基于位移设计的钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震性能试验研究(Ⅱ):振动台试验

通过模型振动台试验研究了基于位移设计的钢筋混凝土桥墩的抗震性能。以完成的拟静力试验中的桥墩试件为参考原型,利用基于位移抗震设计方法和现行桥梁抗震规范方法设计了4根1:2的钢筋混凝土桥墩试件并进行了模型振动台试验。对小震、中震和大震作用下桥墩试件的破坏形态、加速度和位移反应、位移延性系数和地震总输入能(耗能)等方面进行了比较分析。综合拟静力试验和振动台试验结果,可以认为基于位移设计的钢筋混凝土桥墩能够达到预期的延性抗震要求。     

Experimental seismic investigation of Sefid‐rud concrete buttress dam model on shaking table

Owing to the devastating M7.6 earthquake of 20 June 1990 that occurred in the northern province of Iran, Sefid‐rud concrete buttress dam located near the epicenter was severely shaken. The crack penetrated throughout the dam thickness near slope discontinuity, causing severe leakage, but with no general failure. In this study, nonlinear seismic response of the highest monolith with empty reservoir is investigated experimentally through model testing. A geometric‐scaled model of 1:30 was tested on a shaking table with high‐frequency capability to study dynamic cracking of the model and serve as data for nonlinear computer model calibration. Three construction joints are set up in the model to simulate effects of construction aspects. The experimental results are then compared with smeared crack and damage mechanics finite‐element simulations using nonlinear concrete constitutive models based on fracture mechanics. The crack patterns obtained from numerical models are in good agreement with those obtained from shaking table tests for the case of including construction joint effects and rigid foundation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于振动台试验的移动通信节点机房蓄电池组地震易损性分析

关键移动通信设备的地震易损性是城市移动通信系统地震灾害预测的基础。本文以移动通信系统节点机房中常用的蓄电池组作为研究对象,通过振动台试验来研究蓄电池组的抗震性能,并获得其地震易损性。试验过程中,首先采用FEMA P695建议的方法从美国PEER强震数据库中遴选出对蓄电池组较为危险的地震动记录作为试验激励,随后逐步增大各条地震动记录的幅值,基于振动台进行增量动力分析。试验后根据蓄电池组的地震损伤特征,定义了其损伤指标和损伤水平,并基于振动台试验数据分析获得了典型蓄电池组的地震易损性曲线。     

SOFIE project – 3D shaking table test on a seven‐storey full‐scale cross‐laminated timber building

Multi‐storey buildings made of cross‐laminated timber panels (X‐lam) are becoming a stronger and economically valid alternative in Europe compared with traditional masonry or concrete buildings. During the design process of these multi‐storey buildings, also their earthquake behaviour has to be addressed, especially in seismic‐prone areas such as Italy. However, limited knowledge on the seismic performance is available for this innovative massive timber product. On the basis of extensive testing series comprising monotonic and reversed cyclic tests on X‐lam panels, a pseudodynamic test on a one‐storey X‐lam specimen and 1D shaking table tests on a full‐scale three‐storey specimen, a full‐scale seven‐storey building was designed according to the European seismic standard Eurocode 8 and subjected to earthquake loading on a 3D shaking table. The building was designed with a preliminary action reduction factor of three that had been derived from the experimental results on the three‐storey building. The outcomes of this comprehensive research project called ‘SOFIE – Sistema Costruttivo Fiemme’ proved the suitability of multi‐storey X‐lam structures for earthquake‐prone regions. The buildings demonstrated self‐centring capabilities and high stiffness combined with sufficient ductility to avoid brittle failures. The tests provided useful information for the seismic design with force‐based methods as defined in Eurocode 8, that is, a preliminary experimentally based action reduction factor of three was confirmed. Valid, ductile joint assemblies were developed, and their importance for the energy dissipation in buildings with rigid X‐lam panels became evident. The seven‐storey building showed relatively high accelerations in the upper storeys, which could lead to secondary damage and which have to be addressed in future research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-linear seismic response of arch dams

An experimental study of non-linear mechanisms that may occur during intense seismic response of arch dams is described in this paper. The presentation deals with three types of non-linearity that were observed during shaking table model studies: monolith joint opening, cantilever cracking, and reservoir cavitation at the dam face. The monolith joint opening phenomenon was represented by a segmental arch ring model that simulated a horizontal slice of a prototype dam. The cantilever cracking and reservoir cavitation mechanisms were studied using a model gravity dam section. The principal conclusion of the investigation was that shaking table experiments provide a practical means of studying the non-linear earthquake response of concrete arch dams, including their actual failure mechanisms.     

大跨预应力混凝土空间框架结构的地震振动台试验研究

利用地震振动台对大跨预应力混凝土井式梁空间框架结构的抗震性能进行了实验研究。两个模型的实验结果表明：(1)大跨预应力井式梁空间框架结构可以提供大的楼层平面内刚度；(2)对称大跨预应力井式梁空间框架结构，可以不考虑耦合地震反应；(3)大跨预应力井式梁空间框架结构的竖向地震反应中心大而周边小；(4)在相同加速度但不同的地震波作用下，结构的竖向地震反应不同。     

混合结构振动台模型试验研究与计算分析

为研究混合结构的整体抗震性能,本研究以一个Ⅷ度区的LG大厦为原型,制作了1／20的整体模型,在同济大学土木工程国家重点实验室进行振动台试验,以考察地震动频谱及地震强度对混合结构地震反应的影响,了解混合结构体系的抗震性能、地震反应和破坏特征．本文还利用纤维模型建模对混合结构整体抗震性进行了非线性分析计算,并将计算结果与振动台试验数据进行对比分析,试验和计算结果表明：外钢骨框架-内混凝土核心筒混合结构具有较好的抗震性能．     

带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖结构振动台试验研究

提出了带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体结构,进行了2个两层再生混凝土砖砌体房屋结构1/2缩尺模型的模拟地震振动台试验研究,2个结构模型的墙体厚度均为120 mm,一层设有门洞和窗洞,二层设有窗洞。2个模型中,1个为带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋,1个为普通无竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋。试验中输入El Centro地震动,测试分析了台面加速度反应、一层和二层顶板加速度反应、结构层间位移反应以及各阶段结构损伤与破坏特征等。研究表明:带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋比普通再生混凝土砖砌体房屋的破坏程度轻,墙体裂缝位置相对错动小,抗震性能显著提高;带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋可用于地震区村镇建筑。     

基于ABAQUS高层剪力墙结构的有限元建模及其振动台试验验证

采用ABAQUS建立12层剪力墙结构的有限元模型,利用该结构1/5缩尺模型振动台试验时预留试块的材性试验结果及相似关系,确定相应原型结构材料的性能参数,将试验参数和我国混凝土结构设计规范给出的混凝土单轴受拉/压应力-应变关系曲线相结合,确定ABAQUS模型中混凝土损伤塑性模型所需的应力-应变参数;将试验参数和张劲公式法相结合,确定ABAQUS模型中混凝土损伤塑性模型所需的损伤因子参数。对比有限元分析结果和振动台试验结果,验证参数设置的有效性。ABAQUS有限元分析和振动台试验所得原型结构前三阶振型和自振周期相差很小,说明ABAQUS模型和参数设置能够反映并用于计算实际结构的弹性响应。ABAQUS有限元分析得到的结构损伤情况与试验模型的损伤情况基本一致;结构的顶点加速度曲线和滞回曲线等响应的有限元分析结果与试验结果在多遇地震作用下基本吻合,但由于振动台试验累积损伤的影响,两者的差异随着地震波幅值的增大而逐渐增大;ABAQUS有限元分析得到的位移包络曲线与剪力墙结构弯曲变形的特点相符。以上弹塑性分析结果进一步表明了ABAQUS模型和参数设置能够很好地模拟结构在地震作用下的响应。     

Acceptance limits for performance‐based seismic design of RC walls for low‐rise housing

Acceptance limits of the structural response of walls for low‐rise concrete housing were developed. Proposed values are applicable within a performance‐based seismic design framework. Acceptance limits are based on performance indicators of structural response–allowable story drift ratios, width of residual cracks and residual damage index, and expected damage of walls. Cracking limits were defined from parameters obtained at the unloading stage of walls (i.e., residual cracking stage). The residual cracking stage may be used for structural damage evaluation and cost estimation of structural rehabilitation after an earthquake has occurred. The performance indicators proposed herein were derived from test observations and measured response of 39 RC walls' specimens during shaking table and quasistatic testing, as well as from limiting values and results of previous studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic performance of earth-core and concrete-faced rock-fill dams by large-scale shaking table tests

Two of China's highest earth-core rock-fill dams (ECRDs) and concrete-faced rock-fill dams (CFRDs) were simulated by large-scale earthquake simulation shaking table tests in this work. A series of staged tests were performed, including white noise, different types of earthquake excitations with different magnitudes etc. The seismic performance of the ECRD and CFRD models were analyzed and investigated. The test results indicated that reservoir impoundment influenced the structure and seismic characteristics of the ECRD model much more than the CFRD model. The average fundamental frequency of the CFRD decreased less than the ECRD model when subjected to strong excitation. The acceleration amplification factors decreased as the input peak acceleration increased. The maximum acceleration occurred at the top of the ECRD model, while it occurred at 0.6–0.9 dam height of the CFRD model. Seismic residual deformations of the two models were very small. When subjected to strong earthquake excitation, the residual deformation of the CFRD model was smaller than that of the ECRD model. The dominant failure pattern of the two models was shallow sliding at the height of 3/4 on the downstream slope. The above analysis indicated that seismic performance of CFRD was superior to ECRD.     

自复位高墩振动台模型试验

为探讨自复位桥墩的地震反应,以某简支梁桥为工程背景,设计并制作了一个缩尺的模型桥梁。通过白噪声扫频获得了自复位桥墩的动力特性及其变化规律,选取El-Centro、Mexico和Chi-Chi强震记录作为地震动输入,进行振动台模型试验。试验记录了墩顶的加速度和位移反应,考查了地震动强度、频谱特性及预应力钢筋及其初始预加力对模型桥墩动力特性及摇摆反应的影响。试验结果表明:墩顶水平加速度反应随地震动强度及初始预加力的提高而增大,墩顶位移反应受地震动的强度、频谱特性及初始预加力大小影响较大。墩底提离面轻微损伤会明显降低体系的整体水平刚度,初始预加力则能提高体系整体水平刚度,桥墩的阻尼比随体系的水平刚度增大而减小。强震下自复位桥墩发生了预期的提离摇摆,震后墩底提离面出现轻微损伤,墩身无裂缝产生,结构具有良好的抗震及自复位性能。振动台试验结果验证已有文献的数值分析结论,振动台试验数据可用于数值模型校核或修正。     

考虑不同固定条件的核电设备多维地震响应振动台试验研究

在核电站中:核电设备通过不同的固定条件与结构相连,地震作用时设备与结构动力相互作用复杂,为分析核电设备多维地震响应并鉴定其抗震性能,进行了考虑不同固定条件的核电设备多维地震响应振动台试验研究。振动台试验进行了5次运行基准地震和1次安全停堆地震的动力时程激振,以及试验首末2次动力特性测试。试验结果表明:不同固定条件会影响核电设备多维地震响应的加速度峰值、反应谱特性和动力放大系数,与设备直接固定于振动台相比,将核电设备悬挂固定于剪力墙再与振动台连接的固定条件,改变了设备反应谱特性,且放大了响应的加速度峰值,具有显著的动力放大效应,使核电设备多维地震响应更为强烈。因此,对此类固定条件的核电设备,在产品设计及安装固定时要充分考虑动力放大效应,以提高设备的抗震韧性。抗震试验前后,核电设备功能运行正常,结构完整性好,抗震性能满足要求。     

Shaking table test and dynamic response prediction on an earthquake-damaged RC building

This paper presents the results from shaking table tests of a one-tenth-scale reinforced concrete (RC) building model. The test model is a protype of a building that was seriously damaged during the 1985 Mexico earthquake. The input ground excitation used during the test was from the records obtained near the site of the prototype building during the 1985 and 1995 Mexico earthquakes. The tests showed that the damage pattern of the test model agreed well with that of the prototype building. Analytical prediction of earthquake response has been conducted for the prototype building using a sophisticated 3-D frame model. The input motion used for the dynamic analysis was the shaking table test measurements with similarity transformation. The comparison of the analytical results and the shaking table test results indicates that the response of the RC building to minor and the moderate earthquakes can be predicated well. However, there is difference between the predication and the actual response to the major earthquake.     

The Interpolation Evolution Method for damage localization in structures under seismic excitation

In the aftermath of an earthquake, data acquired by a monitoring system can be used to identify possible damage that occurred in the structure by using algorithms to estimate proper damage features. In this paper, a new method is proposed for damage localization in beam‐like structures under seismic excitation. The proposed algorithm, named the Interpolation Evolution Method (IEM), is based on the combination of two existing methods: the Interpolation Method and the Curvature Evolution Method. Only responses recorded in story accelerations are required to estimate the damage feature with the combined IEM approach. This method does not require a priori knowledge of a “signature” of the structure because it exploits responses recorded during a single strong motion event. Herein, the IEM is applied to case studies of 2 reinforced concrete frames excited by several different ground motions, simulated using nonlinear finite element models and recorded during experimental tests carried out on a shaking table at the University of California, San Diego (USA) and at the University of Basilicata (Italy).     

Seismic performance evaluation of plasterboard partitions via shake table tests

The damage of nonstructural components represents the largest contribution to the economic loss caused by an earthquake. Since nonstructural components are not amenable to traditional structural analysis, full-scale experimental testing is crucial to understand their behaviour under earthquake. For this reason, shaking table tests are performed to investigate the seismic behaviour of plasterboard partitions. A steel test frame is properly designed in order to simulate the seismic effects at a generic building storey. The tests are performed shaking the table simultaneously in both horizontal directions. To investigate a wide range of interstorey drift demand and seismic damage, the shakes are performed scaling the accelerograms at eleven different intensity levels. The tested plasterboard partitions from Siniat exhibit a good seismic behaviour, both in their own plane and out of plane, showing limited damage up to 1.1 % interstorey drift ratio. The correlation between the dynamic characteristics of the test setup and the recorded damage is evidenced. Finally, an interesting comparison between the experimental results and the analytical model is also performed.     

多层钢管混凝土柱-铰接钢梁-混凝土核心筒结构振动台试验研究

验证研究新型多层钢管混凝土柱-铰接钢梁-混凝土核心筒结构的震损和反应特点。制作9层1/40的缩尺模型进行振动台测试,调查结构的震损特点、动力特性和地震反应。结果表明:震损出现在楼板与钢管混凝土柱、核心筒以及钢梁连接处的楼板上,震损破坏为变形引起的连接构造破坏和结构性破坏;自振周期随震损增加而增大,动力放大效应减小,侧向变形和层间位移显著增大;结构平均最大层间位移角超过规范框架-核心筒结构不倒塌限值的4.08倍而未出现倒塌;外排架抗扭刚度小,结构扭转反应由核心筒主导;相对于超高层结构,多层结构的剪重比显著增大,未出现因倾覆力矩过大而导致核心筒破坏的情况,较大层间位移角与损伤破坏的相关性提高。     

钢结构建筑轻质砂加气混凝土墙体的抗震性能试验研究

本文介绍了一钢结构建筑轻质砂加气混凝土外墙板和砌块填充墙的足尺模型振动台试验，并通过试验结果分析，重点研究砌块填充墙的抗震性能、砌块墙体与墙板墙体抗震性能的对比以及两者对钢结构动力特性的影响对比。文中得出了与带墙体钢结构抗震设计有关的结论。     

Shaking table test of utility tunnel under non-uniform earthquake wave excitation

A series of shaking table tests were conducted on scaled utility tunnel models with and without construction joints under non-uniform input earthquake wave excitation. Details of experimental setup are first presented with particular focuses on: design and fabrication of double-axis laminar shear box with a rectangular hole opened on its side walls; design of two devices for measuring the slippage between the interface of test soil and the structure, and the relative deformation and rotation between joints of the structure model; and procedure for construction of input earthquake wave. The experiments were conducted in three phases. Phase 1 is free-field test. A 2-norm index is suggested to quantify the boundary effect and it is found that the designed laminar box does not impose significant boundary effect. Phases 2 and 3 are model tests in longitudinal and transversal directions, respectively. Test results are discussed in items of shear force–slip relationship at the soil–model structure interaction surface, movement and rotation of the construction joint, and effect of non-uniform earthquake input. The comparison shows that structural response under non-uniform earthquake excitation is larger than that under uniform excitation. The effect of spatial distribution of earthquake excitation should be considered in the seismic design of utility tunnel.     

Buckling of cylindrical liquid-storage tanks under earthquake loading

The earthquake response behaviour of a cylindrical wine storage tank similar to many that were damaged in Livermore, California during the January 1980 earthquake was studied on the University of California shaking table. Tests of the 9.5 ft diameter by 20 ft high tank, with simulated earthquake accelerations up to 0.95 g, induced buckling patterns similar to those observed after the actual earthquake. Observed peak axial compression stresses in the test tank wall were substantially higher than those assumed in typical design standards, demonstrating the need for further study of the buckling problem in tanks free to uplift during earthquake excitation.