plate, added at the same time by the pushing of plates on the east and south. In comparison to the displacements in other regions, the horizontal displacements near and around the seismic area is characterized by diverging eastward displacements, that is, the stations to the north of the epicenter moved in the ENE direction while those to the south of epicenter moved in ESE direction with smaller displacements at stations near the epicenter. The accuracy of the estimated strain results is briefly discussed. In order to obtain the anomalous information before the earthquake, the methods of both best fits by trend surface and statistics have been used in the study for finding the future epicentral area from the strain accumulations in the regional network observed from 1999 to 2007 before the Wenchuan earthquake. Besides the epicentral area of the western Kunlun mountain pass earthquake of M8.1 in 2001, the results of best fits by trend surfaces of the strain accumulations from 1999 to 2007 in the regional network show that the Wenchuan earthquake occurred at the eastern fringe of a large area with relatively large accumulations of the first shear strains and also at the northeastern fringe of a smaller area with significant accumulated areal compressions. The statistics of the accumulations of the strain components demonstrates that they also showed anomalous distribution patterns in this area and its neighborhood with increasing accumulations of both shear strains and areal compressions.     

延怀盆地设定地震浅析

通过延怀盆地构造背景、新构造活动、古地震等资料的分析,综合构造应力场模拟、构造类比、大震离逝率、孕震蓄能等因素及由经验公式推断的研究结果,对延怀盆地设定地震相关参数进行了研究.结果表明,延怀盆地设定地震的震级上限为7,发震断层为方家冲一营门矿段断层,震源深度为10 km左右.     

Characteristics of Large Earthquake Recurrence and Determination of Average Recurrence Interval Value

Paleoearthquakes in the Yanqing-Huailai basin and on the Haiyuan fault are studied in detail.The result indicates that the recurrence behavior of large earthquakes is of a wide variety.Characteristic earthquakes show the behavior characteristics of the activity of most faults,butthey are of different grades,the recurrence interval of large earthquakes is of staged nature,and the interaction between faults has effects on the recurrence sequence of large earthquakes.Thus,when the recurrence behavior of large earthquakes is staged in time or when thegradation of characteristic earthquakes has led to a sharp difference in recurrence intervalbetween paleoearthquakes of different intensities,for estimating the large earthquake risk bythe deterministic method and time-dependent probabilistic method,it is necessary to calculatethe recurrence interval value separately for each specific stage or grade in order that theaverage recurrence interval values of different stages can be determined.     

RELOCATION OF THE HUTUBI MS6.2 EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE ON 8 DECEMBER 2016 AND ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE

Based on the digital waveforms of Xinjiang Seismic Network, the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake sequence (M_L ≥ 1.0) was relocated precisely by HypoDD.The best double-couple focal mechanisms of the main shock and aftershocks of M_L ≥ 4.0 were determined by the CAP method. We analyzed the characteristics of spatial distribution, focal mechanisms and the seismogenic structure of earthquake sequence. The results show that the main shock is located at 43.775 9°N, 86.363 4°E; the depth of the initial rupture and centriod is about 15.388km and 17km. The earthquake sequence extends unilaterally along NWW direction with an extension length of about 15km and a depth ranging 5~15km. The characteristics of the depth profiles show that the seismogenic fault plane dips northward and the faulting is dominated by thrusting. The nodal planes parameters of the best double-couple focal mechanisms are:strike 292°, dip 62° and rake 80° for nodal plane I, and strike 132°, dip 30° and rake 108° for nodal plane Ⅱ, indicating that the main shock is of thrust faulting. The dip of nodal planeⅠis consistent with the dip of the depth profile, which is inferred to be the fault plane of seismogenic fault of this earthquake. According to the comprehensive analysis of the relocation results, the focal mechanism and geological structure in the source region, it is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake may be a backthrust on the deeper concealed thrust slope at the south of Qigu anticline. The earthquake is a "folding" earthquake taking place under the stress field of Tianshan expanding towards the Junggar Basin.     

地震序列的有序度及多分形特征

为研究不同类型地震序列物理过程的差异，我们研究了１５１例国内外的地震序列主震后早期的地震有序度和多分形特征的差异。主要结果为：能量分配的不同是序列主震后早期的主要分类标志。地震序列的能量熵值可作为序列早期分类的定量指标．序列蠕变熵值的变化速率可作为后续强余震的预测依据之一．对于主震型序列，由于介质的均匀性相对较好，余震破裂可以充分扩展，子系统作用顺利，从而导致能量分配比较集中（Ｑｃ值较低），时间结构的多重分形Ｄｑ变化幅度较大。反之，对于震群序列，由于震源区存在多个障碍体，使得子系统的作用受到一定程度的阻碍，破裂不能顺利扩展，因此，可能会造成能量分配比例失调，表现为大事件增多，Ｑｃ值较高，余震过程相对拉长，时间多重分形Ｄｑ差值变小．由此可见，不同类型的地震序列在主震后早期能量分配的集中程度的差异以及时间多重分形跨度的变化，很可能反映了余震区破裂扩展的充分程度。     

2020年1月19日新疆伽师MS6.4地震及余震序列定位研究

利用此次伽师地震序列震相数据,通过走时曲线得到震源区的初始一维速度模型。结合此速度模型,利用单纯形法测定了新疆伽师M S6.4地震参数。使用双差定位方法对伽师地震和M L≥1.8的297次余震事件进行了重新定位,得到结论:①伽师M S6.4地震参数为39.841°N、77.151°E、深度14.4 km。②伽师地震的破裂是非均匀、迁移的。主、余震整体分布呈“T”字型展布,主震位于“T”字底部,“T”字的横长竖短,多数余震向主震的正北方向延伸,余震整体呈近东西方向展布,东西方向长约40 km,南北方向长约20 km。前震、主震发生在震源区近南面的隐伏断层,可能是受塔里木盆地的阻碍,余震并没有向南发展,而是逐渐向北延伸至位于北面的隐伏断层,后又沿北面的断层向东发展。③通过序列整体分布呈“T”字型展布,初步判断伽师地震是一次共轭断层破裂事件。余震一边向主震正北方向发展,一边继续向东发展,表明发震断层是一条近EW向北倾断层,同时证明了塔里木盆地向北插入南天山。④地震震源深度主要集中在10~20 km,占73%,优势破裂深度在中地壳,中地壳积累和释放的能量居多。伽师地震位于塔里木盆地边缘,地表覆盖有7~8 km的低速沉积层。