方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铜矿在含有氨基酸的热卤水中溶解性的实验研究

根据氨基酸在成矿溶液中存在的可能性,继铅、锌、铜在含有中性及酸性氨基酸热卤水中迁移与沉积作用的实验研究之后,作者对方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铜矿在含有碱性氨基酸——赖氨酸热卤水中的溶解性,进行了模拟实验研究。结果表明,在含碱性氨基酸的热卤水中,从90～210℃的温度范围内,铅与锌的溶解量均从增到减,铅于150℃时达最大值(约4×10~(-6));锌于120℃时达最大值(约800×~(-6));铜的溶解量则于90℃时即达最大值(约80×10~(-6)),其后随温度升高而呈锐减趋势。这说明铅、锌、铜与氨基酸形成的易溶络合物,其稳定性不仅与金属和氨基酸的种类直接相关,而且还受温度的显著影响。     

一些有机物对Ph、Zn、Cu迁移与沉积作用的实验研究

根据一些有机物在成矿溶液中存在的可能性,作者相继就中性、酸性与碱性氨基酸,以及酒石酸在铅、锌、铜迁移与沉积过程中的作用,进行了模拟实验研究。结果表明,在从９０～２１０℃范围内,酸性氨基酸在热卤水中的存在,比中性和碱性氨基酸更有利于铅、锌、铜的活化、迁移。而酒石酸在热卤水中的存在,只在９０℃或更低时,才是铅、锌等金属活化、迁移的最佳温度条件。且无论哪种有机物在热卤水中的存在,随作用时间及温度的变化,不同金属的活化、迁移明显不同。这表明,金属与氨基酸或其它有机物形成的易溶络合物,其稳定性不仅与金属、氨基酸等有机物的种类有关,而且还受温度的显著影响。     

河南洛宁沙沟Ag-Pb-Zn矿床银的赋存状态及成矿机理

位于河南洛宁境内的沙沟热液脉型Ag-Pb-Zn矿床是熊耳山地区近年来新发现的大型矿床.野外观察和矿相学研究表明成矿过程包含4个阶段, 分别为石英-菱铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-闪锌矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-银矿物-方铅矿阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ), 其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段为主成矿阶段.扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)和电子显微探针微区成分分析(EMP)结果显示, 沙沟矿床中的银以不可见银和可见银两种形式存在, 但以可见银为主.不可见银主要以次显微包体(< 1 μm)的形式被包裹在黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物中, 而可见银通常以各种银的独立矿物形式交代方铅矿和黄铜矿等硫化物或充填在硫化物和石英的显微裂隙内.结合本文研究和前人对沙沟矿床流体包裹体的研究认为, 银和铅、锌等金属离子在成矿早期高温阶段以氯络合物的形式搬运, 随着成矿热液温度和氧逸度的降低以及pH值的升高, 氯络合物因稳定性降低而解体, 硫氢络合物成为银、铅、锌的主要迁移形式.随着成矿热液温度的继续降低, 铅、锌等金属硫氢络合物开始分解, 方铅矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物得以沉淀, 此时部分银以显微和次显微包体银的形式被包裹于这些硫化物中.铅锌硫化物的大量沉淀引起成矿热液组成和性质的显著变化, 最终导致银从硫氢络合物中彻底解体, 并与Cu+、Sb3+等离子结合形成大量独立银矿物(如含银黝铜矿、硫锑铜银矿和辉铜银矿等), 而溶液中过饱和的银则以自然银的形式沉淀.      

酸性氨基酸在铜、铅、锌迁移与沉积过程中的作用

对酸性氨基酸(谷氨酸)在铜、铅、锌迁移与沉积过程中的作用,进行了模拟实验研究。结果表明,酸性氨基酸在热卤水中的存在,比中性氨基酸更有利于铜、铅、锌的活化迁移。但是,随作用时间,特别是随温度的变化,不同金属在热液中的活化迁移情况则明显地不同。这表明金属与氮基酸形成的易溶络合物,其稳定性不仅与金属和氨基酸的种类有关,而且还受温度的直接影响。     

银在含氨基酸热液中的物理化学行为

考虑到银主要富集在中低温热液阶段，同时考虑到成矿溶液中氨基酸的存在及其不同类型，对含银矿物样品在中性、碱性和酸性氨基酸热液中的物理化学行为分别进行了实验研究。结果表明，含有酸性氨基酸（谷氨酸）的热水溶液，比仅含ＮａＣｌ的热卤水、含碱性氨基酸（赖氨酸）和中性氨基酸（氨基乙酸和氨基丙酸）的热水溶液，更有利于银的活化和迁移。实验同时表明，银与各氨基酸形成的易溶配位化合物的稳定性受到温度的强烈影响。在２５℃左右，是银－氨基酸配位化合物稳定存在的最适宜温度条件；在１００℃以上，随温度的逐渐升高，银在含氨基酸热液中的溶出量明显减少。表明银－氨基酸的配位化合物强烈地分解，而使银得以更多地沉积。银在含氨基酸热液中的这种物理化学行为，和铅在含有酸性氨基酸（谷氨酸）、铜在含有碱性氨基酸（赖氨酸）热液中的活化、迁移与沉积作用不无相似之处     

昆士兰芒特艾萨同构造期铜矿化的发育和定位的构造控制

引言澳大利亚东北部芒特艾萨的铜和银-铅-锌矿体,在沉积岩容矿的块状硫化物矿床中占据着特殊位置,它们都产在相同的建造(乌尔库哈特页岩)中,但它们之间有一定空间间隔,具有不同的容矿岩的特征。铅-锌矿体呈雁行排列在白云质页岩中,由层状方铅矿和闪锌矿层组成、Neudert(1983、84)根据沉积学分析认为,方铅矿和闪锌矿是在沉积地层中定位的,而不是沉积在沉积物-水界面上。为确定与变形历史有关的银-铅-锌矿体矿化时间,尚需进行详     

广东仁化凡口铅锌矿西矿带矿石中主要伴生组分的研究

本文是笔者研究凡口铅锌矿西矿带矿石中伴生组分的成果。指出方铅矿与闪锌矿不仅是工业利用矿物，而且是伴生元素的载体矿物。银主要赋存在方铅矿中，其次于闪锌矿中，以深红银矿，银黝铜矿等独立矿物产出。闪锌矿是镉、汞、锗、镓等元素的载体矿物，汞以小于０．００２ｍｍ粒度的辰砂形式存在于闪锌矿中。铅、锌、银、镉、汞、锗、镓等元素的含量可作储量计算依据。     

桂东南地区早志留世热水沉积矿床流体包裹体地球化学

佛子冲、东桃等热水沉积矿床中矿物流体包裹体分析表明 :铅、锌在成矿热液中迁移的主要方式为氯阴离子络合物 ,当热液进入海底后 ,由于海水的混入导致热液温度降低和 p H值升高 ,热液中 S2 -将会增加 ,铅、锌的卤化物络合物则变得不稳定 ,利于 Pb S和 Zn S的生成     

内蒙双尖子山Pb- Zn- Ag矿床金属矿物学研究与银的富集机理

双尖子山Pb- Zn- Ag矿床位于黄岗- 甘珠尔庙多金属成矿带的东北段,是目前发现的中国最大的银矿床。本文通过野外地质调查、矿相学鉴定、电子探针背散射图像以及电子探针化学成分分析,对该矿床金属矿物的矿物学特征进行了详细研究,同时对金属矿物的化学式进行了计算,并对银的富集机理进行了探讨。银矿物主要以可见银(>50μm)的形式产出,包括独立银矿物：硫锑铜银矿、硫银锡矿、辉硒银矿、深红银矿、脆银矿、黝锑银矿、螺状硫银矿、金银矿和自然银等;不可见银含量少,主要以类质同象形式赋存在方铅矿中。矿床成矿阶段细分为：①石英- 高Fe闪锌矿- 富Se和Bi的方铅矿- 富Se富Sb富Sn的银矿物阶段;②石英- 方铅矿- 富Fe闪锌矿- 毒砂- 富Sb富Sn少Se的银矿物阶段;③石英- 闪锌矿- 方铅矿- 银矿物阶段;④黄铁- 碳酸盐阶段。金属矿物沉淀顺序为：(黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿)→银的硫盐矿物→银的硫化物→自然银。矿床中的Fe+、Cu+、Zn+、Pb+、Ag+等金属离子在早期中温高硫逸度阶段主要以硫氢络合物形式搬运。随着成矿热液温度的降低,铅、锌等金属硫氢络合物开始分解,方铅矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物得以沉淀,此时部分银以显微和次显微包体银的形式被包裹于这些硫化物中,铅锌硫化物的大量沉淀引起成矿热液组成和性质的显著变化,最终导致银从硫氢络合物中彻底解体,并与Cu+、Sb3+等离子结合形成大量独立银矿物(如深红银矿、硫锑铜银矿等)。随着温度、盐度持续降低,硫逸度也逐渐降低,pH值升高,成矿流体中出现大量自由Ag+并逐渐达到饱和,银矿物开始大量沉淀,Ag+与H2S发生作用形成螺状硫银矿。自然银的大量出现标志着银的沉淀过程趋于结束。金属矿物沉淀顺序为：(黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿)→银的硫盐矿物→银的硫化物→银的自然金属。     

跃进沟铜多金属矿床成矿元素赋存特征研究

利用显微镜与电子探针对西藏拉萨跃进沟铜多金属矿床矿石进行了观察与分析,查明了矿石中Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,Ag,Mo等成矿元素的赋存特征.研究结果表明,铜主要以黄铜矿的形式存在;锌主要以闪锌矿的形式存在;铅主要以方铅矿的形式存在;金主要以类质同象的形式赋存于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿与闪锌矿中;银主要以类质同象的形式赋存于方铅矿中;钼主要以类质同象的形式赋存于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿与闪锌矿中.最后通过野外与室内矿物学研究结果,初步认为该矿床属典型的中-高温熟液型矿床.     

Ore-microscopic and geochemical characteristics of gold-bearing sulfide minerals,El Sid Gold mine,Eastern Desert,Egypt

Gold deposits at El Sid are confined to hydrothermal quartz veins which contain pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite and galena. These veins occur at the contact between granite and serpentinite and extend into the serpentinite through a thick zone of graphite schist. Gold occurs in the mineralized zone either as free gold in quartz gangue or dissolved in the sulfide minerals. Ore-microscopic study revealed that Au-bearing sulfides were deposited in two successive stages with early pyrite and arsenopyrite followed by sphalerite and galena. Gold was deposited during both stages, largely intergrown with sphalerite and filling microfractures in pyrite and arsenopyrite.Spectrochemical analyses of separated pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite and galena showed that these sulfides have similar average Au contents. Pyrite is relatively depleted in Ag and Te. This suggests that native gold was deposited in the early stage of mineralization. Arsenopyrite and galena show relatively high concentrations of Te. They are also respectively rich in Au and Ag. Tellurides are, thus, expected to be deposited together with arsenopyrite and galena.     

贵州筲箕湾铅锌矿床硫化物中Tl-Cd-Ga富集机制及地质意义

筲箕湾铅锌矿床位于黔西北铅锌成矿区中部,为该区铅锌矿床中的又一典型代表,其金属资源量（Pb＋Zn）超过20万t。本文利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析了不同类型矿石中原生矿石硫化物（黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿）中分散元素含量,结果显示除Cd含量较高外,Ga、In、Se、Tl和Re的富集程度均较低。不同分散元素在硫化物中表现出不同的富集规律,表现为Ga含量在闪锌矿中最高,黄铁矿次之,方铅矿最低;方铅矿中Tl含量高于闪锌矿,黄铁矿最低;Cd在闪锌矿中含量最高,方铅矿次之,黄铁矿最低;从黄铁矿→方铅矿→闪锌矿In含量依次升高;Re含量表现出在闪锌矿中最高,黄铁矿次之,方铅矿最低;Se富集程度从黄铁矿→方铅矿→闪锌矿依次升高。Ga、In和Re在不同颜色闪锌矿中富集程度相似,而Se、Cd和Tl则相对富集在棕色闪锌矿中。统计发现闪锌矿中Zn含量与Cd、Ga含量不呈类质同象的负相关特征,而其中的Fe含量与Cd、Ga含量间表现出曲线相关或负相关特征,暗示Cd、Ga可能是通过替代先进入闪锌矿中的Fe而占据其晶格,这可能是一种新的机制。闪锌矿Ga、Cd、In含量及Ga/In、Zn/Cd比值等参数,指示筲箕湾铅锌矿床形成于中-高温条件,其矿床成因类型与沉积-改造型相似。     

铅锌在热液中的迁移形式与富集机理

我国南方某些铅锌硫化物矿床与岩浆活动无直接联系,明显受“层、相、位”的控制。据矿体形态、产状、矿物共生组合和围岩蚀变等特征,以及包体测温和包体成分资料可以认为:该类矿床系经历了沉积-成岩作用初步富集成矿源层和部分矿体,以及后期地下热卤水型成矿热液强烈改造,叠加富集成矿所形成的典型层控矿床。欲研究这类矿床的成矿机制,首先要了解地下热卤水如何萃取成矿物质并演化为成矿热液,以及成矿物质以何种形式搬运迁移,何种因素促使其再次富集成矿等重要问题。围绕上述问题有的学者进行了一些实验和论述,但尚不能阐明铅锌活化迁移的条件、形式与定位机制。针对上述问题笔者进行了有关实验研究,并根据溶液中各组分同时平衡的热力学原理,引进函数(?)和(?),对实验数据进行处理,得出几点认识供研讨。     

铅锌硫化矿物从铅-锌-还原型硫热液系统中晶出时的硫同位素分馏规律

本文试图在Pinckney及Rafter(1972)工作的基础上讨论闪锌矿和方铅矿同时从铅锌-还原型硫热液系统中晶出时的硫同位素分馏规律。     

四川会东大梁子铅锌矿床锗富集于方铅矿中的新证据

由于锗的离子半径与锌的离子半径相近,一般认为铅锌矿床中的锗主要与锌发生类质同像赋存于闪锌矿中,但也有证据表明,铅锌矿床中的锗也可富集于方铅矿中。对四川会东大梁子大型铅锌矿床进行了电子探针研究,锗特征X射线面扫描结果表明:该铅锌矿床原生矿石中方铅矿中的锗含量明显高于闪锌矿中的锗含量,且锗均匀分布在方铅矿中,没有出现明显高于本底的富集点,初步推测锗在方铅矿中以类质同像的形式存在。该结果为铅锌矿床锗富集于方铅矿中提供了新证据。     

Mercury in the Broken Hill (N.S.W., Australia) lead-zinc-silver lodes

In the Pb-Zn-Ag lodes at Broken Hill, significant Hg remains located in sphalerite and in tetrahedrite inclusions in galena, despite prograde granulite facies regional metamorphism that has resulted in recrystallization of the ore. The stratigraphically uppermost No. 3 lens has the highest Hg content, with sphalerite and galena concentrates containing up to 149,000 ppb and 198,000 ppb Hg, respectively, in Ag-Sb-rich parts of the lode.The No. 2 and 1 lenses and A lode have generally low Hg contents, but narrow tetrahedrite-rich sections contain up to 83,000 ppb Hg in sphalerite concentrates and 82,000 ppb in galena concentrates. The stratigraphically lowermost B lode has a moderately high Hg content with sphalerite concentrates containing from 4400 to 41,000 ppb Hg and galena concentrates from 30 to 21,000 ppb Hg.Programmed heating determinations showed Hg in sphalerite concentrates to be contained principally in the sphalerite structure, with subordinate amounts in tetrahedrite inclusions. Mercury in galena concentrates is almost wholly contained in tetrahedrite inclusions, with lesser amounts in dyscrasite and pyrargyrite.Piercement bodies show increased Pb, Ag, Sb, As and Hg contents due to preferential migration of galena and tetrahedrite. The Hg content of sphalerite in these bodies is approximately doubled relative to the source lode, and the Hg content of galena concentrates is increased sevenfold, due to an increase of tetrahedrite inclusions.Coarse-grained sulfide-gangue pods and pegmatites, which reflect partial melting and remobilization of parts of the lode, have a mean Hg content less than the same volume of host lode. Within these bodies Hg is strongly partitioned into sphalerite, which contains from 14,000 to 33,000 ppb Hg, whereas galena contains only from 10 to 570 ppb Hg, due to the absence of Hg-bearing tetrahedrite inclusions.Within the lode environment, trace amounts of Hg in veins formed during retrograde metamorphism are located in sphalerite which contains up to 29,000 ppb Hg.The presence of significant amounts of Hg in Ag-Sb-As minerals in a siderite-rich vein within the main lode and in the Consols lode (located 700 m from the main lode) indicates that Hg remains associated with these elements over a wide range of conditions.In the wall rocks, there is no Hg halo which is exclusive of disseminated sulfide minerals. Under high-grade regional metamorphism, trace amounts of Hg in the Broken Hill lode are retained within pre-metamorphism host minerals. However, mobilization of Hg does take place in veins associated with retrograde metamorphism after localized breakdown of tetrahedrite.     

The use of a new modifier,Kr6D,in differential sulphide flotation

The suitability of a new reagent, Kr6D, as a depressant for galena and sphalerite in a differential sulphide flotation stage has been tested. Small-scale laboratory flotation tests on pure sulphide minerals indicated that the reagent is capable of depressing both galena and sphalerite when used in small doses. At higher concentrations, chalcopyrite is also depressed. Single-stage batch-scale flotation tests have been carried out on bulk sulphide concentrates containing the three sulphide minerals. Kr6D has been compared with starch as a depressant both in the presence and in the absence of sulphur dioxide. In each case the new modifier has been shown to be more effective. When using sodium dichromate as a differential depressant in similar tests, it has been shown that the quantity necessary to achieve selectivity between chalcopyrite and galena may be considerably reduced if small quantities of Kr6D are added.     

Emarat carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposit, Markazi Province, Iran: A geological, mineralogical and isotopic (S, Pb) study

The Emarat deposit, with a total proved reserve of 10 Mt ore grading 6% Zn and 2.26% Pb, is one of the largest Zn–Pb deposits in the Malayer–Esfahan belt. The mineralization is stratabound and restricted to Early Cretaceous limestones and dolomites. The ore consists mainly of sphalerite and galena with small amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite, calcite, quartz, and dolomite. Textural evidence shows that the ore has replaced the host rocks and thus is epigenetic.Sulfur isotopes indicate that the sulfur in sphalerite and galena has been derived from Cretaceous seawater through thermochemical sulfate reduction. Sulfur isotope compositions of four apparently coprecipitated sphalerite–galena pairs suggest their precipitation was under equilibrium conditions. The sulfur isotopic fractionation observed for the sphalerite–galena pairs corresponds to formation temperatures between 77 °C and 168 °C, which agree with homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions.Lead-isotope studies indicate that the lead in galena has been derived from heterogeneous sources including orogenic and crustal reservoirs with high ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb and ²³²Th/²⁰⁴Pb ratios. Ages derived from the Pb-isotope model give meaningless ages, ranging from Early Carboniferous to future. It is probable that the Pb-isotope model ages that point to an earlier origin than the Early Cretaceous host rocks are derived from older reservoirs in the underlying Carboniferous or Jurassic units, either from the host rocks or from earlier-formed ore deposits within these units.This research and other available data show that the Emarat Zn–Pb deposit has many important features of Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead–zinc deposits and thus we argue that it is an MVT-type ore deposit.